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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence and mechanism of different doses of Yangxinshi on infarction region angiogenesis of Wistar rats after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, named as follow:group A: rosuvastatin group (0.75 mg??kg^-1??d^-1), group B: high-dose Yangxinshi(0.27 g??kg^-1??d^-1),group C:mid-dose Yangxinshi group (0.18 g??kg^-1??d^-1),group D: Low-dose Yangxinshi group (0.09 g??kg^-1??d^-1),group E:saline control group. A, B, C, D group was respectively given the drug by gavage, group E received normal saline by gavage. The models of acute myocardial infarction can be established in the forth week . After continued drugs for 4 weeks, rats were killed before detected blood biochemicalindexes such as blood lipids, liver and kidney function. Myocardial tissue was sliced and stained infarcted myocardium by HE to observe the pathological changes, also extract ischemic and infarct myocardium tissue protein and test VEGF protein expression with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Myocardial tissue HE staining were observed a lot of survival island cardiomyocytes and neonatal thin-walled capillaries in four treatment groups , however,control group exist less normal cardiomyocytes and capillaries mainly disappear. Immunohistochemistry RESULTS showed high-doses of Yangxinshi group express higher VEGF protein compared with mid-dose group, low-dose group and control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), VEGF protein expression was significantly increased the in mid-dose and high-dose Yangxinshi groups than rosuvastatin group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Yangxinshi promote production of VEGF protein and angiogenesis of ischemic myocardium ,in addition its role and its dose is positive correlated. VEGF protein expression was significantly increased the in mid-dose and high-dose Yangxinshi groups than rosuvastatin group, the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05).     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the effects of ganoderma spore oil(GSO) on behavior of the mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its possible neurophysiology mechanisms. METHODS Thirteen different kinds of chronic unpredictable mild stress were given to the male BALB/C mice for establishing the mouse model of depression. The mice were treated with GSO at 3 doses (850, 283, 141.5 mg??kg^{- 1}??d^-1) or vehicle [(oil) or fluoxetine (10 mg??kg^{- 1}??d^-1)] by oral administration from the 3rd week. After 2 weeks administration, the mice was evaluated by behavioral tests, and the contents of hippocampal glutamate (GLU) and ??-amino butyric acid (GABA) were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The contents of hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS Compared with model group, GSO increased the body weight, sucrose preference rate and open field test score, shortened the immobility time in the tails suspension test and forced swimming test in the depression mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, GSO significantly decreased the contents of GLU (P < 0.01 ) and increased the contents of BDNF(P<0.01), and the contents of GABA did not changes (P>0.05) in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION GSO shows obvious anti-depressant effect on depressant model mice. The antidepressant effect of GSO may be related to decreasing GLU contents and increasing BDNF contents.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of esculin (ES) against lens injury induced by D-galactose in rats. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups normal control group (control), D-galactose model group (model), ES 30 mg??kg^-1 administered group (ES30), ES 100 mg??kg^-1 administered group (ES100) and aminoguanidine 100 mg??kg^-1 administered group (AG). After treatment, blood glucose and glycosylated serum protein (GSP) content in serum were measured. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the level of glutathione (GSH), and the activity of aldose reductase (AR) in lens were also assayed. RESULTS Compared with control group, the level of blood glucose was significantly increased (P<0.01) in D-galactose model rats. In addition, in the lens tissue of D-galactose-induced rats, the content of MDA was significantly decreased (P<0.05),the level of GSH was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activity of AR was significantly decreased (P<0.05). However, co-treatment with ES 30 mg??kg^-1 significantly decreased the level of GSP in serum(P<0.05), decreased the content of MDA (P<0.05), increased the level of GSH (P<0.05), and inhibited the activity of AR in lens (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Esculin could improve lens injury induced by D-galactose in rats. The mechanism may be related with increasing GSH level, decreasing MDA production, and inhibiting AR activity.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the preventing effects of p-coumaric acid(p-CA) on acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema by mice experiments. METHODS Acute-hypoxia model was established using a normobaric hypoxia chamber in vivo. Salidroside was set as a positive control drug. And the test period was 7 d using a method of intragastric administration. The measurements including pulmonary water content, HE staining, inflammatory factors, anti-oxidative indexes and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were performed to determine the efficacies and mechanisms of p-CA on preventive against acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema. RESULTS As compared with the normal group, pulmonary water contents increased significantly by 3.56% in the mice treated with acute hypoxia (9.5% O₂) for 6 h (control group) (P<0.01), and administration with p-CA (25, 100 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) for 7 d could significantly reduce this index (P<0.05), which was as effective as the positive group. The action mechanisms of p-CA could be due to its abilities of improving the activity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, enhancing antioxidant capacity (SOD??, CAT?? and MDA??) and inhibiting inflammatory factors (IL-1?? and IL-6). CONCLUSION p-CA has greater preventive effects on acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema in mice.     

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??OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of Dracocephalum total flavonoids(TFDM) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(MIRI)induced autophagy in rat. METHODS In vivo MIRI model was established with ischemia 30 min and reperfusion 120 min, by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. TFDM(30 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) and autophagy activator(1 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) or inhibitor(25 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) pretreatment was given before making the model. The MIRI-induced infarct size, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) in plasma and apoptosis protein caspase-3 in tissue and the expression level of autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin-1 were observed. RESULTS Compared with model group, the experiment revealed that autophagy inhibitor alleviated MIRI-induced myocardial damage by decreasing the infarct size, myocardial enzyme LDH and CK-MB leak; and reducing apoptosis protein caspase-3 activity level. In addition, TFDM pretreatment significantly inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin-1. CONCLUSION TFDM shows inhibitory effects on MIRI-induced autophagy,which may play an important role in the protection against MIRI.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Kadsura coccinea alcohol extract(KCAE) on rats with immunologic hepatic fibrosis and research the possible mechanisms in it. METHODS Totally 60 SD male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: a normal control group,a model group, a compound Biejia-ruangan tablets group(0.7 g??kg^-1), KCAE high, middle and low dose groups(1.68, 0.84, 0.42 g??kg^-1) at ten in each groups. Except for the normal control group,other groups were duplicated intraperitoneal injection of porcine serum twice a week at dose of 0.5 mL??time^-1. The rats in treatment groups were intragastric administration respectively, meanwhile, the rats in normal control and model groups were treated with the same volume of distilled water, once a day for 15 weeks. The liver was weighed to calculate the liver index. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), total protein(TP), albumin(ALB) and total bilirubin(TB) were evaluated by the Mind-Ray automatic biochaemical analyzer. The expression level of procollagen ??(PC??), collagen type ??(??-C), laminin(LN), hyaluronic acid(HA), transforming growth factor-??1(TGF-??1), interkeukin-10(IL-10), interferon-??(IFN-??) and tumor necrosis factor-??(TNF-??) in serum were detected by ELISA. The degrees of fibrosis were evaluated by HE and Masson straining, and the expression levels of TGF-??₁ in liver tissue were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with model group, the liver index of KCAE high-dose group was decreased significantly(P??0.01). The expression levels of ALT, AST, TP, ALB, TB were within normal range, the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). KCAE could decrease the level of PC??, IV-C, LN, HA, TGF-??₁, TNF-?? and increase the level of IFN-?? in serum. KCAE could alleviate the hepatic fibrosis in rats(P??0.01) and inhibit the expression of TGF-??₁ in the liver tissues significantly(P??0.01). CONCLUSION KCAE has an anti-immunologic hepatic fibrosis effect in rats and the mechanisms possibly involve effectively regulating inflammatory cytokines, reducing extracellular matrix expression and inhibiting the expression of TGF-??₁.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of acute exposure to 4 300 m altitude environments on the body pathophysiological, serum, TNF-?? and IL-1?? of Wistar rats and protective effect of methazolamide on Wistar rats. METHODS Twenty-eight Healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into plain(altitude of 55 m) control group, high altitude(altitude of 4 300 m) model group, high altitude methazolamide group, and high altitude acetazolamide group. After being intragastric administration with 0.9% sodium chloride injection, methazolamide(2 times a day, 2.23 mg??kg^-1) and acetazolamide(2 times a day, 22.33 mg??kg^-1) for 5 consecutive days. The biochemical, blood gas, the pathological results of rats were analyzed. The TNF-?? and IL-1?? content were detected from the blood samples. RESULTS Blood and biochemical results showed the high altitude might cause dehydration in rats. Compared with the plain control group, each index of the high altitude model group changed significantly(P??0.01), compared with the high altitude group, the aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), pH value, bicarbonate concentration(cHCO₃^-), buffer base(BB), base excess(BE) of methazolamide and acetazolamide group were significantly decreased(P??0.01), indicated that methazolamide and acetazolamide had protective effect on rat liver. The total protein(TP), urea solution(UREA), partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO₂), sodium concentration(cNa⁺), chloride concentration(cCl^-) were significantly increased(P??0.01), indicated that the high altitude group had metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, and liver and lung tissue had pathological damaged. Compared with the acetazolamide group, the methazolamide group damaged less. Compared with plain control group, serum TNF-?? of high altitude groups significantly increased, IL-1?? of high altitude groups decreased significantly, which, serum TNF-??, IL-1?? levels of acetazolamide and methazolamide group were significantly higher than high altitude model group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION Methazolamide can improve acute high altitude physiological and biochemical status of rats, reduce inflammatory injury, with a good protective effect of hypoxia.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect and possible mechanisms of puerariae isoflavone(PI) on prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate.METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups according to their body weight including normal control group, model group, 40, 80, 160 mg??kg^-1??d^-1 PI group, and finasteride positive control group. In addition to the sham operation for rats in the normal control group, the rats in other five groups performed castration surgery. After the restoration, the five groups of rats were subcutaneously injected with testosterone propionate (10 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) for 10 d to establish a benign prostatic hyperplasia model and then the subcutaneous injection was maintained every 2 d. High, middle and low dose PI groups were intragastrically administered (40, 80, 160 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) from the second day when the benign prostatic hyperplasia model was successfully constructed. The positive control group was given finasteride (1.0 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) .Rats in normal and model groups were given an equal volume of saline for 28 d. After the last administration, the prostate and seminal vesicles were separated under anesthesia in rats, the wet weight and volume of the prostate and seminal vesicles were measured. The prostate and seminal vesicles index were calculated too. Rat blood was drawn and dihydrotestosterone(DHT) and estradiol (E2) in the serum were measured. Nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in prostate tissues were measured. The prostate tissue in each group was randomly selected for HE staining. The pathological structure of the prostate tissue was observed under an optical microscope.RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the prostate gland index and seminal vesicle gland index of the model group increased significantly (P<0.01), and the DHT and E2 levels in serum increased significantly (P<0.01). MDA content was increased while NO levels, NOS and SOD activities were significantly decreased (P<0.01). HE staining showed that the size of the prostate gland in the model group was different, there were obvious dilation, hyperplasia and papillary protrusions, and the cavity was full of pink and homogeneous density. The interstitial tissue showed obvious dilations of blood vessels, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of fibrous connective tissues. Compared with the model group, the index and volume of prostate and seminal vesicles in the PI and positive control groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the levels of serum DHT and E2 in the middle and high doses PI groups were significantly lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In all treatment groups, MDA content was decreased and NO, NOS, and SOD levels were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) except the low-dose PI groups. There was moderately hyperplasia in low-dose PI group, mild prostatic hyperplasia in positive control group and middle-dose PI group, basically no hyperplasia in high-dose PI group.CONCLUSION PI has a certain inhibitory effect on prostate hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate, especially in the medium and high dose PI groups. The mechanism may be related to the effects of pueraria isoflavone on antioxidant,free radical scavenging in vivo, increasing NOS activity and increasing NO level.