Experimental study of therapeutic efficacy of Baicalin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM： To observe the therapeutic efficacy of Baicalin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） and explore its therapeutic mechanisms. METHODS： The SAP rat models were randomly divided into the model control group, Baicalin treatment group, octreotide treatment group and sham operation group. All groups were randomly subdivided into 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups with 15 rats in each group. The survival, ascites volume and pathological changes of pancreas in all rats were observed at different time points after operation. The plasma amylase content and serum TNF-α, IL-6, malonaldehyde （MDA） and PLA2 contents were also determined. RESULTS： The survival was not obviously different between the treated groups, and was significantly higher in treated groups at 12 h compared to the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 15 vs 10）. The ascites/body weight ratio at 3 h and 6 h was significantly lower in Baicalin treatment group compared to the model control group and octreotide treatment group （P 〈 0.05, 1.00 vs 2.02 and 1.43 and P 〈 0.001, 2.29 （1.21） vs 2.70 （0.80） and 2.08 （2.21）, respectively）. The contents of amylase, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA and PLA2 were significantly lower in the treated groups than in the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 4342 vs 5303, 5058 vs 6272 in amylase, P 〈 0.01, 21.90 vs 36.30, 23.80 vs 39.70, 36 vs 54.35 in MDA and 56.25 vs 76.10 in PIA2, or P 〈 0.001, 65.10 and 47.60 vs 92.15 in TNF-α, 3.03 vs 5.44, 2.88 vs 6.82, 2.83 vs 5.36 in IL-6, respectively）. The pathological scores of pancreas in the treated groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 9.00 vs 10.05, 6.00 vs 9.00, 8.00 vs 10.05）, but no marked difference was found between the treated groups. CONCLUSION： The Baicalin injection has significant therapeutic effects on SAP rats, its effects are similar to those of octreotide. The Baicalin injection is also cheap and has a big application range, quite hopefully to be used in clinical treatment of SAP.     

Influence of dexamethasone on inflammatory mediators and NF-κB expression in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM： To observe the therapeutic effects of dexamethasone on rats with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） and investigate the influences of dexamethasone on the inflammatory mediators and NF-κB expression in multiple organs of SAP rats as well as the mechanisms involved.
METHODS： Ninety Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats with SAP were randomly divided into the model group （n = 45） and dexamethasone treatment group （n = 45）, and another 45 rats were selected for the sham operation group. All groups were randomly subdivided into the 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups, each group containing 15 rats. The survival of all groups and pathological changes of multiple organs （liver, kidney and lung） were observed at different time points after the operation. The pathological score of multiple organs was carried out, followed by the determination of amylase, endotoxin and TNF-α contents in blood. The tissue microarray was used to detect the expression levels of NF-κB p65 protein in multiple organs. RESULTS： There was no marked difference between the model group and treatment group in the survival rate. The amylase content,of the treatment group was significantly lower compared to the model group at 12 h （P 〈 0.01, 7791.00 vs 9195.00）. Moreover, the endotoxin and TNF-α levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than that of the model group at 6 h and 12 h （P 〈 0.01, 0.040 vs 0.055, 0.042 vs 0.059 and P 〈 0.05, 58.30 vs 77.54, 38.70 vs 67.30, respectively）. Regarding the changes in liver NF-κB expression, the model group significantly exceeded the sham operation group at 3 h （P 〈 0.01, 1.00 vs 0.00）, and the treatment group significantly exceeded the sham operation group at 12 h （P 〈 0.01, 1.00 vs 0.00）, whereas no marked difference was observed between the model group and treatment group at all time points. The kidney NF-κB expression level in the treatment group significantly exceeded the model group （P 〈 0.05, 2.00 vs 0.00） and the sham operation group （P 〈 0.01, 2     

Preparation method of an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rat with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM To establish an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).METHODS SAP models were induced by retrograde injection of 0.1 mL/100 g 3.5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats.The plasma and samples of multiple organ tissues of rats were collected at 3, 6 and 12 h after modeling. The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of amylase, endotoxin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrogen monoxidum (NO), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma were determined. The histological changes of multiple organs were observed under light microscope.RESULTS The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of various inflammatory mediators in blood were higher in the model group than in the sham operation group at all time points [2.38 (1.10), 2.58(0.70), 2.54 (0.71) vs 0.20 (0.04), 0.30 (0.30), 0.22 (0.10)at 3, 6 and 12 h in ascites/body weight ratio; 1582 (284),1769 (362), 1618 (302) (U/L) vs 5303 (1373), 6276(1029), 7538 (2934) (U/L) at 3, 6 and 12 h in Amylase;0.016 (0.005), 0.016 (0.010), 0.014 (0.015) (EU/mL) vs0.053 (0.029), 0.059 (0.037), 0.060 (0.022) (EU/mL)at 3, 6 and 12 h in Endotoxin; 3.900 (3.200), 4.000(1.700), 5.300 (3.000) (ng/L) vs 41.438 (37.721), 92.151(23.119), 65.016 (26.806) (ng/L) at 3, 6 and 12 hin TNF-α, all P ＜ 0.01]. Visible congestion, edema and lamellar necrosis and massive leukocytic infiltration were found in the pancreas of rats of model group. There were also pathological changes of lung, liver, kidney,ileum, lymphonode, thymus, myocardium and brain.CONCLUSION This rat model features reliability,convenience and a high achievement ratio. Complicated with multiple organ injury, it is an ideal animal model of SAP.     

Protective effect of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on pancreas transplantation in rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine, on pancreas transplantation in rats. METHODS： A model of pancreas transplantation was established in rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sham-operation control group （n = 6）, transplant control group （n = 6）, and aminoguanidine （AG） treatment group （n = 18）. In the AG group, aminoguanidine was added to intravascular infusion as the onset of reperfusion at the dose of 60 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Serum nitric oxide （NO） level, blood sugar and amylase activity were detected. Nitric oxide synthase （NOS） test kit was used to detect the pancreas cNOS and inducible NOS （iNOS） activity. Pancreas sections stained with HE and immunohistochemistry were evaluated under a light microscope. RESULTS： As compared with the transplant control group, the serum NO level and amylase activity decreased obviously and the evidence for pancreas injury was much less in the AG group. The AG （80 mg/kg body weight） group showed the most significant difference in NO and amylase （NO： 66.0 ± 16.6 vs 192.3 ± 60.0, P 〈 0.01 and amylase： 1426 ± 177 vs 4477± 630, P 〈 0.01）. The expression and activity of tissue iNOS, and blood sugar in the AG （80 mg/kg body weight） group were much lower than those in the transplant control group （iNOS： 2.01 ± 0.23 vs 26.59 ±5.78, P 〈 0.01 and blood sugar： 14.2 ±0.9 vs 16.8 ± 1.1, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Selective iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine as a free radical, has a protective effect on pancreas transplantation in rats by inhibiting NO and reducing its toxicity.     

Study on protecting effects of Baicalin and Octreotide on hepatic injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM： To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of Baicalin and Octreotide on hepatic injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. METHODS： The SAP rat models were prepared and randomly assigned to the model control group, Baicalin treated group, and Octreotide treated group while other healthy rats were assigned to the shamoperated group. Rat mortality, levels of ALT, AST, liver and pancreas pathological changes in all groups were observed at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation. Tissue microarray （TMA） sections of hepatic tissue were prepared to observe expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 protein and Caspase-3, and changes of apoptotic indexes.RESULTS： Rat survival at 12 h, expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3 protein and apoptotic indexes of liver were all significantly higher in treated groups than in model control group. While the liver and pancreas pathological scores, contents of ALT, AST, and expression levels of Bcl-2 protein were all lower in treated groups than in the model control group. CONCLUSION： Both Baicalin and Octreotide can protect rats with SAP by decreasing the contents of ALT, AST and expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and improving the expression levels of Bax protein, Caspase-3 protein, and inducing apoptosis.     

Effects of emodin and baicalein on rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of emodin in combination with baicalein on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats and to explore the mechanism of SAP. METHODS: A total of 112 SAP rats induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct, randomly assigned to a untreated group and three treated groups emodin group, combined emodin and baicalein group, and sandostatin group. Meanwhile, another 28 other rats were selected as sham operation (SO) group. There were 28 rats in each group, 8 rats were in 3 and 6 h groups respectively, and 12 rats in 12 h group. At each time-points, survival rates,ascites volumes, pathological lesion scores of pancreas tissues,serum amylase, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 levels were determined as the indexes of therapeutic effects. RESULTS: The survival rate at 12 h was significantly higher in three treated groups than in untreated group.The ascites volume at 12 h was remarkably less in combined and sandostatin groups than in emodin group,but there was no difference between combined group and sandostatin group (P>0.05). Serum amylase levels at all time-points were significantly lower in three treated groups than in untreated group. However, they had no difference among treated groups (P>0.05).Serum TNF-α were lower in three treated groups than in untreated group at all time points. Among the three treated groups, at 6 h, the TNF-α levels of combination and sandostatin groups were lower than those of emodin group. These was no difference between combined and sandostantin. Serum IL-6 concentration at 3 h were lower in combined and sandostatin groups than in untreated group, but at 6 and 12 h they were lower in all treated groups than in untreated group and the combined and sandostatin groups and in emodin group, no difference was found between combined and sandostatin groups at all time-points (P>0.05). The pathological scores of pancreas at all time points were significantly lower in three treated groups than in the untreated group, and at 6, 12 h, the scores of combined and sandostatin groups were lower than in emodin group. There was no difference between combined and sandostatin groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Combination of emodin with baicalein has significant therapeutic effects on SAP rats.     

Influence of dexamethasone on mesenteric lymph node of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM： To study the influence and mechanisms of dexamethasone on mesenteric lymph node of rats with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）.
METHODS： The SAP rats were assigned to model, treated or sham-operated groups. The mortality, pathological changes of mesenteric lymph nodes, expression levels of NF-kB, P-selectin, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 protein and changes in apoptotic indexes in lymph nodes were observed at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation. The blood levels of endotoxin, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, and endothelin-1 （ET-1） in blood were determined.
RESULTS： SOD content, expression of Bax protein and apoptotic index were significantly higher in the treated group than in the model group at different time points （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）. Other blood-detecting indexes and histopathological scores of mesenteric lymph nodes were lower in the treated than in the model group （P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.01）. NF-kB protein expression was negative in all groups. Comparing P-selectin and caspase-3 expression levels among all three groups, there was no marked difference between the model and treated group.
CONCLUSION： Dexamethasone can protect mesen-teric lymph nodes. The mechanism may be by reducing the content of inflammatory mediators in the blood and inducing lymphocyte apoptosis.     

Effects of Chai-Qin-Cheng-Qi Decoction on cefotaxime in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM： To investigate the effect of Chai-Qin-Cheng-Qi Decoction （CQCQD） on cefotaxime （CTX） concentration in pancreas of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis （ANP）. METHODS： Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into an ANP group （ANP model ＋ CTX, n = 20）, treatment group （ANP model ＋ CTX ＋ CQCQD, n = 20） and control group （normal rats ＋ CTX, n = 20）. ANP models were induced by retrograde intraductal injection of 3.5% sodium taurocholate （1 mL/kg）, and the control group was injected intraductally with normal saline. All rats were injected introperitoneally with 0.42 g/kg CTX （at 12-h intervals for a continuous 72 h） at 6 h after intraductal injection. Meanwhile, the treatment group received CQCQD （20 mL/kg） intragastrically at 8-h intervals, and the ANP and control group were treated intragastrically with normal saline. At 15 min after the last CTX injection, blood and pancreas samples were collected for the determination of CTX concentration using validated high-performance liquid chromatography. Pathological changes and wet-to-dry-weight （W/D） ratio of pancreatic tissue were examined. RESULTS： Serum CTX concentrations in three groups were not significantly different. Pancreatic CTX concentration and penetration ratio were lower in ANP group vs control group （4.4 ± 0.6 μg/mL vs 18.6±1.7μg/mL, P = 0.000; 5% vs 19%, P = 0.000）, but significantly higher in treatment group vs ANP group （6.4 ± 1.7 μg/mL vs 4.4 ± 0.6 μg/mL, P = 0.020; 7% vs 5%, P = 0.048）. The histological scores and W/D ratio were significantly decreased in treatment group vs ANP and control group. CONCLUSION： CQCQD might have a promotive effect on CTX concentration in pancreatic tissues of rats with ANP.     

Protective effect of RadixAstragali injection on immune organs of rats with obstructive jaundice and its mechanism

AIM： To observe the protective effect of RadixAstragali injection on immune organs （lymph nodes, spleen and thymus） of rats with obstructive jaundice （OJ） and its mechanism.
METHODS： SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group, model control group and Radix Astragali treatment group. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after operation, mortality rate of rats, pathological changes in immune organs, expression levels of Bax and nuclear factor （NF）-κB p65 proteins, apoptosis indexes and serum tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α level in spleen and thymus were observed, respectively.
RESULTS： Compared to model control group, the number of dead OJ rats in Radix Astragali treatment group decreased （P 〉 0.05）. The TNF-α level （27.62 ± 12.61 vs 29.55± 18.02, 24.61 ± 9.09 vs 31.52± 10.95） on days 7 and 21, the pathological severity score for spleen [0.0 （0.0） vs 0.0 （2.0） on days 7 and 14 and for lymph nodes [0.0 （1.0） vs 1.0 （2.0）, 1.0 （0.0） vs 2.0 （1.0）] on days 21 and 28, the product staining intensity and positive rate of Bax protein in spleen [0.0 （0.0） vs 1.0 （2.0）, 0.0 （1.0） vs 2.0 （1.5） and thymus [0.0 （0.0） vs 1.0 （2.0）, 0.0 （1.0） vs 2.0 （1.5）] on days 14 and 28, the apoptotic indexes [0.0 （0.0） vs 0.0 （0.01）] in spleen and thymus [0.0 （0.0） vs 0.0 （0.01） on days 14 and 21 were significantly lower in Radix Astragali treatment group than in model control group （P 〈 0.05）.
CONCLUSION： Radix Astragali has protective effects on immune organs of OJ rats by relieving the pathological changes in immune organs, reducing TNF-α level and inhibiting Bax expression and apoptosis in spleen and thymus.     

Ethyl pyruvate protects against experimental acute-on-chronic liver failure in rats

AIM:To investigate the protective effects of ethyl pyruvate(EP) on acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF) in rats.METHODS:An ACLF model was established in rats,and animals were randomly divided into normal,model and EP treatment groups.The rats in EP treatment group received EP(40 mg/kg) at 3 h,6 h,12 h and 24 h after induction of ACLF.Serum endotoxin,high mobility group box-1(HMGB1),alanine transaminase(ALT),tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-),interferon-(IFN-),interleukin(IL)-10 and IL-18 levels,changes of liver histology and HMGB1 expressions in liver tissues were detected at 48 h after induction of ACLF.The effects of EP on the survival of ACLF rats were also observed.RESULTS:Serum levels of endotoxin(0.394 ± 0.066 EU/mL vs 0.086 ± 0.017 EU/mL,P 0.001),HMGB1(35.42 ± 10.86 g/L vs 2.14 ± 0.27 g/L,P 0.001),ALT(8415.87 ± 3567.54 IU/L vs 38.64 ± 8.82 IU/L,P 0.001),TNF-(190.77 ± 12.34 ng/L vs 124.40 ± 4.12 ng/L,P 0.001),IFN-(715.38 ± 86.03 ng/L vs 398.66 ± 32.91 ng/L,P 0.001),IL-10(6.85 ± 0.64 ng/L vs 3.49 ± 0.24 ng/L,P 0.001) and IL-18(85.19 ± 3.49 ng/L vs 55.38 ± 1.25 ng/L,P 0.001) were significantly increased,and liver tissues presented severe pathological injury in the model group compared with the normal group.However,EP administration significantly improved hepatic histopathology and reduced the serum levels of endotoxin(0.155 ± 0.045 EU/mL vs 0.394 ± 0.066 EU/mL,P 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines(11.13 ± 2.58 g/L vs 35.42 ± 10.86 g/L for HMGB1,3512.86 ± 972.67 IU/L vs 8415.87 ± 3567.54 IU/L for ALT,128.55 ± 5.76 ng/L vs 190.77 ± 12.34 ng/L for TNF-,438.16 ± 38.10 ng/L vs 715.38 ± 86.03 ng/L for IFN-,3.55 ± 0.36 ng/L vs 6.85 ± 0.64 ng/L for IL-10,and 60.35 ± 1.63 ng/L vs 85.19 ± 3.49 ng/L for IL-18,respectively,P 0.001),and the levels of HMGB1 in liver tissues regardless of treatment time after induction of ACLF.EP treatment at the four time points prolonged the median survival time of ACLF rats(60 h) to 162 h,120 h,102 h and 78 h,respectively(2 = 41.17,P 0.0001).CONCLUSION:EP administration can protect against ACLF in rats,and is a potential and novel therapeutic agent for severe liver injury.     

Influence of dexamethasone on inflammatory mediators and NF-кB expression in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects of dexamethasone on rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and investigate the influences of dexamethasone on the inflammatory mediators and NF-κB expression in multiple organs of SAP rats as well as the mechanisms involved.METHODS: Ninety Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with SAP were randomly divided into the model group (n = 45) and dexamethasone treatment group (n = 45), and another 45 rats were selected for the sham operation group. All groups were randomly subdivided into the 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups, each group containing 15 rats.The survival of all groups and pathological changes of multiple organs (liver, kidney and lung) were observed at different time points after the operation. The pathological score of multiple organs was carried out, followed by the determination of amylase, endotoxin and TNF-α contents in blood. The tissue microarray was used to detect the expression levels of NF-κB p65 protein in multiple organs.RESULTS: There was no marked difference between the model group and treatment group in the survival rate. The amylase contentof the treatment group was significantly lower compared to the model group at 12 h (P ＜ 0.01, 7791.00 vs 9195.00). Moreover, the endotoxin and TNF-α levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than that of the model group at 6 h and 12 h (P ＜ 0.01, 0.040 vs 0.055, 0.042 vs 0.059 and P ＜ 0.05, 58.30 vs 77.54, 38.70 vs 67.30, respectively).Regarding the changes in liver NF-κB expression, the model group significantly exceeded the sham operation group at 3 h (P ＜ 0.01, 1.00 vs 0.00), and the treatment group significantly exceeded the sham operation group at 12 h (P ＜ 0.01, 1.00 vs 0.00), whereas no marked difference was observed between the model group and treatment group at all time points. The kidney NF-κB expression level in the treatment group significantly exceeded the model group (P ＜ 0.05, 2.00 vs 0.00) and the sham operation group (P ＜ 0.01, 2.00 vs 0.00) at 12 h.No NF-κB expression in the lung was found in any group.CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone can lower the amylase,endotoxin and TNF-α levels as well as mortality of SAP rats. NF-κB plays an important role in multiple organ injury. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether dexamethasone can ameliorate the pathological changes of multiple organs by reducing the NF-κB expression in the liver and kidney. The advantages of tissue microarrays in pancreatitis pathological examination include time- and energy- saving, and are highly efficient and representative. The restriction of tissue microarrays on the representation of tissues to various extents due to small diameter may lead to the deviation of analysis.     

Protective effects and mechanisms of Baicalin and octreotide on renal injury of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of Baicalin and octreotide on renal injury of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: One hundred and eighty SD rats were randomly assigned to the model group, Baicalin-treated group, octreotide-treated group and sham operation group. The mortality, plasma endotoxin level, contents of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), nitrogen monoxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in serum, expression levels of renal Bax and Bcl-2 protein, apoptotic indexes and pathological changes of kidney were observed at 3, 6 and 12 h after operation. RESULTS: The renal pathological changes were milder in treated group than in model group. The survival at 12 h and renal apoptotic indexes at 6 h were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treated group than in model group [66.67% vs 100%; 0.00 (0.02)% and 0.00 (0.04)% vs 0.00 (0.00)%, respectively]. The serum CREA content was markedly lower in octreotide-treated group than in model group at 3 h and 6 h (P<0.01, 29.200+/-5.710 micromol/L vs 38.400+/-11.344 micromol/L; P<0.05, 33.533+/-10.106 micromol/L vs 45.154+/-17.435 micromol/L, respectively). The expression level of renal Bax protein was not significantly different between model group and treated groups at all time points. The expression level of renal Bcl-2 protein was lower in Baicalin-treated group than in model group at 6 h [P<0.001, 0.00 (0.00) grade score vs 3.00 (3.00) grade score]. The Bcl-2 expression level was lower in octreotide-treated group than in model group at 6 h and 12 h [P<0.05, 0.00 (0.00) grade score vs 3.00 (3.00) grade score; 0.00 (0.00) grade score vs 0.00 (1.25) grade score, respectively]. The serum NO contents were lower in treated groups than in model group at 3 h and 12 h [P<0.05, 57.50 (22.50) and 52.50 (15.00) micromol/L vs 65.00 (7.50) micromol/L; P<0.01, 57.50 (27.50) and 45.00 (12.50) micromol/L vs 74.10 (26.15) micromol/L, respectively]. The plasma endotoxin content and serum BUN content (at 6 h and 12 h) were lower in treated groups than in model group. The contents of IL-6, ET-1, TNF-alpha (at 6 h) and PLA2 (at 6 h and 12 h) were lower in treated groups than in model group [P<0.001, 3.031 (0.870) and 2.646 (1.373) pg/mL vs 5.437 (1.025) pg/mL; 2.882 (1.392) and 3.076 (1.205) pg/mL vs 6.817 (0.810) pg/mL; 2.832 (0.597) and 2.462 (1.353) pg/mL vs 5.356 (0.747) pg/mL; 16.226 (3.174) and 14.855 (5.747) pg/mL vs 25.625 (7.973) pg/mL; 18.625 (5.780) and 15.185 (1.761) pg/mL vs 24.725 (3.759) pg/mL; 65.10 (27.51) and 47.60 (16.50) pg/mL vs 92.15 (23.12) pg/mL; 67.91+/-20.61 and 66.86+/-22.10 U/mL, 63.13+/-26.31 and 53.63+/-12.28 U/mL vs 101.46+/-14.67 and 105.33+/-18.10 U/mL, respectively]. CONCLUSION: Both Baicalin and octreotide can protect the kidney of rats with severe acute pancreatitis. The therapeutic mechanisms of Baicalin and octreotide might be related to their inhibition of inflammatory mediators and induction of apoptosis. Baicalin might be a promising therapeutic tool for severe acute pancreatitis.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎胰腺组织中褪黑激素受体表达及褪黑激素干预作用

目的 探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)胰腺组织中褪黑激素受体MT1表达及褪黑激素(MT)干预作用.方法 54只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(SO组)、急性坏死性胰腺炎组(ANP组)、MT干预组(MT组),每组18只.应用胰胆管逆行注射牛磺胆酸钠的方法诱导ANP模型,MT组于诱导模型前30 min腹腔注射MT.术后4 h、8 h和12 h分批处死大鼠(每个时间点6只),以免疫组化和实时定量PCR分别检测胰腺组织中MT1蛋白及MT1 mRNA的表达;检测血清淀粉酶、胰腺组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及TNFα的含量,并行胰腺病理检查.结果 (1)ANP组胰腺病理损伤呈进行性加重,MT组胰腺病理损伤较ANP组明显减轻(P＜0.05).(2)淀粉酶、MDA、TNFα水平在ANP组较S0组明显增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而MT组较相应时间点ANP组显著降低[12 h,(2348.00±278.90)U/L比(3194.83±538.10)U/L,(2.255±0.472)μmol/L比(2.960±0.722)μmol/L,(102.929±29.399)ng/L比(378.544±183.454)ng/L,P＜0.05].SOD水平在ANP组各时点较SO组显著降低(P＜0.01),而MT组较ANP组显著升高[12 h,(11.448±1.594)U/L比(8.427±1.950)U/L,P＜0.05].(3)与SO组相比,MT1蛋白及MT1 mRNA表达在ANP组胰腺组织中明显下降(P＜0.05),且随ANP病变加重表达减弱,而MT组表达较ANP组明显增多.结论 MT干预可提高SOD活力,降低MDA、TNFα水平,故能显著减轻ANP时胰腺病理损伤,MT1在ANP发病机制中可能具有重要作用,MT对ANP中的干预作用可能与上调胰腺组织中MT1的表达有关.     

依达拉奉对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎的保护作用

目的:探讨自由基清除剂依达拉奉对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎的保护作用及其机制.方法:90只♂SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(SHAM组)、坏死性胰腺炎组(ANP组)、依达拉奉治疗组(EDA组),每组30只.SHAM组为开腹后只翻动十二指肠及胰腺后关腹;ANP组胰胆管内逆行输注1.5%脱氧胆酸钠制备急性坏死性胰腺炎模型;EDA组为ANP造模后立即尾静脉注射依达拉奉(6mg/kg).分别于术后6、12、24h处死大鼠(每个时点10只),观察胰腺病理形态改变并评分;检测血清淀粉酶、TNF-α、ET-1、sICAM-1含量;检测胰腺组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力.结果:与ANP组比较,EDA治疗组在胰腺病理改变、血清TNF-α水平(6h:109.6ng/L±49.0ng/Lvs190.2ng/L±46.6ng/L,12h:405.4ng/L±116.3ng/Lvs559.7ng/L±203.9ng/L,24h:415.4ng/L±164.6ng/Lvs648.7ng/L±222.1ng/L,均P<0.05)、血清ET-1水平(6h:45.6ng/L±13.5ng/Lvs66.0ng/L±16.0ng/L,12h:83.5ng/L±15.4ng/Lvs96.8ng/L±23.0ng/L,24h:85.1ng/L±25.8ng/Lvs103.9ng/L±28.9ng/L),血清sICAM-1水平(6h:0.58ng/L±0.13ng/Lvs0.78ng/L±0.14ng/L,12h:0.78ng/L±0.10ng/Lvs0.94ng/L±0.12ng/L,24h:0.96ng/L±0.16ng/Lvs1.24ng/L±0.30ng/L,均P<0.05)、胰腺组织MDA含量(6h:4.22nmol/mgprot±0.40nmol/mgprotvs8.79nmol/mgprot±0.80nmol/mgprot,12h:5.90nmol/mgprot±0.51nmol/mgprotvs12.30nmol/mgprot±1.02nmol/mgprot,24h:9.10nmol/mgprot±0.84nmol/mgprotvs17.88nmol/mgprot±1.43nmol/mgprot)均有不同程度减轻(均P<0.05),T-SOD活力增强(6h:88.6U/mgprot±7.1U/mgprotvs68.8U/mgprot±10.5U/mgprot,12h:77.6U/mgprot±6.8U/mgprotvs46.0U/mgprot±8.9U/mgprot,24h:45.5U/mgprot±5.3U/mgprotvs27.8U/mgprot±4.3U/mgprot,均P<0.05);血清淀粉酶变化无显著差异.与SHAM组比较,ANP组胰腺组织病理评分、血清淀粉酶、TNF-α、ET-1、sICAM-1明显升高,胰腺组织MDA含量升高,T-SOD活力下降,差异均有统计学意义.结论:依达拉奉可以清除坏死性胰腺炎体内过量生成的氧自由基并减少炎性因子的表达,减轻胰腺组织损伤.     

生长激素对实验性急性坏死性胰腺炎肠道细菌移居的影响

目的 探讨生长激素（ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ,ＧＨ）对急性坏死性胰腺炎（ａｃｕｔｅ ｍｅｃｒｏｔｉｚｉｎｇｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｔｉｓ,ＡＮＰ）肠道细菌移居的 影响。方法 采用胆胰管内逆行注射５％牛碘胆酸钠溶液诱导大鼠ＡＮＰ模型。１３７只在鼠随机分成３组：假手术组（ｎ＝４１）、ＡＮＰ＋ＮＳ组（ｎ＝４８）和ＮＡＰ＋ＧＨ组（ｎ＝４８）。ＧＨ治疗组大鼠皮下注射０．７５Ｕ／ｋｇ体重基因重组ＧＨ。观察血清淀     

抵抗素在大鼠急性胰腺炎中的表达

目的 检测抵抗素在大鼠急性胰腺炎(AP)中的表达,探讨其与胰腺病理改变的关系.方法 40只SD大鼠按数字表法随机分为正常组、假手术组、急性水肿性胰腺炎(AEP)组和急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)组.AEP组腹腔注射雨蛙素,ANP组腹腔注射精氨酸,正常组未做任何处理,假手术组腹腔注射等容量生理盐水.测定大鼠血清淀粉酶、抵抗素、TNF-α、IL-1β、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,记录胰腺/体重比值,观察胰腺组织病理变化,免疫组化法检测胰腺组织抵抗素蛋白表达,实时定量PCR法检测胰腺组织抵抗素mRNA表达.结果 抵抗素主要定位于胰腺腺泡细胞的胞质内.AEP组血清淀粉酶水平、胰腺/体重(g/kg)比值、胰腺组织病理评分、抵抗素mRNA表达量及血清抵抗素、IL.1β、TNF-α 和CRP水平分别为(4377 ±343)U/L、(8.67 ±1.43)、(5.39 ±0.26)、(2.04 ±0.19)、(10.21 ±1.34)ng/ml、(184.18 ±45.24)pg/ml、(194.24 ±44.81)pg/ml、(3586 ±63)ng/ml;ANP组分别为(6750 ±322)U/L、(9.33 ±1.76)、(7.81 ±0.28)、(3.29 ±0.30)、(15.14 ±0.84)ng/ml、(349.31 ±94.54)pg/ml、(315.59 ±37.04)pg/ml、(4345 ±244)ng/ml.两组均显著高于假手术组的(1442 ±183)U/L、(4.34±0.42)、(1.10 ±0.21)、(0.88 ±0.08)、(5.13 ±0.74)ng/ml、(108.74 ±31.03)pg/ml、(106.44 ±21.31)pg/ml和(2895 ±165)ng/ml(P<0.01),且该两组间差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).血清抵抗素水平与CRP、TNF-±、IL-1β水平及胰腺组织病理评分均呈正相关,相关系数r分别为0.711、0.871、0.794和0.812(P<0.01).结论 抵抗素与AP的发生、发展有关,其检测结果可能是评估AP严重程度的有价值的指标之一.