Efficacy of MK615 for the treatment of patients with liver disorders

AIM:To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of MK615,a Japanese apricot extract,in an animal model,and its clinical therapeutic effect.METHODS:Wistar rats were administered physiological saline(4 mL/kg) or MK615 solution(4 mL/kg) for 7 d.On the sixth d,acute hepatic injury was induced by administering a single intraperitoneal injection(ip) of D-galactosamine hydrochloride(D-GalN)(600 mg/kg).Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were determined,and liver tissues were used for histopathological analysis.Fifty-eight patients with liver disorders [hepatitis C(n = 40),non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(n = 15),and autoimmune liver disease(n = 3)] were orally administered commercially available Misatol ME-containing MK615(13 g/d) daily for 12 wk.Blood and urine were sampled immediately before and 6 wk,12 wk,and 16 wk after the start of intake to measure various biochemical parameters.The percentage change in ALT and AST levels after 12 wk from the pre-intake baseline served as a primary endpoint.RESULTS:D-GalN effectively induced acute hepatic injury in the rats.At 48 h after the ip injection of D-GalN,the plasma levels of ALT(475.6 ± 191.5 IU/L vs 225.3 ± 194.2 IU/L,P 0.05) and AST(1253.9 ± 223.4 IU/L vs 621.9 ± 478.2 IU/L,P 0.05) in the MK615 group were significantly lower than the control group.Scattered single cell necrosis,loss of hepatocytes,and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in hepatic tissue samples collected from the control group.However,these findings were less pronounced in the group receiving MK615.At the end of the clinical study,serum ALT and AST levels were significantly decreased compared with pre-intake baseline levels from 103.5 ± 58.8 IU/L to 71.8 ± 39.3 IU/L(P 0.05) and from 93.5 ± 55.6 IU/L to 65.5 ± 34.8 IU/L(P 0.05),respectively.A reduction of ≥ 30% from the pre-study baseline ALT level was observed in 26(45%) of the 58 patients,while 25(43%) patients exhibited similar AST level reductions.The chronic hepatitis C group exhibited significant ALT and AST level reductions from 93.4 ± 51.1 IU/L to 64.6 ± 35.1 IU/L(P 0.05) and from 94.2 ± 55.5 IU/L to 67.2 ± 35.6 IU/L(P 0.05),respectively.A reduction of ≥ 30% from the pre-study baseline ALT level was observed in 20(50%) of the 40 patients.ALT levels in both the combined ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) treatment and the UDCA uncombined groups were significantly lower after Misatol ME administration.MK615 protected hepatocytes from D-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in rats.Misatol ME decreased elevated ALT and AST levels in patients with liver disorders.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that MK615 and Misatol ME are promising hepatoprotective agents for patients with liver disorders.     

Treatment with dimethyl fumarate ameliorates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIM To investigate the hypothesis that treatment with dimethyl fumarate(D MF) mayame liorate liver ischemia/reperfusion injury(I/RI).METHODS Rats were divided into 3 groups: sham, control(CTL), and DMF. DMF(25 mg/kg, twice/d) was orally administered for 2 d before the procedure. The CTL and DMF rats were subjected to ischemia for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h. The serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels, adenosine triphosphate(ATP), NO × metabolites, anti-oxidant enzyme expression level, antiinflammatory effect, and anti-apoptotic effect were determined.RESULTS Histological tissue damage was significantly reduced in the DMF group(Suzuki scores: sham: 0 ± 0; CTL: 9.3± 0.5; DMF: 2.5 ± 1.2; sham vs CTL, P 0.0001; CTL vs DMF, P 0.0001). This effect was associated with significantly lower serum ALT(DMF 5026 ± 2305 U/L vs CTL 10592 ± 1152 U/L, P = 0.04) and MDA(DMF 18.2 ± 1.4 μmol/L vs CTL 26.0 ± 1.0 μmol/L, P = 0.0009). DMF effectively improved the ATP content(DMF 20.3 ± 0.4 nmol/mg vs CTL 18.3 ± 0.6 nmol/mg, P = 0.02), myeloperoxidase activity(DMF 7.8 ± 0.4 m U/m L vs CTL 6.0 ± 0.5 m U/m L, P = 0.01) and level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression(DMF 0.38 ± 0.05-fold vs 0.17 ± 0.06-fold, P = 0.02). The higher expression levels of anti-oxidant enzymes(catalase and glutamatecysteine ligase modifier subunit and lower levels of key inflammatory mediators(nuclear factor-kappa B and cyclooxygenase-2 were confirmed in the DMF group.CONCLUSION DMF improved the liver function and the anti-oxidant and inflammation status following I/RI. Treatment with DMF could be a promising strategy in patients with liver I/RI.     

臭氧化盐水对肝细胞Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路的激活作用

目的 研究臭氧化盐水对肝组织细胞Keap1-核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)-抗氧化元件(ARE)通路中Nrf2的作用.方法 采用成年健康雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、模型组、臭氧等渗盐水(OS)组,OS对照组(OSC组).OS组、OSC组分别予5 ml/kg OS,模型组予5 ml/kg氧气盐水每日尾静脉注射,连续15 d,第16天分别予OS组及模型组50%CCl4橄榄油溶液2ml/kg腹腔注射造肝损伤模型.NC组及OSC组予植物油2ml/kg腹腔注射,24 h后,检测大鼠血清ALT、AST、肝组织总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、过氧化氢酶(CAT).再提取处死大鼠肝组织的核蛋白,应用Western blot测定其细胞核中Nrf2的含量,免疫荧光组织化学技术检测细胞内Nrf2的分布.结果 与模型组比较,OS组大鼠ALT、AST降低[(1240.4±188.2)U/L、(1245.4±176.9)U/L对比(539.8±175.3)U/L、(546.0±130.2)U/L)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),TAOC、GSH,GPx,CAT 活性升高,分别为(0.72±0.24)U/mg、(1.05±0.21)mg/g,(676.9±115.1)U/mg、(45.2±14.3)U/mg对比(1.37±0.19)U/mg、(2.23±0.55)mg/g、(1024.6±162.9)U/mg、(68.2±9.9)U/mg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).与NC组比较,OSC组大鼠肝组织TAOC、GSH、GPx,CAT活性升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).Western blot及免疫荧光均显示O3能增强肝细胞核内Nrf2的表达,Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路的激活在O3抗氧化过程中发挥了重要的作用.结论 臭氧化盐水静脉注射可减轻CCl4所致大鼠肝损伤.其机制可能通过激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路及其下游基因,增强细胞抗氧化和抗自由基的能力.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of ozonized saline on the activation of the Keapl-Nrf2ARE signaling pathway in rat liver cells. Methods Twenty maleSprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ozonized saline(OS) group, model group, ozonized saline control (OSC) group and normal control (NC)group. The rats in OS group and model group were intravenously administered with OS or oxygen saline (5 ml/kg) respectively, once a day for 15 days, and then intraperitoneally injected with CCU dissolved in Oliver oil. The rats in OSC group were pretreated with OS for 15 days. The rats in NC group were fed normally for 15 days. On the 16th day, the rats in OSC group and NC group were intraperitoneally injected with Oliver oil (2 ml/kg) without CCU. After 24 hours of CCU or olive oil intraperitoneal injection, the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspertate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The liver tissues were also collected for detection of total anti-oxygen capability (TAOC), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Western Blot was used to detect Nrf2 and immunofluorescence staining assay to display intracelluar distribution of Nrf2. Results Compared with the rats in model group,the serum ALT and AST levels of rats in OS group were significantly lower (P < 0.01) ,which were (1240.4 ± 188.2) U/L and (1245.4 ± 176.9) U/L vs (539.8 ± 175.3) U/L and (546.0 ± 130.2) U/L, and the TAOC, CAT, GPx and GSH activity of rats in OS group were significantly higher, which were (0.72 ± 0.24) U/mg, (1.05 ±0.21) mg/g, (676.9 ± 115.1) U/mg and (45.2 ± 14.3) U/mg vs (1.37 ± 0.19) U/mg, (2.23 ± 0.55) mg/g,(1024.6 ± 162.9) U/mg and (68.2 ± 9.9) U/mg, respectively. In contrast with NC group, pretreatment of OS in OSC group elevated TAOC, CAT, GPx and GSH activity (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Ozonized saline can strengthen the Nrf2 expression in liver cells. Conclusions Preconditioning injection of ozonized saline can reduce rat's liver injury induced by CCl4- The ozonized saline, as a novel Nrf2 activator, can reduce the oxidative damage of radical oxygen species (ROS) and the deleterious substance by activating the KeaplNrf2-ARE signaling pathway and its downstream genes expression.     

铁调蛋白在大鼠酒精性肝损伤中的保护作用及其机制

目的 研究铁调蛋白在酒精性肝损伤中的作用机制.方法 30只雄性wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、酒精组及铁调蛋白组,饲养6周后处死.检测血清ALT、AST、铁、总铁结合力(TIBC)、铁蛋白、丙二醛及铁调蛋白含量;肝组织行HE染色、普鲁士蓝铁染色及免疫组织化学染色,观察肝组织病理学改变.结果 (1)对照组、酒精组和铁调蛋白组的血清ALT值分别为(25.2±4.6)U/L、(37.9±14.3)U/L和(40.9±14.1)U/L,F=4.907,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义;血清AST分别为(32.3±13.4)U/L、(55.0±18.6)U/L和(48.3±26.0)U/L,F=3.742,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.铁蛋白含量分别为(224.72±85.49)ng/ml、(345.59±124.75)ng/ml和(339.47±138.47)ng/ml,F=3.539,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.血清TIBC值分别为(147.30±31.98)μmol/L、(148.04±58.74)μmol/L和(143.28±37.38)μmol/L,F=1.209,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.血清铁含量分别为(55.64±13.32)μmol/L、(60.37±25.89)μmol/L和(49.77±17.64)μmol/L,F=0.651,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.血清丙二醛含量分别为(5.84±2.17)nmol/ml、(6.51±2.23)nmol/ml和(4.27±2.68)nmol/ml,F=2.782,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.血清铁调蛋白含量分别为(155.96±44.91)ng/ml、(124.11±31.98)ng/ml和(114.96±25.81)ng/ml,F=3.839,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.(2)组织学显示酒精组肝细胞明显脂肪变,铁调蛋白组肝细胞脂肪病变较酒精组有所改善.对照组、酒精组和铁调蛋白组每5个高倍视野(×400)的肝脏铁染颗粒数分别为(0.8±1.0)个、(1.2±1.6)个和(1.1±1.1)个,F=0.254,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.肝脏免疫组织化学每5个高倍视野(×400)阳性细胞数分别为(15.0±8.1)个、(6.6±4.2)个和(7.6±3.2)个,F=4.139,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论 酒精性肝病大鼠的铁调蛋白表达下降,伴铁代谢紊乱.补充铁调蛋白可以通过抑制脂质过氧化反应改善肝脏损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To study the mechanism of how iron-regulatory protein (hepcidin) affect iron overload in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Methods Thirty male wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:Lieber-Decarli liquid without alcohol group (control group), Lieber-Decarli liquid with alcohol (alcohol group) and hepcidin intraperitoneally injected group (hepcidin group), each rat was fed for 6 weeks. The Serum concentration of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Iron, Total Iron Binding capacity (TIBC), Ferritin, Malonyl Dialdehyde (MDA) and Hepcidin were determined. Hepatic tissue was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, prussian blue iron staining and immunohistochemisty staining. Results (1) Serum concentration of ALT in control group, alcohol group and hepcidin group were (25.2 ± 4.6) U/L, (37.9 ± 14.3) U/L and (40.9 ± 14.1) U/L (F = 4.907, P ＜ 0.05), respectively. Serum AST among three groups were (32.3 ± 13.4) U/L, (55.0 ± 18.6) U/L and (48.3 ± 26.0) U/L (F = 3.742, P ＜ 0.05),respectively. The secretions of ferritin were (224.72 ± 85.49) ng/ml, (345.59 ± 124.75) ng/ml and (339.47 ±138.47) ng/ml (F = 3.539, P ＜ 0.05). The serum concentrations of TIBC were (147.30 ± 31.98) μ mol/L,(148.04 ± 58.74) μmol/L and (143.28 ± 37.38) μmol/L (F = 1.209, P ＞ 0.05), respectively. The serum concentrations of iron were (55.64 ± 13.32) μmol/L, (60.37 ± 25.89) μmol/L and (49.77 ± 17.64) μmol/L (F = 0.651, P ＞ 0.05), respectively. The serum concentration of MDA were (5.84 ± 2.17) nmol/ml, (6.51 ±2.23) nmol/ml and (4.27 ± 2.68) nmol/ml (F = 2.782, P ＞ 0.05), respectively. The serum concentration of Hepeidin were ( 155.96 ± 44.91 )ng/ml, (124.11 ± 31.98) ng/ml and ( 114.96 ± 25.81 ) ng/ml (F = 3.839, P ＜0.05), respectively. (2) Significant fat change observed in the liver of alcohol group. The positive granulationes of iron staining were (0.8 ± 1.0), (1.2 ± 1.6) and (1.1 ± 1.1) (F = 0.254, P ＞ 0.05), respectively. No differences found of liver iron express among the three groups. Intraperitoneal injection of hepcidin increased hepcidin expression in liver which was inhibited by alcohol (F= 4.139, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion ALD rats with lower hepcidin expression in liver can result in iron metabolism disorder. Ectogenic hepcidin can protect liver against alcohol damage by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.     

阿苯达唑联合黄芪对华支睾吸虫感染大鼠肝功能异常的疗效观察

Objective To observe the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), total bilirubin(TBIL), hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen type Ⅲ aminoterminal peptide (P Ⅲ NP) and larninin (LN) in the sera of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) after treatment of albendazole combined with milkvetch root. Methods Thirty-two healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with 8 in each based on body mass: control group, non-treatment group, Albendazole group(ALB group) and albendazole combined with milkvetch root group(ALB+MR group). The rats in non-treatmen, ALB and ALB+MR groups were infected orally with metacercariae of C. sinensis 50 per rat. The rats in control group were mock-infected with saline. The rats in ALB group were treated to each rat with 50 mg/kg alhendazole for 5 days, and ALB+MR groups were given to same treat with albendazole, meanwhile each rat injected with 800 mg/kg milkvetch root intraperitoneally for 30 days. All rats were killed after infestation 14 weeks and their sera samples were collected to detect ALT, TBIL, HA, PⅢNP, LN. Results There were statistically significant differences in the levels of ALT and LN in the sera of rats between groups(F=31.40,11.82, P<0.01). Compared with control[ (47.88±4.88)U/L, (51.20±4.12)μg/L], the levels of ALT and LN in rats in non-treatment group [(85.50±9.65)U/L, (64.20±4.18) μg/L] and ALB group [(65.29± 7.78) U/L, (58.23±2.55) μg/L] were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with non-treatment group, the levels of ALT and LN in rats in ALB group and ALB+MR groups[(50.25±9.29)U/L, (53.68±5.63)μg/L] were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and they decreased more obviously in ALB+MR group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA in the sera of rats between groups (χ2=15.309,21.418,19.759, P<0.01). Compared with control[(0.700±0.350)μmol/L, (26.085±4.075)μg/L, (81.935±42.550)μg/L], the levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA in rats in non-treatment group(2.400 μmol/L, 46.220 μg/L,310.885 μg/L) and ALT group(1.200 μmol/L,36.540 μg/L, 178.010 μg/L) were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with non-treatment group, the level of TBIL in ALT+MR group(0.750 μmol/L), the levels of pⅢNP and HA in ALT and ALT+MR group(30.470,100.240 μg/L) were significantly decreased(P< 0.05). The levels of TBIL, PⅢNP and HA decreased more obviously in ALB+MR group(P<0.05). Conclusions The liver function in rats infected with C. sinensis is abnormal. The liver function and fibrosis are improved after treatment with albendazole or albendazole combined with milkvetch root. The treatment of albendazole combined with milkvetch root is more effective.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T淋巴细胞在大鼠肝纤维化模型中的变化

目的 探讨CD4+CD25+调节性T淋巴细胞(Tregs)在肝纤维化免疫发病机制中的作用.方法 26只大鼠分为对照组(6只)和模型组(20只),通过皮下注射四氯化碳(CCl4)建立肝纤维化模型,检测血清肝功能和纤维化指标,观察肝脏病理学变化,流式细胞仪测定外周血及脾脏CD4+CD25+Tregs数量的变化.两组间差异比较采用t检验,相关性采用Pearson直线相关分析.结果 模型组血清ALT、AST升高,Alb下降;HA、PC Ⅲ、Ⅳ C分别为(177.42±61.25)/μg/L、(34.86±7.47)μg/L、(7.32±3.71)μg/L,较对照组明显升高(t=-3.670、-5.661、-3.950,均P<0.01);模型组肝脏组织胶原纤维大量增生,分割肝小叶并包绕成假小叶.模型组外周血中CD4+CD25+Tregs占CD4+T淋巴细胞比例为(7.41±2.15)%,较对照组的(12.88±2.93)%低(t=3.752,P<0.01);模型组脾脏中Tregs为(9.49±1.16)%,较对照组的(13.16±2.36)%亦低(t=2.793,P<0.05).ALT、AST与外周血和脾脏中Tregs水平呈直线负相关(ALT、AST与外周血中Tregs:r分别为-0.727、-0.698,ALT、AST与脾脏中Tregs:r=-0.663、-0.535;均P<0.05);而Alb与外周血和脾脏中Tregs水平无直线相关(r=0.423、0.372,均P>0.05);HA、PCⅢ、ⅣC与外周血和脾脏中Tregs水平呈直线负相关(HA、PCⅢ、ⅣC与外周血中Tregs:r=-0.719、-0.558、-0.792,HA、PCⅢ、ⅣC与脾脏中Tregs:r=-0.424、-0.685、-0.506;均P<0.05).结论 CCl4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型CD4+CD25+Tregs的表达降低,其肝纤维化的免疫学发病机制有待进一步研究.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T lymphocyte(Tregs)in the immunological pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.Methods Twenty-six rats were divided into two groups:control group(6 rats)and model group(twenty rats).The rat model of liver fibrosis was induced bv subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4).The serums were collected for detection of hepatic function and fibrosis parameters.Hepatic tissue samples were used to observe the histopathological changes.The flow cytometry was used to detect the proportions of Tregs in both peripheral blood and spleen.The data were evaluated by t-test.The relationship between two variables was analyzed using Pearson linear correlation.Results The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased,but the level of serum albumin (Alb) was obviously decreased.The concentrations of serum hyaluronic acid (HA),procollagen type Ⅲ(PCⅢ),collagen type Ⅳ(CⅣ)of the model group increased to(177.42±61.25)μg/L,(34.86±7.47)μg/L and(7.32±3.71)μg/L,respectively,which were higher than those in the control group(t=-3.670,-5.661,-3.950,respectively;all P<0.01).In model group,hepatic lobules were full of collagen fibers and the hepatic pseudolobule formation was observed.The proportion of peripheral blood Tregs in CD4+ T lymphocyte in liver fibrosis model was(7.41±2.15)%,which was significantly lower than that in control group(12.88±2.93)%(t=3.752,P<0.01).Furthermore,the frequency of Tregs in spleen of the model group was(9.49±1.16)%,which was also significantly lower than that in control group(13.16±2.36)%(t=2.793,P<0.05).In addition,the levels of serum ALT,AST and fibrosis parameters were inverselv correlated with the frequency of Tregs in spleens and peripheral blood(ALT and Tregs in blood:r=-0.727,AST and Tregs in blood:r=-0.698,ALT and Tregs in spleen:r=-0.663,AST and Tregs in spleen:r=-0.535,HA and Tregs in blood:r=-0.719,PCⅢ and Tregs in blood:r=-0.558,CⅣ and Tregs in blood:r=-0.792,HA and Tregs in spleen:,r=-0.424,PCⅢ and Tregs in spleen:r=-0.685,CⅣ and Tregs in spleen:r=-0.506;all P<0.05).However,the linear correlations between serum Alb and Tregs in spleens and peripheral bloods were not observed(r=0.423,0.372,respectively,both P>0.05).Conclusion These findings suggest that the reduction of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs probably play an important role in the immunological pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.     

乙型肝炎病毒携带者的肝脏病理学与临床特征

Objective To study the relationship between liver pathology and clinical characters of chronic HBV carriers. Methods Analyze the age, sex, grade of liver inflammation and stage of liver fibrosis among patients with chronic HBV carriers (n= 58) and non-active HBsAg carriers (n= 32), and compare the grade of liver inflammation and stage of liver fibrosis in different groups according to age, ALT levels and with/without HBeAg. The data was processed by using t test or χ2 test for statistical analysis, respectively. Results (1) No differences existed in gender composition ratio between chronic HBV carriers and non-active HBsAg carriers. However, the ages of non-active HBsAg carriers group (35.2 7.6) were much older than that of the HBV carriers group (24.7 + 4.8) (t= 2.576, P= 0.017). (2) The stage of liver fibrosis in non-active HBsAg carriers group was more aggravated than that of the chronic HBV carriers group ( χ2= 23.231, P < 0.01), whereas no significant differences existed between these 2 groups (χ2= 0.058, P= 0.972). (3) As tothe grade of liver inflammation and the stage of liver fibrosis, significant differences existed between the groups with higher level of serum ALT (20-40 U/L) and lower level (≤ 20 U/L)( χ2= 7.827, P= 0.008; χ2= 14.303, P= 0.001), and similar results also exsited between elder group (>40) and younger group (≤ 40)( χ2= 10.949, P= 0.001; χ2= 21.271, P < 0.01); (4) Among the chronic HBV carriers, significant differences existed in grade of liver inflammation between groups with HBeAg positive and negative patients ( χ2= 10.275, P= 0.002), and the latter was more aggravated; however, there was no difference in stage of liver fibrosis between them (χ2= 3.457, P= 0.178). Conclusions Liver histopathology can be recommended to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially for the chronic HBV carriers, with elder age, ALT close to normal and HBeAg negative.     

Ethyl pyruvate protects against experimental acute-on-chronic liver failure in rats

AIM:To investigate the protective effects of ethyl pyruvate(EP) on acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF) in rats.METHODS:An ACLF model was established in rats,and animals were randomly divided into normal,model and EP treatment groups.The rats in EP treatment group received EP(40 mg/kg) at 3 h,6 h,12 h and 24 h after induction of ACLF.Serum endotoxin,high mobility group box-1(HMGB1),alanine transaminase(ALT),tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-),interferon-(IFN-),interleukin(IL)-10 and IL-18 levels,changes of liver histology and HMGB1 expressions in liver tissues were detected at 48 h after induction of ACLF.The effects of EP on the survival of ACLF rats were also observed.RESULTS:Serum levels of endotoxin(0.394 ± 0.066 EU/mL vs 0.086 ± 0.017 EU/mL,P 0.001),HMGB1(35.42 ± 10.86 g/L vs 2.14 ± 0.27 g/L,P 0.001),ALT(8415.87 ± 3567.54 IU/L vs 38.64 ± 8.82 IU/L,P 0.001),TNF-(190.77 ± 12.34 ng/L vs 124.40 ± 4.12 ng/L,P 0.001),IFN-(715.38 ± 86.03 ng/L vs 398.66 ± 32.91 ng/L,P 0.001),IL-10(6.85 ± 0.64 ng/L vs 3.49 ± 0.24 ng/L,P 0.001) and IL-18(85.19 ± 3.49 ng/L vs 55.38 ± 1.25 ng/L,P 0.001) were significantly increased,and liver tissues presented severe pathological injury in the model group compared with the normal group.However,EP administration significantly improved hepatic histopathology and reduced the serum levels of endotoxin(0.155 ± 0.045 EU/mL vs 0.394 ± 0.066 EU/mL,P 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines(11.13 ± 2.58 g/L vs 35.42 ± 10.86 g/L for HMGB1,3512.86 ± 972.67 IU/L vs 8415.87 ± 3567.54 IU/L for ALT,128.55 ± 5.76 ng/L vs 190.77 ± 12.34 ng/L for TNF-,438.16 ± 38.10 ng/L vs 715.38 ± 86.03 ng/L for IFN-,3.55 ± 0.36 ng/L vs 6.85 ± 0.64 ng/L for IL-10,and 60.35 ± 1.63 ng/L vs 85.19 ± 3.49 ng/L for IL-18,respectively,P 0.001),and the levels of HMGB1 in liver tissues regardless of treatment time after induction of ACLF.EP treatment at the four time points prolonged the median survival time of ACLF rats(60 h) to 162 h,120 h,102 h and 78 h,respectively(2 = 41.17,P 0.0001).CONCLUSION:EP administration can protect against ACLF in rats,and is a potential and novel therapeutic agent for severe liver injury.     

睾丸支持细胞与肝细胞混合共微囊化移植治疗大鼠急性肝功能衰竭

目的 观察大鼠睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli细胞)对微囊化肝细胞腹腔移植治疗大鼠急性肝功能衰竭疗效的影响.方法 气流法制备含单独肝细胞或Sertoli细胞与肝细胞混合的微囊.D-氨基半乳糖诱导大鼠急性肝功能衰竭模型,设模型组、裸肝细胞移植组、微囊化肝细胞移植组和Sertoli细胞与肝细胞混合微囊化移植组.每组24只,检测ALT、AST、TBil、Alb水平,RT-PCR法测定肝脏凋亡指标Smac/Diabln、caspase-3表达情况,同时各组另取15只大鼠进行生存率分析.观察腹腔内微囊的变化以及腹水中淋巴细胞数的改变.样本比较采用重复测量的多元方差分析或单因素方差分析.组间比较采用t检验.结果 Sertoli细胞与肝细胞混合微囊化治疗组ALT、AST在48 h时即分别降至(533.7±76.5)U/L、(381.2±46.7)U/L,TBil在72 h降至(7.364±2.18)μmol/L.血清Alb水平在48 h已升至(28.4±2.5)g/L,与其他各组相比,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为10.7、6.5、12.2和8.4,均P＜0.05);且Smac/Diablo、caspase-3 mRNA在48、72 h的表达水平也较其他组低(F值分别为3.7、4.8和3.6、4.2,均P＜0.05).微囊化肝细胞移植组和Sertoli细胞与肝细胞混合微囊化移植组大鼠生存率无明显差别,但明显高于其他两组.不同组的微囊均未与腹腔粘连.混合微囊组腹水中的淋巴细胞数也较肝细胞微囊组少(t=4.21,P＜0.05).结论 Sertoli细胞与肝细胞混合微囊化移植治疗肝功能衰竭的效果优于单纯微囊化肝细胞移植.纯肝细胞微囊在腹腔内仍可引起一定量淋巴细胞聚集,而Sertoli细胞的存在有助于减少这一现象.     

急性肝功能衰竭大鼠模型中程序性死亡-1及其配体的表达

目的 探讨程序性死亡-1(PD-1)/程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠模型中的表达变化及其在肝脏急性炎性损伤中的作用.方法 SD大鼠分为2组:正常组6只,模型组30只,以D-氨基半乳糖(D-Gal)诱导急性肝功能衰竭大鼠模型.造模后分别在12、24、48、72和120 h取大鼠血及肝脏标本,采用RT-PCR法检测肝组织中PD-1 mRNA、PD-L1 mRNA的表达.计量资料组间比较用t检验,相关性检验用Pearson直线相关分析.结果 造模后12 h,大鼠血ALT、AST明显升高,分别为(217.3±33.7)U/L和(397.2±101.3)U/L,显著高于正常组的(30.5±3.1)U/L和(78.6±4.2)U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=-8.921,-6.121,均P＜0.01),至48 h达高峰.造模后12 h,模型组大鼠PD-1 mRNA表达(0.385±0.074)高于正常组(0.097±0.009),差异有统计学意义(t=-7.725,P＜0.01),48 h达高峰(0.927±0.132),72 h则明显下降.PD-L1mRNA在正常大鼠肝组织中表达很少,模型组PD-L1 mRNA水平逐渐升高,48 h达高峰(0.593±0.105)(t=-10.076,P＜0.01).造模后大鼠PD-1、PD-L1表达水平与血清ALT水平呈正相关(r=0.807,0.792,P＜0.01).结论 PD-1/PD-L1表达在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠肝脏炎性损伤中可能起重要作用.     

乌司他丁对急性肝功能衰竭大鼠肝组织中血红素加氧酶-1 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨乌司他丁对急性肝功能衰竭的保护作用及对血红素加氧酶-1(hemeoxygenase-1,HO-1)的影响.方法 66只S-D大鼠分为对照组、模型组和乌司他丁干预组,通过腹腔注射D-氨基半乳糖(D-Gal)及脂多糖(LPS)建立大鼠急性肝功能衰竭模型,动态观察(6、12、24、36和48 h)大鼠血清ALT、AST和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,RT-PCR检测肝脏HO- mRNA变化,免疫组织化学方法检测HO-1蛋白表达.多组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD法.结果 D-Gal/LPS联合注射成功诱导大鼠急性肝功能衰竭模型,表现为造模6 h后血清ALT、AST水平以及肝组织MDA浓度均显著升高(F值分别为23.864、38.446、18.051,均P＜0.01),以12至24 h之间最为显著.造模24 h后,模型组与干预组ALT、AST、MDA分别达到(8 346.7±1 363.1)U/L、(9 766.7±1 274.1)U/L、(8.34±1.13)μmol/g与(4 151.3±970.0)U/L、(4 696.7±1 476.9)U/L、(4.66±0.91)μmol/g,均较对照组的(24.0±2.0)U/L、(82.3±16.9)U/L、(2.55±0.22)μmol/g高(F值分别为55.684、55.501、47.843,均P＜0.01),但干预组显著低于模型组(P＜0.01);与对照组相比,模型组HO-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达增加(P＜0.01),干预组的上升更加显著(P＜0.01).结论 乌司他丁能上调HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达,提示乌司他丁可能通过HO-1通路发挥其在急性肝功能衰竭中抗炎抗氧化的保护作用.     

解耦联蛋白2在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠肝脏中的动态表达和意义

目的 探讨急性肝功能衰竭(ALF)大鼠肝脏线粒体解耦联蛋白(UCP)2的表达趋势及意义.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠36只,分为对照组和模型组,模型组冉分为6、12、24、36和48 h 5个亚组,每组6只.模型组腹腔内注射D-氨基半乳糖(D-Gal)和脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠ALF模型.采用HE染色,光学显微镜下观察肝组织损伤情况,采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学检测不同时间点肝脏UCP2 mRNA转录及其蛋白表达,同时测定各时间点血清ALT、AST和肝组织丙二醛(MDA)的变化.各实验组问数值比较采用SNK检验.结果 模型组肝组织呈炎性细胞浸润和明显坏死的ALF特征;模型组ALT、AST、MDA值均明显高于对照组[(24.0±2.0)U/L,(82.3士16.9)U/L,(2.55±0.22)μmol/g],且造模24 h达高峰[(8346.7±1363.1)U/L,(9766.7±1274.1)U/L,(8.34±1.13)μmol/g;均P<0.05];UCP2蛋白和UCP2 mRNA在正常肝组织中几乎不表达,D-Gal和LPS处理后6 h表达均硅著增加(P<0.05),24 h表达最强,且模型组相邻时间点之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 成功构建大鼠ALF模型,大鼠ALF时UCP2蛋白和UCP2mRNA的表达水平与肝损伤程度及氧化应激水平有关.     

S期激酶相关蛋白2在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠肝组织中的表达

目的 探讨急性肝功能衰竭(ALF)大鼠S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)表达变化及意义.方法 雄性SD大鼠256只,其中240只用D-氨基半乳糖溶液制备ALF模型.将大鼠分为ALF模型组、裸肝细胞移植组和微囊化肝细胞移植组,经腹腔分别注射RPMI 1640培养液、裸肝细胞悬液、微囊化肝细胞悬液各2 mL.另外6只作为健康对照组,另10只用于肝细胞分离.免疫组织化学法检测不同时间点大鼠肝细胞中Skp2蛋白的表达,全自动生化分析仪测定各组ALT、AST、TBil值,并观察各组生存率,多组样本间比较采用单因素方差分析.结果微囊化肝细胞腹腔移植可较裸肝细胞更好地降低ALF大鼠ALT、AST、TBil水平(P<0.05).造模36 h时,ALF模型组、裸肝细胞移植组和微囊化肝细胞移植组肝中Skp2-标记指数分别为(28.2±6.1)%、(41.4±10.5)%和(68.0±10.8)%(F=29.08,P<0.05),三组各15只大鼠168 h时各有4、6和11只存活.结论 动态观察Skp2表达可较好地判断ALF肝细胞的再生情况.     

趋化因子Fractalkine在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠模型中的变化及意义

目的 探讨不规则趋化因子Fraetalkine(FKN,CX3CLl)在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠模型中的变化及其在肝脏炎性损伤中的作用.方法 SD大鼠分为健康对照组6只,模型组36只.D氨基半乳糖(D-Gal)诱导大鼠急性肝功能衰竭模型,造模后分别在12、24、48、72、120和168 h等6个时间点取大鼠血及肝脏标本,RT-PCR法检测肝组织中FKN mRNA、核因子(NF)-kB mRNA的变化.计量资料组间比较用t检验,相关性检验用Pearson直线相关分析.结果 造模后12 h,大鼠血ALT、AST值明显升高,分别为(208.3±43.5)U/L和(375.25:117.3)U/L,显著高于正常组的(31.8±2.9)U/L和(90.8±3.1)U/L,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-9.912和-5.935,P＜0.01),72 h达高峰.造模后12 h,FKN mRNA为0.086±0.009,高于正常组的0.044±0.009,差异有统计学意义(t=-7.999,P＜0.01),72 h达高峰,为0.333±0.033,120 h则明显下降.NF-kB在正常大鼠肝组织中有少量表达,模型组随着时间推移,NF-kB水平逐渐升高,72 h达高峰,为0.583±0.101(t=-12.607,P＜0.01).FKN与NF-kB呈正相关(r=0.760,P＜0.01).结论 FKN在急性肝功能衰竭大鼠中的表达是肝损伤的重要因素,有可能为急性肝功能衰竭的治疗提供一个新的切入点.     

不阻断肝血流在原发性肝癌肝切除术中的应用

目的探讨原发性肝癌患者行肝切除术中不阻断肝血流对肝功能及术后恢复的影响。方法将2010年6月-2013年6月福建省立医院收治的80例行肝切除术的原发性肝癌患者依据肝血流阻断方法的不同分为3组:第一肝门阻断组(Pringle组,n=24)、半肝血流阻断组(HVC组,n=24)及不阻断肝血流组(n=32)。分别比较不阻断肝血流组与Pringle组和HVC组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肝功能变化、手术并发症及术后住院时间。计量资料和计数资料分别采用方差分析及卡方检验,方差分析中多重比较采用Dunnett-t检验。结果 3组患者手术时间、出血量差异均无统计学意义(F值分别为2.45,0.34,P值均0.05)。术后1及7 d血清TBil及ALT恢复情况,不阻断肝血流组[1 d,TBil:(22.4±9.4)μmol/L,ALT:(287.4±165.7)U/L;7 d,TBil:(17.1±6.6)μmol/L,ALT:(86.2±54.5)U/L]优于Pringle组[1 d,TBil:(33.5±11.9)μmol/L,ALT:(429.5±137.8)U/L;7 d,TBil:(24.5±7.0)μmol/L,ALT:(145.5±43.6)U/L]及HVC组[1d,TBil:(29.1±8.3)μmol/L,ALT:(390.2±176.6)U/L;7 d,TBil:(21.5±7.5)μmol/L,ALT:(121.5±56.8)U/L](P值均0.05)。血清Alb恢复情况,术后1 d,不阻断肝血流组[(29.3±2.8)g/L]优于Pringle组[(27.3±3.3)g/L](P值均0.05),但与HVC组[(27.8±2.5)g/L]相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后7 d,3组患者差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。不阻断肝血流组术后住院时间[(10.3±2.1)d]较Pringle组[(12.7±2.6)d]和HVC组[(12.0±2.2)d]显著缩短(P值均0.05)。结论不阻断肝血流较第一肝门阻断、半肝血流阻断,不增加手术时间及术中出血量,且具有肝损伤较轻及术后恢复快的优点。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗肝衰竭的临床观察

目的观察血浆置换术(PE)治疗肝衰竭的疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月收治的肝衰竭患者的临床资料,PE组33例肝衰竭患者在内科综合治疗基础上加用血浆置换治疗,对照组30例肝衰竭患者予内科综合治疗,观察两组患者治疗2周后临床症状、并发症发生情况、肝功能生化指标的变化等,随访治疗后3个月内病情转归情况并分析影响疗效的因素。实验检测数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计量资料用t检验进行比较,计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。结果予血浆置换治疗后,患者乏力、纳差、腹胀等临床症状明显改善,血清中ALT、TBil水平较治疗前降低[(390.48±536.52)U/L vs(81.03±47.58)U/L;(479.27±130.01)μmol/L vs(244.64±151.05)μmol/L,P值均0.01],Alb、胆固醇(CHO)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)水平较治疗前升高[(33.06±5.42)g/L vs(35.24±3.68)g/L;(2.50±1.24)mmol/L vs(3.59±0.86)mmol/L;(34.16±5.33)%vs(73.98±27.23)%,P值均0.01],对照组治疗后ALT、TBil、Alb、CHO、PTA水平较治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05);PE组患者好转率明显高于对照组(χ2=8.276,P0.01),而病死率低于对照组(χ2=13.258,P0.01);PE治疗效果与治疗前TBil水平、并发症、胆酶分离、年龄≥40岁有关(P0.05),TBil、胆酶分离是影响PE疗效的独立危险因素(P0.05,OR值分别为1.01、8.75);术中共发生不良反应8例次,予对症处理后均可好转并完成治疗。结论 PE治疗肝衰竭安全有效,有临床推广价值。TBil、胆酶分离是影响PE疗效的独立危险因素。     

天然蒙脱石对急性肝衰竭大鼠的肠道干预实验

目的建立大鼠急性肝衰竭模型,并给予天然蒙脱石进行肠道干预研究。方法随机将40只大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、思密达预防组和思密达治疗组,采用腹腔注射半乳糖胺法建立大鼠急性肝衰竭模型,观察大鼠肝功能、内毒素（LPS）及肝脏和回肠组织的病理学变化。结果与正常对照组比,模型组、思密达预防组和治疗组大鼠血ALT、AST、TBiL和LPS升高,Alb下降（P〈0．05）;与模型组比,思密达预防组和治疗组大鼠血ATJT、AST、TBiL和LPS下降,Alb升高（P〈0．05）;思密达预防组比治疗组大鼠血ALT、AST、TBiL和LPS更低（P〈0．01）;模型组大鼠肝脏形态学发生严重的病变,而预防组和治疗组病变较轻。结论应用天然蒙脱石进行肠道干预急性肝衰竭大鼠可明显减轻肝脏病理学改变,改善肝功能,降低LPS水平。     

短程间歇更昔洛韦治疗婴儿巨细胞病毒肝炎临床疗效观察

目的 观察短期更昔洛韦间歇治疗婴儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)肝炎的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析短程、间歇更昔洛韦治疗婴儿CMV肝炎的疗效,观察治疗组85例和对照组37例治疗前、后肝功能(TBil、直接胆红素、ALT、AST、γ-GT)的变化和治疗过程中更昔洛韦的不良反应.计量资料采用方差分析,计数资料采用卡方检验.结果 短程更昔洛韦治疗后,治疗组TBil从(109.1±77.8)μmol/L降至(62.9±68.1)μmol/L(F=15.34,P<0.01),ALT从(160.2±395.3)U/L降至(68.1±56.0)U/L(F=4.73,P<0.05);对照组TBil从(94.9±47.4)μmol/L降至(49.2±31.5)μmol/L(F=14.80,P<0.01),但ALT从(131.6±206.2)U/L降至(55.3±31.2)U/L(F=3.50,P=0.067).治疗组再次入院率为10.6%,明显低于对照组的21.6%.仅1例(0.8%)患儿间歇更昔洛韦治疗3次,最长住院日6周.结论 短程、间歇更昔洛韦可能更适用于治疗婴儿CMV肝炎,未见明显药物不良反应,可减少住院日.