克拉玛依地区的利什曼病ⅩⅣ.硕大白蛉吴氏亚…

硕大白蛉吴氏亚种是新疆克拉玛依地区的主要蛉种之一，具有强的亲人性，在野外和居民点内常能查见该蛉有前鞭毛体的自然感染。本文结果表明，白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体能使仓鼠及ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠发生内脏利什曼病；在感染仓属内脏涂片上的无鞭毛体，由蛉体而来的明显较由大沙鼠而来的都兰利什曼原虫为小；白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体在ＮＮＮ培养基内生长不良，用３２Ｐ标记的ｇｐ＾６＾３基因为探针，与婴儿利什曼原虫同源。克拉玛依无内     

新疆克拉玛依皮肤利什曼病传播媒介的研究

１９９４年的研究表明，在克拉玛依从皮肤利什曼病患者皮肤损害部位和从硕大白岭吴氏亚种消化道内分离出来的利什曼原虫，经ＤＮＡ基因型的分析，证实与婴儿利什曼原虫同源。本文报道，在皮肤利什曼病流行区内硕大白蛉吴氏亚种的数最颇大，亲人性强，在野外和居民点内该蛉的前鞭毛体自然感染率分别为５．９％（５８／９８５）和２．９％（１３／４４９），前鞭毛体在该蛉的消化道内能大量繁殖并可移行至咽及喙部；而在非流行区，该蛉的数量很少或无，也未查见前鞭毛体的感染。综合以往和本文的研究结果，作者确认硕大白蛉吴氏亚种为克拉玛依山婴儿利什曼原虫所致的皮肤利什曼病的传播媒介。     

新疆克拉至依皮肤利什曼病传播媒介的研究

１９９４年的研究表明，在克拉玛依从皮肤利什曼病患者皮肤损害部位和从硕大白蛉吴氏亚种消化道内分离出来的利什曼原虫，经ＤＮＡ基因型的分析，证实与婴儿利什曼原虫同源。本文报道，在皮肤利什曼病流行区区硕大白蛉吴氏亚种的数量颇大，亲人性强，在野外和居民点内该蛉的前鞭毛体自然感染率分别为５．９％和２．９％，前鞭毛体在该蛉的消化道内能大量繁殖并可移行至咽及喙部；而在非流行区，该蛉的数量很少或无，也未查见前鞭毛体     

新疆克拉玛依地区几株利什曼原虫分离物的同源性分析

目的：确定新疆克拉玛依皮肤利什曼病患者和硕大白蛉吴氏亚种体内利什曼原虫的种。方法：通过酶切电泳及ＤＮＡ杂交的方法对当地病人体内和蛉体内的利什曼原虫以及参考虫株的ｎＤＮＡ及ｋＤＮＡ的同源性分析，研究克拉玛依病人和蛉体内利什曼原虫的基因型。结果：经ｎＤＮＡ基因型分析，表明病人与蛉体内原虫与婴儿利什曼原虫同源性大。结论：当地皮肤利什曼病的病原体为婴儿利什曼原虫，硕大白蛉吴氏亚种为该病的媒介。     

新疆克拉玛依地区几株利什曼原虫分离物的同源…

确定新疆克拉玛依皮肤利什曼病患者和硕大白蛉吴氏亚种体内利什曼原虫的种，方法：通过酶切电泳及ＤＮＡ杂交的方法对当地病人体内和蛉体内的利什曼原虫以及参考虫株的ｎＤＮＡ及ｋＤＮＡ的同源性分析，研究克拉玛依病人和蛉体内利什曼原虫的基因型。结果：经ｎＤＮＡ基因型分析，表明病人与蛉体内原虫与婴儿利什曼原虫同源性大。结论：当地皮肤利什曼病的病原体为婴儿利什曼原虫，硕大白蛉吴氏亚种为该病的媒介。     

首次从新疆民丰县吴氏白蛉中分离出利什曼原虫

目的从新发现的新疆民丰县黑热病疫区分离利什曼原虫。方法用镜检法调查白蛉自然感染利什曼原虫状况,以接种敏感动物和培养基方法分离利什曼原虫。结果捕捉白蛉282只,检查173只吴氏白蛉(♀),查出感染前鞭毛体白蛉9只,分别培养接种9只灰仓鼠,其中2只接种第二天死亡;分离出2株利什曼原虫,灰仓鼠出现典型的内脏利什曼病症状。结论分离自吴氏白蛉的利什曼原虫致使灰仓鼠表现出典型的内脏利什曼病症状,分离到的利什曼原虫对研究塔里木盆地的利什曼原虫进化具有重要的意义。     

新疆克拉玛依地区的利什曼原虫及其与皮肤利什曼病的关系

应用多学科的手段，包括形态度量，对宿主的致病性和病理，组织化学，单克隆抗体检测，ＤＮＡ杂交，酶电泳分析等，从细胞水平到分子水平的不同层次，对新疆克拉玛依地区大沙鼠体内的利什曼原虫进行了研究；首次证实了我国新疆境内的大沙鼠耳组织有都兰利什曼原虫的寄生。用生态学，寄生虫与昆虫宿主的相容性等方法，确定了都兰利什曼原虫的传播媒介为蒙古白蛉和安氏白蛉，并从硕大白蛉吴氏亚种体内查见婴儿利什原虫，本文初步讨论了     

三种白蛉人工感染沙鼠利什曼原虫的实验

用白蛉属的三种白蛉去叮咬感染沙鼠利什曼原虫的BALB/c鼠和长爪沙鼠的皮肤病变,表明副蛉亚属的亚历山大白蛉是沙鼠利什曼的良好昆虫宿主;该种原虫在阿蛉亚属的中华白蛉长管亚种体内发育良好,但仅进展到白蛉的咽基部;而在劳蛉亚属硕大白蛉吴氏亚种体内,原虫停滞在胃内。作者分析了我国沙鼠利什曼分布区内白蛉的种类和本文人工感染实验的结果,指出副蛉亚属蛉种是沙鼠利什曼原虫的主要媒介,而硕大白蛉吴氏亚种作为媒介的可能性很小。     

新发现的内脏利什曼病流行区新疆民丰县Ⅱ. 传播媒介的初步研究

目的 在新发现的流行区新疆塔里木盆地南缘民丰县调查内脏利什曼病（黑热病）的媒介蛉种。方法 在民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村居民点和附近野外采集白蛉,经鉴定后计算蛉种组成和数量比例; 定人、定点、定时观察白蛉数量统计密度;观察白蛉昼夜活动的数量变动;解剖白蛉,分析雌蛉生殖营养周期;检查白蛉有无前鞭毛体自然感染。结果 捕获白蛉1 210只,其中99.17%（1 200/1 210）为吴氏白蛉; 6月上中旬是该蛉季节消长的第一高峰; 生殖营养周期分析表明吴氏白蛉为野生野栖蛉种,夜间活动的白蛉主要在户外吸血,有较强的亲人性;在2只白蛉体内查到自然感染前鞭毛体。 结论 塔里木盆地南缘民丰县安迪尔乡雅通古斯村存在内脏利什曼病传播媒介吴氏白蛉,并有利什曼前鞭毛体自然感染,表明当地存在内脏利什曼病自然疫源地。     

克拉玛依地区的利什曼病 Ⅸ.白蛉自然感染前鞭毛体的鉴定

本文报道新疆克拉玛依地区的大沙鼠洞、旷野及人房等不同场所内白蛉自然感染利什曼原虫的情况、蛉体内原虫对实验动物的致病特征以及用利什曼原虫McAb的dot-ELISA法对白蛉自然感染的利什曼前鞭毛体的检测结果;并结合4年来对当地白蛉的生态和大沙鼠体内的利什曼原虫对白蛉的感染性等一系列的调查研究,证实蒙古白蛉和安氏白蛉为克拉玛依大沙鼠体内利什曼原虫的传播媒介。     

不同利什曼原虫分离株在培养基中生长繁殖观察

目的　比较我国不同类型内脏利什曼病流行区利什曼原虫前鞭毛体在不同培养基中的生长繁殖情况,为选择合适培养基用于利什曼原虫培养提供实验依据。方法　将3 ×105个KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体分别接种至1 mL NNN培养基、1 mL M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基、1 mL M199 + 20%马血清培养基及1 mL 脑心浸液培养基（含血红素）中,22 ℃温箱中无菌静置培养,显微镜下连续观察计数8 d,绘制3株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体的生长曲线。 结果 KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体均能在NNN培养基、M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基和M199 + 20%马血清培养基中生长繁殖,在NNN培养基中培养不同时间后的3株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体计数均显著高于M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基和M199 + 20%马血清培养基（P均 < 0.05）,在这3种培养基中培养不同时间后的KS?2株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体计数均显著高于Cy和JIASHI?5株（P均 < 0.05）。KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体均不能在脑心浸液培养基中生长繁殖。结论　分离自我国不同类型内脏利什曼病流行区的利什曼原虫在同一培养基中生长增殖速度有差异,同一利什曼原虫分离株在不同培养基中的生长繁殖速度亦有差异。NNN培养基是最适合我国内脏利什曼病流行区利什曼原虫分离株的培养基。     

不同利什曼原虫分离株在培养基中生长繁殖观察

目的　比较我国不同类型内脏利什曼病流行区利什曼原虫前鞭毛体在不同培养基中的生长繁殖情况，为选择合适培养基用于利什曼原虫培养提供实验依据。方法　将3 ×105个KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体分别接种至1 mL NNN培养基、1 mL M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基、1 mL M199 + 20%马血清培养基及1 mL 脑心浸液培养基（含血红素）中，22 ℃温箱中无菌静置培养，显微镜下连续观察计数8 d，绘制3株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体的生长曲线。 结果 KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体均能在NNN培养基、M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基和M199 + 20%马血清培养基中生长繁殖，在NNN培养基中培养不同时间后的3株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体计数均显著高于M199 + 20%胎牛血清培养基和M199 + 20%马血清培养基（P均 < 0.05），在这3种培养基中培养不同时间后的KS?2株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体计数均显著高于Cy和JIASHI?5株（P均 < 0.05）。KS?2、Cy、JIASHI?5株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体均不能在脑心浸液培养基中生长繁殖。结论　分离自我国不同类型内脏利什曼病流行区的利什曼原虫在同一培养基中生长增殖速度有差异，同一利什曼原虫分离株在不同培养基中的生长繁殖速度亦有差异。NNN培养基是最适合我国内脏利什曼病流行区利什曼原虫分离株的培养基。     

Destruction of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes by normal human serum

Fresh normal human serum was observed to have a lethal effect on Leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes obtained from laboratory-bred Lutzomyia longipalpis or on promastigotes grown in liquid culture medium, inoculated with the same isolates. Heat inactivation abolished the Leishmania lytic activity from the sera. Resistance of culture promastigotes to lysis by normal human serum was investigated in three isolates of L. m. amazonensis. Development of resistance (up to 7%) was found in only one isolate, obtained from the bone marrow in a human case of visceral leishmaniasis.     

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia: results of the iso-enzymatic characterization of 71 strains

Three clinico-epidemiological forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) exist in Tunisia: zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL; epidemic in the centre and the south-west); sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (SCL; found in the north); and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL; originally described from Tataouine, in the south-east). As few isolates of Leishmania from Tunisian cases of CL have been typed, isolates were collected, using NNN medium, from 71 such cases. Most (59) of the cases investigated came from the north of the country, including 16 from Sidi Bourouis, where there was an epidemic outbreak of SCL in early 2001; the other 12 cases were natives of the centre or south of the country. The 71 strains were then characterized, at the Centre National de Référence des Leishmania, in Montpellier, France, by iso-enzyme analysis. This revealed four zymodemes: two of L. infantum and one each of L. major and L. killicki. The MON-1 zymodeme of L. infantum, which is more usually associated with visceral leishmaniasis, was recovered from seven of the cases, including six natives of Sidi Bourouis. The MON-24 zymodeme of this species, which appears to be responsible for the SCL, was isolated from 48 cases, all of whom lived in the north of the country. Another 15 cases (nine from the centre, four from the north, and two from the south-east of the country) were found to be harbouring L. major MON-25, the zymodeme usually causing ZCL. Only a single isolate of L. killicki was made; this was of the MON-8 zymodeme responsible for the CCL, and came from a native of Gafsa, in the south-west. Six of the cases investigated (five infected with L. infantum MON-24 and one with L. major MON-25) showed involvement of their nasal and labial mucosae. These results increase the number of strains typed from Tunisian cases of CL more than four-fold, and should help to elucidate the geographical distribution and epidemiology of the various forms of the disease.     

Re-emergence of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Greek Island of Crete

Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Three species of Leishmania are found in the Mediterranean basin: Leishmania infantum, the most common species responsible for both visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); Leishmania major, found in North Africa and Middle East causing CL; Leishmania tropica with a limited presence in Europe, causing CL. During the last 25 years, Crete has become an endemic zone for L. infantum with a high number of infected dogs and an increasing number of human cases every year; in the last 4 years, the incidence has reached an average of seven VL patients per year in a population of 600,000. At the same time, CL has re-emerged in Crete due to L. tropica, with an average of three CL cases per year in the last 4 years. Isolates were typed as L. infantum MON-1 and MON-98 and L. tropica MON-300, a zymodeme not reported before. Both VL and CL have spread to the whole of the island during the last 25 years, primarily in semi-urban and urban areas with altitudes of 0-50?m. The prevailing Phlebotomus species were Phlebotomus neglectus (proven vector of L. infantum) and Phlebotomus similis (suspected vector of L. tropica).     

Leishmaniasis in Turkey

Leishmaniases are widespread in most countries in the Mediterranean basin, including Turkey. Two forms are observed in Turkey; Leishmania infantum is responsible from visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and L. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Phlebotomus sergenti, P. papatasi, P. major and P. syriacus are considered to be the probable vectors, and dogs are the main reservoir of L. infantum, while P. sergenti is the main suspected vector of L. tropica.VL is sporadically seen mainly in the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Central Anatolia Regions, but CL is endemic, especially in the Southeastern and Mediterranean Regions. Major touristic sites are free of both infections, and no infection is reported in any tourist. Mean number of annual VL and CL cases reported to Ministry of Health are 40 and 1,204, respectively, in the last four years.These data suggest that both VL and CL represent a public health problem in Turkey, but a decline is observed in the number of cases with both infections in recent years.     

新疆地区皮肤利什曼病病原体SSU rDNA PCR扩增及限制性酶切分析

我们采用引物R200和R300，对新疆克拉玛依地区皮肤利什曼病（CL）患者的皮肤病变组织内抽提的微量利什曼原虫SSUrDNA，以及有关利什县原虫种株的SSUrDNA进行PCR扩增，然后分别采用限制住内切酶Rsal和Hhal对PCR扩增产物进行限制性酶切分析。结果显示：采用RsaⅠ进行限制性酶切分析，克拉玛依地区2例CL患者皮肤病变组织标本的PCR扩增产物经酶切后，其电泳图形与L．tropica完全相同。显示克拉玛依地区CL病原体SSUrDNA的PCR扩增产物与L．tropica存在相同的限制性内切酶图谱。