中国老年急性心肌梗死患者调脂药物应用现状

目的了解中国老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院期间及出院后2年调脂药物的应用现状及依从性。方法纳入中国急性心肌梗死注册研究中2013年1月1日～2014年9月30日108家医院入选的AMI患者共26 625例,年龄缺失30例,按年龄分为老年组(年龄65岁)11 574例和中青年组(年龄≤65岁)15 021例,患者出院后1、6、12、18和24个月时进行随访,比较2组住院期间、出院时及出院后2年内调脂药物的应用和依从性。结果与中青年组比较,老年组女性比例明显升高、体质量指数更低、高血压、糖尿病、既往心肌梗死、既往脑卒中史、外周血管疾病史、慢性肾功能不全比例更高(P=0.000)。老年组高脂血症比例明显低于中青年组、但一直治疗和应用他汀类药物比例高于中青年组(6.3%vs 9.4%,23.4%vs 15.1%,29.7%vs 21.6%,P0.01)。老年组急诊再灌注治疗比例明显低于中青年组(37.7%vs 51.1%,P0.01)。住院期间,老年组他汀类药物使用率(88.4%vs 90.5%)、他汀类负荷率(28.0%vs 30.8%)和非他汀类调脂药物使用率(1.5%vs 2.0%)均低于中青年组(P0.01)。出院后,老年组他汀带药率低于中青年组(87.5%vs 90.4%,P0.01)。1、6、12、18和24个月随访时,老年组规律服药比例均低于中青年组(P0.05,P0.01);2组均以患者自停为主(比例80%);2组非他汀类调脂药物使用率低(比例≤0.6%)。结论老年AMI患者应用他汀类调脂药物为主,但用药比例低于中青年患者,且用药依从性随病程时间延长逐渐降低,应加强老年AMI患者的一二级预防。     

老年人药物重整的应用效果分析

目的应用药物重整方法对老年住院患者不合理用药进行调整。方法入选2012年6月至2013年10月北京协和医院老年示范病房所有≥65岁的老年住院患者208例,年龄(76.0±6.8)岁。由药师参与每日老年科病房的查房,医师与药师合作,对老年住院患者进行药物重整。结果208例患者有多种慢性状况(MCC)(8.0±3.8)种,195例入院时有长期用药,用药(4.8±3.5)种,多重用药占48.1%;女性用药种类显著多于男性[(5.3±3.7)vs(4.3±3.2)种,P=0.035]。最常使用药物种类依次与下列慢性病有关:心脑血管病(78.8%)、消化系统问题(51.4%)、前列腺疾病(30.8%)、骨质疏松(24.5%)、糖尿病(24.5%)。入院时发现不合理用药占63.9%,药物不良反应13.9%,最常见潜在导致不良反应的药物为中枢神经和心血管系统药物。≥85岁患者多重用药(χ~2=4.78,P=0.03)及不合理用药情况(χ~2=3.91,P=0.048)显著高于85岁患者。63.9%(133/208)老年患者调整了用药。结论老年科住院患者慢性病及老年问题多,多重用药发生率高,需要与药师合作通过药物重整发现问题并及时干预。     

卒中专病门诊贯彻卒中二级预防指南的研究

目的观察医师培训和专病门诊对缩小临床实践与缺血性卒中二级预防指南差距的影响。方法选择在卒中专病门诊就诊的305例缺血性卒中患者,比较其在医师规范培训前后及出院与在专病门诊随访期间抗栓药、他汀类药物、不规范用药和降压药的使用情况。结果医师经培训后提高了二级预防用药的规范性,患者出院的抗栓药（79．3％比93．1％,P〈0．01）和他汀类药（19．5％对59．2％,P〈0．01）使用率显著提高,不规范用药（47．1％比27．5％,P=0．001）显著降低。高血压的治疗率（88．4％比94．0％）差异无统计学意义。与出院时相比,专病门诊随访患者的抗栓药和他汀类药使用率进一步提高,不规范用药进一步降低。出院带药规范者随访期的用药依从性高。结论医师培训能提高缺血性卒中二级预防处方的规范性,专病门诊能进一步提高患者出院带药及随访期用药的依从性。     

急性冠状动脉综合征二级预防用药与血小板功能相关性的观察研究

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征且接受阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板药物治疗的患者联合使用二级预防用药情况及其与血小板反应性的关联性。方法纳入北京大学人民医院心血管内科2014年4月至2015年5月诊断为急性冠状动脉综合征的患者176例,住院期间用血栓弹力图检测患者血小板反应性,检测氯吡格雷药理作用主要效应基因CYP2C19多态性,详细记录患者住院期间及出院带药品种与使用情况、临床特征。用多因素逐步Logistic回归的方法,分析二级预防用药率与血小板反应性的关系。结果 176例急性冠状动脉综合征患者他汀类药物使用率为94.89%、β阻滞药使用率为80.68%;氯吡格雷用药后血小板抑制率平均为(45.33±28.78)%,出现血小板高反应性(high on-treatment platelet reactivity,HTPR)患者66例(37.50%)。在校正CYP2C19基因多态性影响以及其他临床特征干扰后发现,住院期间使用β阻滞药患者比不使用者血小板抑制率显著增高,HTPR风险显著降低(72.73%比85.45%,OR 0.18,95%CI0.06~0.53,P=0.002),而其他药物使用率与血小板反应性的相关性差异无统计学意义。除药物因素和基因多态性因素之外,吸烟、疾病表现、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)置入支架长度对HTPR风险有显著影响。结论β阻滞药与氯吡格雷用药后血小板反应性显著相关。     

老年慢性病患者用药偏差发生情况及其影响因素分析

目的观察老年慢性病患者用药偏差发生情况, 并分析导致其发生的相关因素。方法采用便利抽样法, 选择2021年4月至2022年3月于医院接受治疗后出院的164例老年慢性病患者作为研究对象, 药师对患者出院带药信息进行审核并统计用药偏差发生情况, 将患者分为用药偏差发生组与未发生组, 统计并比较两组患者及其主治医生相关资料, 通过Logistic回归分析检验我院老年慢性病患者用药偏差发生的影响因素。结果 164例患者中110例出现用药偏差, 用药偏差发生率为67.1%, 发生组患者所患疾病数量、出院时开具的药物品种较未发生组多(Z=2.552, t=3.063, 均P<0.05);主治医生年龄、工作年限较未发生组短, 职称较未发生组低(Z=3.754、3.713, Z=2.016, 均P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示, 患者所患疾病数量及出院时开具的药物品种较多是我院老年慢性病患者用药偏差发生的危险因素(OR=1.260、1.227, 均P<0.05);主治医生年龄较大、工作年限较长是我院老年慢性病患者用药偏差发生的保护因素(OR=0.925、0.930, 均P...     

老年急性心肌梗死患者出院后二级预防用药现状

目的探讨老年急性心肌梗死患者出院后二级预防用药现状和影响因素。方法选取老年急性心肌梗死患者102例。对患者临床资料、在院治疗期间和出院后的二级预防药物使用情况、心脏事件发生率进行分析。结果出院随访患者冠心病二级预防用药率均明显低于住院时(P<0.05),其中他汀类药物和β受体阻断剂使用率偏低;影响患者出院后服用二级预防药物的主要原因为病人文化程度、医疗保险类型、是否独居是影响患者用药依从性的显著因素;服药依次性良好的患者心脏事件发生率明显低于依从性差者(P<0.05)。结论老年急性心肌梗死患者出院后二级预防药物使用与指南存在差距,原因以自行停用和医师未按指南开处方为主;主要影响因素为病人文化程度、医疗保险类型、是否独居。     

老年高血压住院患者潜在不适当用药调查

目的探讨医院老年高血压住院患者潜在不适当用药(PIMs)问题及其影响因素。方法采用回顾性调查方法,查阅老年高血压患者住院病历,并通过2015年新版Beers标准判断老年患者是否存在PIMs。用二分类Logistic回归分析老年患者PIMs的相关影响因素。结果 544例老年高血压住院患者中313例(57. 54%)存在PIMs,92. 65%的老年患者存在多重用药(联合用药种数≥5),常见应避免使用的PIMs有5类:苯二氮?类(42. 24%)、抗精神病药(17. 39%)、外周α-1受体阻滞剂(13. 98%)、抗胆碱药(9. 32%)、螺内酯(肌酐清除率<30 ml/min,6. 21%),联合用药种数是老年高血压患者是否存在PIMs的危险因素(P<0. 01)。结论老年患者PIMs情况突出,应引起临床医务工作者的重视。老年人用药应精简,联合用药种数增多会增加PIMs的风险。     

他汀类药物对新发糖尿病的影响和机制

他汀类药物与新发糖尿病的关系,已知的报道结果并不一致。WOSCOPS研究表明,普伐他汀降低糖尿病的发生率。然而,JUPITER试验首次报告他汀类药物增加糖尿病发生率。他汀类药物使新发糖尿病的风险增加9%,每255例患者接受他汀类药物治疗4年,将有1例新发糖尿病。他汀类药物的剂量和种类可能会影响新发糖尿病的风险,普伐他汀40 mg/d风险最低,为7%,瑞舒伐他汀20 mg/d风险最高,为25%。他汀类药物对新发糖尿病的影响及机制如下。     

郑州市区冠心病患者他汀类药物应用现状分析

目的了解郑州市区冠心病患者他汀类药物的使用现状,分析与用药相关的影响因素。方法收集郑州市3家综合性医院2011—2012年冠心病患者出院病历,对他汀类药物使用情况进行统计分析。结果 (1)共收集冠心病病例2 718例,服用他汀类药物2 018例(74.2%),其中阿托伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀使用最为广泛,分别为1 236例(61.2%)和548例(27.2%)。(2)他汀类药物使用率:心肌梗死者高于非心肌梗死者(76.1%比69.2%),接受CABG者高于非CABG者(79.4%比72.6%),接受PCI者高于非PCI者(82.4%比66.7%),合并缺血性脑卒中者低于非合并缺血性脑卒中者(68.2%比76.1%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。(3)有初始血脂记录者2 629例(96.7%),1 791例(68.1%)合并血脂异常,他汀类药物使用者1 532例(85.5%),LDL-C≥2.59mmol/L者1707例(64.9%),他汀类药物使用者1 429例(83.7%)。(4)收集反复住院患者病历346份,末次血脂指标中LDL-C<2.59 mmol/L者238例(68.8%),LDL-C降低了30%⁴0%者217例(62.7%)。结论郑州市区冠心病患者目前他汀类药物的使用状况仍存在不足,这方面的循证医学证据还亟待转化为科学规范的临床实践。     

老年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者他汀类药物使用现状

目的探讨他汀类药物在老年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)患者中的使用现状。方法筛选医院电子病历数据,选择2014年1月~2018年12月在解放军第九六〇医院和德州市第二人民医院收治的年龄≥60岁的ASCVD患者15751例,按患者的年龄分为60~69岁组6230例,70~79岁组5192例和≥80岁组4329例。调查3组患者他汀类药物使用现状,分析他汀类药物使用的影响因素,比较患者LDL-C、非HDL-C控制达标的情况。结果≥80岁组外周动脉粥样硬化疾病比例明显高于60~69岁组和70~79岁组(1.6%vs 1.1%和0.8%,P=0.000)。所有患者他汀类药物使用率为67.4%,急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者他汀类药物使用率99.2%、PCI后为98.3%、冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后为95.2%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,ACS、PCI后、CABG后、住院科室、入院时间是影响他汀类药物使用的独立危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与60~69岁组和70~79岁组比较,≥80岁组LDL-C达标率(48.07%vs 32.98%和30.97%)及非HDL-C达标率(38.99%vs 30.99%和28.76%)均明显升高(P<0.01)。结论他汀类药物在老年ASCVD急症患者中使用率较高,但在慢病管理中的使用及血脂达标情况仍有待提高。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

县级以下综合医疗机构医务人员对现代结控知识的认识现状调查

目的本文旨在了解医务人员现代结控知识掌握的现状及培训效果?方法于培训前后进行问卷调查,内容包括:病例发现?结核病诊断及化疗?结果培训前疫情报告和转诊,回答正确者占75.2%?71.7%;对临床表现?查痰和诊断依据,回答正确者占83.5%?42.5%?40.8%;抗痨药物?用药方法?化疗原则?短化方案?短化疗程?治愈标准六项,回答正确者占58%?14.4%?20.8%?9.2%?17%?24.3%?培训后再次调查发现,90%以上医务人员对现代结控基本知识已掌握?结论各级医务人员现代结控知识是很贫乏的,因此,对其进行系统培训是极为必要的,此项工作省时?省力?投入少,可收到事半功倍的效果。     

Weighing the QT Intervals with the Slope or the Amplitude of the T Wave

Objective: The reproducibility of QT interval measurements is low, even for the mean QT interval based on the standard ECG. In this study we analyzed whether the reproducibility of the mean weighed QT interval was better than the simple mean QT interval. The weighing was based on the amplitude of the T wave or the slope of the steepest tangent on the terminal part of the T wave. Material and methods: 12‐lead ECGs of 130 postmyocardial infarction patients were obtained. The QT intervals were measured by the tangent‐method on two occasions by the same observer Mismatch QT intervals were defined as QT intervals that were measured at only one occasion. Sixteen ECGs were rejected. The data were split into 34 and 80 ECGs for optimization and validation of the weighing, respectively. The weighed QT dispersion was calculated as the weighed mean of the three longest minus the weighed mean of the three shortest QT intervals. Results: Weighing with the slope increased the reproducibility by 41% (P = 3 10^‐6), but weighing with the amplitude reduced it by 20% (P = 0.02). However, if measurements with errors above 75 ms were rejected, weighing with the slope or the amplitude increased the reproducibility with 26% and 20% (P = 0.02), respectively. Weighing did not change the reproducibility of the weighed QT dispersion. Conclusion: Weighing with the slope improved the reproducibility of the mean weighed QT interval. However, if measurements with errors above 75 ms were rejected, weighing with the amplitude also increased the reproducibility. Weighing did not change the reproducibility of the weighed QT dispersion. Weighing is particularly efficient at reducing the negative impact of mismatch QT intervals on the reproducibility. A.N.E. 2002;7(1):4–9     

大骨节病病区水,粮实验对动物的骨和软骨中化学元素组成的影响

用质子激发 X 线荧光分析方法(PIXE)测定了大骨节病病区和非病区的水、粮以及用该水粮喂养的大白鼠的肋软骨和硬骨中22种化学元素的含量。结果发现水粮中存在差异的元素反应在用该水粮喂养的大白鼠的骨、软骨中也存在差异,含量都低的元素有 P、Mn、Cu、As、Zn。都高的有铅。其中锌低在水、粮、硬骨和软骨中都完全一致呈非常显著性差异(p<0.01)。提示病区水、粮中化学元素对骨质的影响不是单一元素缺乏或过多所致,而是多种元素的复合因素。     

高胆红素血症对肿瘤标志物测定的影响探讨

目的探讨高胆红素血症对Ca19-9、Ca24-2和CEA检测的影响.方法对320例胆管、胆囊良恶性疾病病人,15例胆囊炎病人的胆汁和血清以及10例肝硬化、10例黄疸肝炎病人进行Ca19-9、Ca24-2和CEA检测.结果在良性胆管、胆囊疾病中,Ca19-9的假阳性最高;在胆红素增高的良性疾病中,Ca19-9假阳性率达46.7%;15例胆汁和血清以及10例肝硬化和10例黄疸肝炎病人中,Ca19-9的假阳性率分别为93%、20%、80%和80%.结论高胆红素血症对Ca19-9检测影响最明显,胆囊、胆管良恶性疾病鉴别时,以Ca24-2和CEA检测为佳.     

Assessment of the Soft-Tissue Seal at the Interface between the Base of the Fixed Denture Pontic and the Oral Mucosa

Fixed dentures (bridges) are often selected as a treatment option for a defective prosthesis. In this study, we assess the contact condition between the base of the pontic and oral mucosa, and examine the effect of prosthetic preparation and material biocompatibility. The molars were removed and replaced with experimental implants with a free-end type bridge superstructure after one week. In Experiment 1, we assessed different types of prosthetic pre-treatment: (1) the untreated control group (Con: mucosa recovering from the tooth extraction); (2) the laser irradiation group (Las: mucosa recovering after the damage caused by a CO₂ laser); and (3) the tooth extraction group (Ext: mucosa recovering immediately after the teeth extraction). In Experiment 2, five materials (titanium, zirconia, porcelain, gold-platinum alloy, and self-curing resin) were placed at the base of the bridge pontic. Four weeks after the placement of the bridge, the mucosa adjacent to the pontic base was histologically analyzed. In Experiment 1, the Con and Las groups exhibited no formation of an epithelial sealing structure on the pontic base. In the Ext group, adherent epithelium was observed. In Experiment 2, the sealing properties at the pontic interface were superior for titanium and the zirconia compared with those made of porcelain or gold-platinum alloy. In the resin group, a clear delay in epithelial healing was observed.     

Hepato-pancreato-biliary fat: the good, the bad and the ugly

Obesity has become epidemic in the United States, in Europe, and in many urban areas in the developing world. The globalization of certain 'fast foods' and 'soft drinks' may, in part, be contributing to this epidemic. Diets high in saturated fatty acids and trans fats as well as drinks that have high fructose corn syrup levels may be particularly harmful. Recent research suggests that fat is a dynamic endocrine organ and that visceral fat is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Central obesity leads to organ steatosis and altered serum adipokines including reduced adiponectin and markedly elevated leptin. This abnormal adipokine milieu results in increased tissue infiltration of monocytes and macrophages which produce proinflammatory cytokines that alter organ function. Over many years, the combination of steatosis and local inflammation leads to fibrosis and eventually to cancer. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a precursor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD and NASH (1) lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, (2) increase the risk of liver resection, and (3) compromise the outcome of liver transplantation. Similarly, in the pancreas nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) may lead to nonalcoholic steatopancreatitis (NASP). NAFPD and NASP may (1) promote the development of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, (2) exacerbate the severity of acute pancreatitis, and (3) increase the risk of pancreatic surgery. In the gallbladder nonalcoholic fatty gallbladder disease (NAFGBD, cholecystosteatosis) may lead to steatocholecystitis. Cholecystosteatosis may be an explanation for (1) the increased incidence of chronic acalculous cholecystitis and (2) the increased number of cholecystectomies.