经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术前后凝血功能的动态变化

目的了解经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)前后凝血及纤溶系统的相应变化.方法选择行PTCA的患者20例,于手术前1天、术后4、12、24、48、72小时和手术后第5天取血测定纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)活性、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)活性.结果PTCA术后12小时FPA较术前增高(P＝0.01),并于术后24小时达到峰值(P＜0.01),均有非常显著性差异.此后逐渐降低,于术后第5天恢复至术前水平;PAI-1活性、tPA活性和PAI-1/tPA术前术后无明显变化.结论PTCA术后凝血系统被激活,应加强抗凝血酶的治疗.     

持续气道正压通气对OSAHS患者血管内皮细胞及纤溶系统的影响

为探讨经鼻持续气道正压通气（nCPAP)治疗前后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者血管内皮细胞及纤溶系统的变化及临床意义，选择年龄，性别，体重指数（BMI）无明显差异的OSAHS患者38例和健康者对照组32例，用多导睡眠呼吸监测仪进行监测，以凝固法测定纤维蛋白原（Fg），发色底物法测组织纤溶酶原激活物活性（tPA：A）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－1活性（PAI－1：A），酶联免疫法测vonWillebrand因子（vWF)、组织纤溶酶原激活物抗原（tPA:Ag）、纤溶酶原含量（PLg:Ag)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－1含量（PAI－1：Ag）。结果OSAHS组与对照组比较，vWF,Fg,tPA:Ag、PAI－1：A明显升高（P分别＜0．01，0．001，0．001，0．01），PLg:Ag、tPA:A、tPA:Ag、最低血氧饱和度（SaO2low)明显降低（P分别＜0．01，0．001，0．001，0．01).nCPAP治疗后与治疗前比较，vWF,Fg,PAI-1:Ag,PAI-1:A明显降低（P分别＜0．05，0．01，0．01，0．01），PLg:Ag,tPA:A,tPA:Ag，最低SaO2明显升高（P分别＜0．05，0．001，0．001，0．01）。提示OSAHS患者血管内皮细胞损伤，凝血功能增强，纤溶系统功能减弱;nCPAP治疗能部分纠正各指标的异常。     

糖尿病心力衰竭患者的纤溶活性变化探讨

目的探讨糖尿病心力衰竭患者的纤溶活性变化。方法选取该院于2011年9月—2012年9月收治的40例糖尿病患者、40例心衰患者、40例糖尿病心衰患者以及40名健康体检的正常人,分别将其设为A组、B组、C组和D组。分别测定各组的组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t PA)活性,纤溶酶原激活物特异性抑制物(PAI-1)活性和D-二聚体(DD)含量。结果 A组、B组与D组相比,两组的血浆t PA活性明显降低(P0.05),而PAI-1和二聚体(DD)明显增加;A组合B组相比,无明显差异(P0.05);C组与A,B,D组相比,C组的血浆t PA活性明显降低(P0.05),而PAI-1和二聚体(DD)明显增加(P0.05)。结论 A组、B组、C组均存在凝血纤溶系统异常,且C组的表现更加明显。     

氯沙坦对扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者纤溶参数的影响

目的了解扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者纤溶参数的变化,及氯沙坦对纤溶参数的影响.方法测定40名健康者和60例扩张型心肌痛心衰患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)活性,纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)活性以及血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)含量.将扩张型心肌病患者随机分成常规治疗组和氯沙坦组.治疗14天后复查tPA、PAI-1、AngⅡ. 结果与正常对照组相比,扩张型心肌病心衰患者tPA活性下降、PAI-1活性升高、AngⅡ含量上升(P＜0.01).治疗14天后,常规治疗组tPA与PAI-1的活性和AngⅡ含量无显著变化(P＞0.05);氯沙坦组tPA活性上升、PAI-1活性下降(P＜0.01),AngⅡ含量降低(P＜0.05).结论扩张型心肌痛心力衰竭患者纤溶参数明显异常,氯沙坦能改善纤溶参数活性.     

不稳定型心绞痛合并高血压病患者脂蛋白(a)及纤溶指标水平及相关性研究

目的观察不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)合并高血压病患者血脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]和纤溶相关指标水平,并探讨其相关性。方法纳入冠心病患者116例,其中稳定型心绞痛患者(SAP组)36例,单纯UAP患者38例,UAP合并高血压患者42例,健康对照受试者48例。分别测定血清Lp(a)、血浆纤溶酶原(Plg)、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(PAI-1)含量,采用直线回归法分析Lp(a)与其他指标之间的相关性。结果 UAP合并高血压组患者Lp(a)、PAI-1水平明显高于单纯UAP组及SAP组、而tPA水平明显低于单纯UAP组及SAP组(P均0.01),单纯UAP组患者Lp(a)、PAI-1水平明显高于SAP组、而tPA水平明显低于SAP组(P均0.01),SAP组患者Lp(a)、PAI-1水平明显高于对照组(P均0.05)。各组间Plg水平无统计学差异(P0.05)。UAP合并高血压患者Lp(a)水平与PAI-1水平成明显正相关(r=0.5890,P0.01),与tPA水平成明显负相关(r=-0.5899,P0.01),而与Plg含量无相关性(r=0.1293,P0.05)。结论 UAP合并高血压患者血浆Lp(a)水平明显升高,并且与纤溶系统变化密切相关。     

冠心病患者血清脂蛋白(a)与纤溶功能的变化及其相关性

目的:观察冠心病(CHD)患者血清脂蛋白a[Lp(a)]、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)与纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(PAI-1)活性的变化特点,并探讨它们之间的关系。方法:对124例CHD患者和26例正常人采用双抗体ELISA法测定Lp(a)浓度,发色底物法测定tPA、PAI-1活性。结果:CHD患者中,急性心肌梗死(AMI)和不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)组患者Lp(a),浓度和PAI-1活性均非常显著高于对照组(P<0.01):tPA活性显著低于对照组(P<0.01);陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)和稳定性心绞痛(SAP)组患者Lp(a)浓度和PAI-1活性均亦高于对照组(P<0.05);tPA活性亦低于对照组(P<0.05)。124例CHD患者相关分析显示:Lp(a)与PAI-1活性呈显著正相关,与tPA活性呈显著负相关(P均<0.001)。结论:冠心病患者Lp(a)显著升高,且与tPA、PAI-1活性有密切相关关系。     

同型半胱氨酸对人脐静脉内皮细胞纤溶系统的影响

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）对血管内皮细胞纤溶系统影响。方法（1）将体外培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（HUVEC）分为10个实验组（0、10、50、200、500μmol／L Hcy组及叶酸和上述各Hcy点共同培养组）,培养24h后,酶联免疫吸附实验法（ELISA）测定各组细胞上清液中纤溶酶原激活剂（plasminogen activator,tPA）及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1（plasminogen activator inhibitor1,PAI-1）抗原含量,逆转录聚合酶链反应分析（RT-PCR）法分析各组tPA及PAI-1的mRNA表达水平。（2）急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者53例及健康对照组48例,ELISA测定空腹血浆tPA及PAI-1含量,高效液相色谱法测定血浆Hcy水平。结果（1）500μmoL／L Hcy组PAI-1抗原及mRNA表达水平均明显增高（P〈0．05）。（2）以单纯培养基为对照组,生理浓度Hcy组内皮细胞tPA抗原合成及mRNA表达明显增高（P〈0．05）,而以10μmoL／L Hcy组为对照组时,500μmoL／L Hcy组tPA抗原合成及mRNA表达水平则明显减少（P〈0．05）。（3）500μmoL／L Hcy与叶酸共同培养组和单纯Hcy组相比,可以明显提高内皮细胞tPA抗原的合成及mRNA表达,减少PAI-1抗原合成及mRNA表达（P〈0、05）。（4）AMI组Hcy、tPA及PAI-1均明显高于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。结论在体外细胞时,超生理浓度Hcy可以通过下调tPA、上调PAI-1的mRNA表达,减少内皮细胞tPA抗原的分泌及增加PAI-1抗原的合成,可能降低纤溶系统的活性。叶酸则可以减少Hcy引起内皮细胞纤溶系统的损害,起到保护作用。Hcy是AMI的一个独立危险因素。     

血管内皮生长因子对关节软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原表达的影响

目的 观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)对关节软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原表达的影响.方法 体外培养乳鼠关节软骨细胞,实验分为4组,加入不同因素干预.A组(对照组):不加处理因素;B组:10 ng/mlVEGF;C组:10 ng/ml白细胞介素(IL)-1β;D组:10 ng/ml VEGF+10 ng/ml IL-1β.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达,采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的表达.采用单因素方差分析进行统计学处理.结果 各组软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的相对表达量分别为:A组1.00±0.08,B组0.78±0.07,C组0.67±0.06,D组0.57±0.04,B、C及D组软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原的mRNA表达量均显著低于A组(P均＜0.01),D组Ⅱ型胶原的mRNA表达水平明显低于B组及C组;与A组(0.95±0.21)比较,B组(0.7 1±.0.14)、C组(0.60±0.11)及D组(0.31±0.09)的Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达量显著降低(P均＜0.01),D组软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原的蛋白表达水平明显低于B组及C组(P均＜0.01).结论 在骨关节炎的发病过程中,VEGF可能通过抑制关节软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原的表达发挥重要作用.     

不同血液保护措施对老年骨科手术患者围术期凝血及纤溶功能的影响

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合术中回收式自体输血对老年骨科手术患者凝血及纤溶系统的影响。方法择期老年骨科手术患者60例随机分为三组各20例:A组为对照组,B组为自体血回收组,C组为ANH联合自体血回收组,三组患者分别于麻醉诱导前(T1)、手术开始前(T2)、术毕(T3)、术后24 h(T4)及术后72 h(T5)五个时点检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、血浆凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)、D-二聚体(D-D)、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(PAI-1)、P-选择素、凝血酶原片段(F1+2)等指标的变化。结果 C组在血液稀释后APTT、PT明显延长,Fg浓度显著下降(P<0.05),但仍在正常范围。三组患者TT、D-D在各时点变化无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组t-PA水平在T3达峰值(P<0.05),术后逐渐下降,T5时B组和C组显著高于A组(P<0.05)。三组PAI-1在T2、T3时较T1均明显升高(P<0.05),A组升高尤其明显,以后逐渐降低。B组和C组在T3、T4时PAI-1较A组明显降低(P<0.05);F1+2在各时点,组内、组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与T1时比较,A、B两组患者T3~T5时AT-Ⅲ浓度显著降低(P<0.05),尤其T3时降低最明显。C组在T3、T4时较A组升高(P<0.05);三组患者血浆P-选择素在T3时明显上升(P<0.05),C组在T3时较A组降低(P<0.05)。结论ANH联合回收式自体输血对老年骨科手术患者围术期凝血及纤溶功能无显著影响,能有效预防术后下肢深静脉血栓的形成。     

化瘀通络中药对5/6肾切除大鼠纤溶系统的影响

目的 观察化瘀通络中药肾络通对5/6肾切除大鼠纤溶系统的影响.方法 46只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、苯那普利组、肾络通组.复制5/6肾切除肾衰大鼠模型,采用免疫组织化学及原位杂交方法检测各组大鼠肾组织纤溶酶原激活物组织型(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活物尿激酶型(u-PA)、纤溶酶原激活物的抑制物-1(PAI-1)及PAI-1 mRNA的表达,并进行病理学检测.结果 模型组t-PA、u-PA的相对含量及ILD值均显著低于假手术组(P＜0.01),而PAI-1及PAI-1 mRNA则显著高于假手术组(P＜0.01);肾络通组、苯那普利组与模型组相比,t-PA、u-PA的相对含量及ILD值均明显升高(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而PAI-1及PAI-1 mRNA则明显降低(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 化瘀通络中药肾络通能纠正5/6肾切除大鼠纤溶系统的紊乱,延缓肾脏疾病的进程.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.