血清Apelin水平与代谢综合征患者代谢指标的相关性观察

目的 探讨MS患者血清Apelin与血糖、血压的关系.方法 将132例研究对象分为MS组69例和糖耐量正常(NGT)组63名;MS组再分为T2DM组35例和IGR组34例,NGT组按BMI分为超重/肥胖(Ob)组33例与正常对照(NC)组30名.计算BMI,测定空腹Apelin、血糖、血压、血脂、FIns.结果 MS组Apelin、FIns、ln(HOMA-IR)、SBP均高于NGT组(P＜0.05).FPG、SBP和BMI是Apelin的独立相关因素(r2分别为0.429、0.315、0.253,P均＜0.01).结论 MS患者血清Apelin 水平升高,与SBP、FPG、2hPG、FIns和HOMA-IR独立相关.     

2型糖尿病肥胖患者血清铁蛋白与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的观察肥胖T2DM患者血清铁蛋白(SF)水平与IR的关系。方法选取T2DM患者100例,根据BMI分为糖尿病合并肥胖组(DM+Ob,BMI≥28kg/m2)54例和单纯糖尿病(DM,BMI28kg/m2)组46例。另选取同期正常体检者50名作为对照(NC)组。检测各组SF、FPG、FIns、TC、TG及HbA1c水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。观察SF水平和HOMA-IR的变化,分析两者的相关性。结果 DM+Ob组SF[(292.66±88.53)vs(167.52±67.04)vs(152.17±50.12)ng/ml]及HOMA-IR[(4.20±1.61)vs(1.87±0.97),(1.73±0.86)]均高于DM组和NC组(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,SF与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.79,P0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,SF与SBP、HbA1c、BMI、HOMA-IR呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 T2DM肥胖患者SF、HOMA-IR水平高于单纯T2DM患者,SF与HOMA-IR呈正相关。     

2型糖尿病患者血清β-抑制蛋白2与代谢指标的相关性分析

目的探讨不同BMI的T2DM患者血清β-抑制蛋白2水平变化及与代谢指标的相关性。方法 170例T2DM患者分为体重正常(Con)组55例、超重(Ow)组57例及肥胖(Ob)组58例,测定各组相关指标并行统计学分析。结果血清β-抑制蛋白2水平在Con、Ow及Ob组分别为(331.31±11.59)vs(321.18±17.47)vs(303.95±13.63)ng/L,组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,β-抑制蛋白2水平与BMI、TG、FIns、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)呈负相关(r分别为-0.404、-0.328、-0.353、-0.308、-0.260,P0.01);多元逐步回归分析显示,BMI与β-抑制蛋白2水平独立相关,但未发现β-抑制蛋白2与TG、FIns、HOMA-IR及HOMA-β的相关性。结论 T2DM患者中,BMI是影响血清β-抑制蛋白2水平降低的独立危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂肪素水平与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清内脏脂肪素(visfatin)水平与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法选择T2DM患者133例,测量计算体重指数(BM I)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),根据BM I分为正常体重、超重和肥胖组。采集空腹静脉血测定空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、血浆胰岛素(FIns)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和visfatin,口服75 g葡萄糖后2 h再次采集静脉血测定空腹餐后2h血糖(2h PG)。分析visfatin与BM、IWHR、FPG、HbA1c、血脂等的关系,并探讨其与BM I、HOMA-IR的相关关系。结果超重与肥胖组WHR、FIns、HOMA-IR、visfatin水平明显高于正常体重组(P0.05)。结论相关性分析显示血清visfatin水平与T2DM患者BM I、TG显著正相关,与WHR无关。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者体重指数与胰岛素抵抗、血脂的关系

根据体重指数（BMI）将128例新诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为肥胖组、超重组、正常组三组，测定其血糖、血脂及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果显示，肥胖组、超重组HOMA-IR明显高于正常组（P〈0.01）；肥胖组高密度脂蛋白低于其他两组；且随甘油三酯、BMI升高，血压有增高趋势。认为新诊断肥胖及超重T2DM患者与胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、高血压相关。     

肥胖及超重2型糖尿病患者代谢手术后5年疗效随访研究

目的探讨肥胖及超重T2DM患者代谢手术后5年疗效。方法采用前瞻性病例自身前后对照法,对接受代谢手术满5年且随访资料完整的38例肥胖及超重T2DM患者进行疗效分析,观察术后代谢指标、DM缓解率和并发症变化。结果患者代谢手术后第1~5年,体重、BMI、WC、FPG、HbA1c、FIns、FC-P、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、LDL-C较术前降低(P<0.05)。将14例T2DM患者分为术后5年完全缓解组(CR,缓解率为42.9%)和部分缓解及无效组(Con)。与Con组比较,CR组术前FIns(t=-2.33,P=0.038)、HOMA-IR(t=2.82,P=0.016)、FC-P(t=4.73,P=0.000)、BMI(t=3.07,P=0.01)较高,年龄低(t=-2.33,P=0.038),DM病程短(t=-4.04,P=0.002)。术后5年脂代谢异常、高血压病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征缓解率分别为55.2%、60.0%、64.3%。结论肥胖及超重T2DM患者实施代谢手术,可持续有效控制体重,改善各项代谢指标及减少多种并发症。T2DM长期缓解可能与术前胰岛功能、IR程度、DM病程、BMI和年龄相关。     

超重/肥胖与2型糖尿病患者血清热休克蛋白70水平及其相关因素分析

目的探讨热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在T2DM及肥胖发生发展中的可能作用。方法选取T2DM组71例和糖调节正常(NGR)组63名,根据BMI分为超重/肥胖(OW/OB)及体重正常(NW)亚组,检测各亚组SBP、DBP、WC、FPG、2hPG、FIns和HSP70等指标,计算BMI、WHR、体内脂肪含量(BF%)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 T2DM组血清HSP70水平低于NGR组[(545.89±165.27)vs(666.49±251.73)pg/ml,P0.01]。OW/OB组血清HSP70水平低于NW组[(544.72±147.39)vs(658.75±258.56)pg/ml,P0.01]。血清HSP70水平与BMI、SBP、DBP、WC、FPG、2hPG、BF%和HOMA-IR均呈负相关(r=-0.403、-0.301、-0.328、-0.327、-0.256、-0.259、-0.349、-0.244,P均0.01)。BMI、FPG是血清HSP70水平的独立相关因素。结论肥胖及新诊断T2DM患者血清HSP70水平降低,与FPG、BMI独立相关。     

血清白介素34与2型糖尿病及肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨血清白介素34(IL-34)与T2DM及肥胖的相关性。方法选取研究对象99例,按照1998年WHO肥胖诊断标准分为正常体重组(NW组,n=32)和超重/肥胖组(OW组,n=67)。NW组按照1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准分为无T2DM组(N-Con组,n=17)和T2DM组(N-T2DM组,n=15),OW组分为无T2DM组(O-Con组,n=33)及T2DM组(O-T2DM组,n=34)。检测各组血清IL-34、高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)、FIns、FPG、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、HbA1c,测量SBP、DBP、WC、臀围(HC),记录年龄、性别,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、BMI。对OW组中8例伴有糖尿病和5例不伴糖尿病的患者行腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(RYGB),术后1个月再次随访以上指标。结果各组血清IL-34浓度分别为(167.1±39.38)vs(170.71±35.68)vs(244.48±42.20)vs(208.67±46.50)ng/L。O-Con组高于N-Con、N-T2DM、O-T2DM组,同时O-T2DM组高于N-Con及N-T2DM组,N-Con组与N-T2DM组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,IL-34与hsC-RP、FIns、HOMA-IR、WC、HC、BMI呈正相关(r=0.672,0.442,0.566,0.678,0.476,0.651,P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,WC、BMI是IL-34的独立影响因素(β=0.434、0.321,P0.01)。OW组8例代谢手术后随访1个月,血清IL-34水平、hsC-RP、HOMA-IR、BMI、WC较手术前下降,但只有HOMA-IR差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论血清IL-34水平在肥胖人群中升高,可能参与IR,与机体炎症反应相关,和T2DM关系尚不明确。     

CD4~+T细胞亚群与2型糖尿病发生发展的相关性研究

目的探讨CD4~+T细胞亚群与超重/肥胖、糖尿病前期及T2DM的关系。方法选取138例T2DM患者(T2DM组),156例糖尿病前期患者(pre-DM组)、84例超重/肥胖患者(OW/OB组)和72名健康体检者(NC组),研究各组CD4+T细胞亚群变化情况。结果 pre-DM组、T2DM组FPG、2hPG、C-P、FIns、HOMA-IR及高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)均高于OW/OB组、NC组(P0.05)。T2DM组FPG、2hPG、C-P、FIns、TG、TC、HbA_1c、HOMA-IR及hsC-RP均高于pre-DM组(P0.05)。pre-DM组Th1、Treg细胞比例及Th1/Th2均低于OW/OB组及NC组(P0.05),Th2、Th17细胞比例高于OW/OB组、NC组(P0.05)。T2DM组Th1、Treg细胞比例低于pre-DM组(P0.05),Th2、Th17细胞比例高于pre-DM组、OW/OB组及NC组(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,2hPG、C-P、TC、HbA1c、HOMA-IR及hsC-RP与CD4~+T淋巴细胞相关参数有相关性(P0.05)。结论 T2DM及糖尿病前期患者存在CD4+T细胞亚群细胞比例失衡,CD4+T细胞亚群失衡状态在T2DM发生发展过程中可能起重要作用。     

超重/肥胖与2型糖尿病患者血清热休克蛋白70水平及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨热休克蛋白70（HSP70）在T2DM及肥胖发生发展中的可能作用. 方法 选取T2DM组71例和糖调节正常（NGR）组63名,根据BMI分为超重/肥胖（OW/OB）及体重正常（NW）亚组,检测各亚组SBP、DBP、WC、FPG、2 hPG、FIns和HSP70等指标,计算BMI、WHR、体内脂肪含量（BF％）和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）. 结果 T2DM组血清HSP70水平低于NGR组[（545.89±165.27） vs （666.49±251.73） pg/ml,P＜0.01].OW/OB组血清HSP70水平低于NW组[（544.72±147.39） vs （658.75±258.56） pg/ml,P＜0.01].血清HSP70水平与BMI、SBP、DBP、WC、FPG、2 hPG、BF％和HOMA-IR均呈负相关（r=-0.403、-0.301、-0.328、-0.327、-0.256、-0.259、-0.349、-0.244,P均＜0.01）.BMI、FPG是血清HSP70水平的独立相关因素. 结论 肥胖及新诊断T2DM患者血清HSP70水平降低,与FPG、BMI独立相关.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.