对抗甲状腺药物有不良反应的甲亢患者应用^131I治疗的临床疗效观察

甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）目前的治疗方法主要有抗甲状腺药物（ATD）治疗、^131I治疗和手术治疗3种,其中ATD治疗疗效较差、复发率高,且治疗后白细胞减低、肝功能损害和皮肤过敏反应比较普遍。     

老年甲亢伴肝损害的~(131)I治疗分析

目的 评价分析~(131)I治疗在老年甲亢伴肝损害中的应用价值及其影响因素.方法 172例老年甲亢伴肝损害患者,依据甲状腺激素测定、甲状腺吸碘率、甲状腺静态显像等,计划剂量为每克有功能甲状腺组织2.59～4.44 MBq,行~(131)I治疗.治疗后3、12个月复查甲功及肝功,以评价治疗效果.结果 甲亢治愈率为72.67%,多数肝损害在甲亢治愈后恢复正常.结论 老年甲亢伴肝损害患者治疗应首选~(131)I治疗.     

单纯结节性甲状腺疾病的治疗进展

单纯结节性甲状腺疾病是多种原因引起的甲状腺结节性肿大,而甲状腺功能正常.单纯多结节甲状腺肿常采用的治疗方法有左旋甲状腺素抑制治疗、手术治疗及放射性^131I治疗.甲状腺单结节常用的方法有手术治疗、放射性^131I治疗及结节内乙醇注射等,而超声引导下经皮激光光凝治疗是近年采用的新方法.     

131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症的现代观点

131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)既不会增加甲状腺癌和白血病等癌症的发病率,也不影响病人的生育能力或增加遗传损害,现已公认是安全有效、经济简便、成本低、效益高的治疗甲亢的方法.目前国内外已扩大了131I治疗成年甲亢的适用范围,131I也可作为二线药治疗青少年及儿童甲亢.其主要并发症是早期或晚期甲状腺功能减退,但用左旋-T4治疗后,病人甲状腺功能可保持正常,可以正常生活,且不影响妊娠和分娩.对于适合131I治疗特别是有血液、心脏病等严重合并症者,宜及早用131I作根治性治疗.     

单纯结节性甲状腺疾病的治疗进展

单纯结节性甲状腺疾病是多种原因引起的甲状腺结节性肿大,而甲状腺功能正常。单纯多结节甲状腺肿常采用的治疗方法有左旋甲状腺素抑制治疗、手术治疗及放射性131I治疗。甲状腺单结节常用的方法有手术治疗、放射性131I治疗及结节内乙醇注射等,而超声引导下经皮激光光凝治疗是近年采用的新方法。     

人工肝结合~(131)I治疗与内科常规治疗40例甲亢合并重症肝损害疗效的比较

目的:对人工肝结合131I治疗与内科常规治疗甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)合并重症肝损害患者的临床疗效进行比较.方法:对近6年来我院40例甲亢合并重症肝损害患者的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗方式及预后进行回顾性分析,比较采用人工肝[方式有分子吸附再循环系统(molecula radsorbent recirculating system,MARS)、血浆置换]结合131I与内科常规治疗的疗效和预后.结果:人工肝组有25例患者,20例好转,5例病情恶化,内科常规治疗组共15例患者,6例好转,9例恶化,人工肝组好转率(80%)明显高于内科常规治疗组(40%),人工肝治疗能显著改善患者肝功能、甲状腺功能指标,缩短凝血酶原时间,提高治愈率.结论:甲亢合并重症肝损害病情复杂,治疗棘手,根据病情需要行人工肝治疗,在肝功能改善后行131I能明显改善预后,提高生存率,降低病死率.     

甲状腺核素诊断技术

甲状腺的核素诊断技术可分为放射性吸131I率测定、药物介入性吸131I试验、甲状腺显像以及甲状腺有关激素测定4类。可利用放射性吸131I率测定评价甲状腺的碘摄取功能,甲状腺功能亢进者吸131I增高,甲状腺功能减退者减低;而应用药物介入性吸131I试验可发现下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能失调;甲状腺平面显像为检测甲状腺大小、形态的异常提供帮助,并利于发现异位甲状腺,了解结节的功能和甲状腺癌的定位;断层、动态、亲肿瘤、放射免疫和正电子显像,有助于甲状腺癌的诊断;放射免疫分析可对包括总T3、总T4等在内的各种甲状腺相关激素进行测定。总之,甲状腺的核素诊断技术已成为常规诊疗中的重要手段。     

131I治疗Graves甲状腺功能亢进症专家共识解读

131I治疗Graves病的工作在我国各地开展得不平衡,一些治疗理念在不断更新.为此,中华核医学分会决定编写一份具有指导意义的《131I治疗Graves甲状腺功能亢进症专家共识》,以规范131I治疗Graves病的工作.它在适应证上突出了只要是Graves甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)患者都可以应用131I治疗,同时强调131I治疗对Graves甲亢患者伴有心脏病、白细胞减少、血小板减少等合并症的重要性.明确了131I治疗Graves甲亢的治疗目的是治愈甲亢,甲状腺功能减退的发生是疾病治疗后的一种转归.     

^131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症的现代观点

^131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)既不会增加甲状腺癌和白血病等癌症的发病率，也不影响病人的生育能力或增加遗传损害，现已公认是安全有效、经济简便、成本低、效益高的治疗甲亢的方法。目前国内外已扩大了^131I治疗成年甲亢的适用范围,^131I也可作为二线药治疗青少年及儿童甲亢。其主要并发症是早期或晚期甲状腺功能减退，但用左旋-T4治疗后，病人甲状腺功能可保持正常，可以正常生活，且不影响妊娠和分娩。对于适合^131I治疗特别是有血液、心脏病等严重合并症者，宜及早用^131I作根治性治疗。     

131I治疗非毒性甲状腺肿的新认识

非毒性甲状腺肿因甲状腺肿大压迫颈部及上胸部重要组织结构及影响容貌等原因常需治疗.外科手术、甲状腺素抑制疗法和131碘(131I)治疗是目前主要的措施.131I治疗甲状腺体积平均缩小率为30%～70%,主要副作用有放射性甲状腺炎、Graves甲亢、永久性甲状腺功能减退.与其他方法相比,安全、有效、易行.重组人促甲状腺激素(TSH)的应用,有望达到减少剂量,增加疗效的目的.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.