睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压中颈动脉粥样硬化及不稳定斑块的患病率及影响因素

目的调查睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压中颈动脉粥样硬化及不稳定斑块的患病率及影响因素。方法 180例睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压患者作为病例组,根椐其AHI分为三组,80例为轻度组,70例为中度组,30例为重度组,同时选取80例AHI<5原发性高血压患者作为对照组,对所有患者一般资料进行比较,同时测定患者血脂水平及颈动脉中内膜厚度、斑块形成情况。结果病例组与对照组相比,年龄、体重指数、血压及血脂差异显著。中度组与重度组动脉粥样硬化率有显著差异,OSA是颈动脉粥样硬化发生的危险因素,OSA与不稳定斑块的发生无明显相关,而血脂、年龄及病程与颈动脉粥样硬化及不稳定斑块均明显相关。结论睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停独立相关,血脂、年龄,病程与粥样硬化及不稳定斑块形成有关。     

血清脂蛋白(a)水平与中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素以及血清脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein (a),Lp(a)]水平对中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响.方法 收集18 ～55岁的缺血性卒中患者.采用颈动脉超声评价颈动脉粥样硬化程度,并检测血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1、载旨蛋白B和Lp(a)浓度.根据颈动脉超声结果分为无动脉粥样硬化组、有斑块无狭窄组和颈动脉狭窄组,比较三组的人口统计学和临床特征,并采用多变量logistic回归分析确定中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.结果 共纳入106例缺血性卒中患者,无动脉粥样硬化组50例,有斑块无狭窄组44例,颈动脉狭窄组12例,三组间年龄[分别为(45.98±7.12)、(50.07±4.79)和(50.92± 1.83)岁;F =7.169,P=0.001]、高血压(分别为26.0％、47.7％和58.3％;x2=6.862,P=0.032)、糖尿病(分别为22.0％、45.5％和66.7％;x2=10.729,P=0.005)、高脂血症(分别为24.0％、40.1％和75.0％;x2=11.372,P=0.003)和吸烟(分别为34.0％、61.4％和75.0％;x2=10.393,P=0.006)患者的构成比以及血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[分别为(1.03±0.26)、(0.95 ±0.26)和(0.76±0.08) mmol/L;F=5.882,P=0.004]和Lp(a)[分别为(0.108±0.044)、(0.155±0.028)和(0.200±0.011)g/L;F=41.556,P=0.000]水平存在显著性差异.多变量logistic回归分析显示,年龄＞48岁[有斑块无狭窄:优势比(odds ratio,OR)2.89,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.20 ～ 6.96,P=0.018;颈动脉狭窄:OR4.43,95％ CI 1.19 ～ 16.57,P=0.027]、高血压(有斑块无狭窄:OR 2.60,95％ CI 1.09～6.18,P=0.031;颈动脉狭窄:OR3.99,95％ CI l.08～14.77,P=0.039)、糖尿病(有斑块无狭窄:OR2.96,95％ CI 1.21～7.23,P=0.018;颈动脉狭窄:OR 7.09,95％ CI 1.79 ～ 28.02,P=0.005)、高脂血症(有斑块无狭窄:OR2.19,95％ CI 0.91 ～5.31,P=0.082;颈动脉狭窄:OR9.50,95％ CI 2.21 ～40.86,P=0.002)、吸烟(有斑块无狭窄:OR 3.08,95％ CI 1.33～7.16,P=0.009;颈动脉狭窄:OR 5.82,95％ CI1.39 ～24.38,P=0.016)和Lp(a)(有斑块无狭窄:OR 4.38,95％ CI l.76 ～ 10.90,P=0.001;颈动脉狭窄:OR 12.80,95％ CI2.73 ～ 52.67,P=0.001)为中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.结论 年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病和Lp(a)为中青年缺血性卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.     

老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与红细胞分布宽度的关系

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)之间的相关性。方法选择老年急性脑梗死伴颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者165例,按颈动脉彩色超声结果,分为稳定斑块组45例和不稳定斑块组120例。收集一般临床资料及心血管病危险因素,测定体重指数、踝臂指数、血脂、糖化血红蛋白、肌酐、白细胞、血红蛋白、RDW、红细胞体积、高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein,hs-CRP)、血浆纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fib)等,并进行组间比较。结果与稳定斑块组比较,不稳定斑块组RDW、hs-CRP、Fib明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,颈动脉不稳定斑块与RDW(r=0.244,P<0.01)、hs-CRP(r=0.323,P<0.01)、Fib(r=0.164,P<0.05)呈正相关。logistic回归分析显示,校正性别、年龄及其他传统危险因素后,RDW为颈动脉不稳定斑块的危险因素(OR=2.020,95%CI:1.191～3.426,P<0.01)。结论老年脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与RDW相关,RDW增高患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂的风险增加。     

睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压靶器官损害的调查与分析

目的 调查睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压靶器官损害及相关临床情况的发生率及特征.方法 在高血压住院患者中进行阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)筛查,根据睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(AHI),诊断为睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压(AHI≥5)者603例入选为病例组,进一步分为轻(AHI 5～＜15)、中(AHI 15～＜30)、重(AHI≥30)3...     

睡眠呼吸暂停人群高血压患病率的多中心研究

目的 调查我国睡眠呼吸暂停人群高血压患病情况和影响因素.方法 纳入2004至2006年全国20家三甲医院呼吸内科门诊就诊的2297例患者,男∶女为1310∶211,均经过询问病史、体格检查和多导睡眠监测.统一使用中华医学会呼吸病学分会睡眠呼吸疾病学组编制的《睡眠呼吸暂停与高血压发病情况问卷调查表》对受试者进行问卷和规范的血压测量.应用SPSS 11.0软件包进行数据分析,采用x2检验比较高血压患病率.结果 呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)＜5次/h组(213例)的高血压患病率(23.5%)明显低于AHI≥5次/h组(2084例)的高血压患病率(49.3%);阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)人群的高血压患病率为56.2%(569/1012);有高血压家族史人群的高血压患病率为63.7%(450/706),明显高于无家族史者39.4%(627/1591)的患病率;AHI≥5次/h组的高血压患病几率是AHI＜5次/h组的3倍(OR=3.167,95% CI 为2.953～5.426,P＜0.01);受试人群的高血压患病率随AHI增加而增加,自AHI 16～20次/h起患病率增高幅度明显加大,AHI 66～70次/h以后呈下降趋势.经计算得出公式:高血压患病率=0.3199+0.0042×AHI;高血压患病的OR值=1.018+0.017×AHI,同时,受试者的高血压患病率随睡眠最低血氧饱和度的减低而明显增高,随嗜睡指数增高而明显增高.受试人群的AHI为独立于年龄、性别、体重指数和高血压家族史之外的高血压危险因素.结论 睡眠呼吸暂停人群的高血压患病率明显高于无睡眠呼吸暂停人群,睡眠呼吸暂停与高血压患病率有密切的相关关系,是独立于年龄、体重指数和高血压家族史的高血压患病危险因素.     

CD40-1C/T基因多态性与大动脉粥样硬化性卒中的相关性

目的 探讨CD40基因启动子区- 1C/T基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和大动脉粥样硬化性卒中的相关性.方法 研究对象为急性大动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者(病例组)和无卒中史的体检者(对照组).病例组进一步分为不稳定斑块亚组、稳定斑块亚组和无斑块亚组.采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测CD40 - 1C/T基因多态性.结果 共纳入大动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者170例(病例组)和61名无卒中史的体检者(对照组).在病例组中,不稳定斑块亚组51例,稳定斑块亚组60例,无斑块亚组59例.病例组C等位基因频率显著高于对照组(52.9％对38.5％;x2=7.466,P=0.006).在病例组中,不稳定斑块亚组C等位基因频率(75.5％)显著性高于稳定斑块亚组(53.3％),且两者均显著高于无斑块亚组(33.1％)(稳定斑块亚组与无斑块亚组比较:x2 =9.970,P=0.002;不稳定斑块亚组与稳定斑块亚组比较:x2=11.680,P=0.001;不稳定斑块亚组与无斑块亚组比较:x2 =39.532,P=0.000).多变量logistic回归分析显示,高血压(OR9.513,95％ CI1.291 ～20.779;P =0.028)、TC水平增高(OR 4.235,95％ Cl 1.069 ～ 19.034;P=0.032)、LDL水平增高(OR 4.201,95％ CI 1.803 ～9.672;P=0.001)以及携带C等位基因(OR 1.759,95％ CI 1.177～2.738;P =0.006)是大动脉粥样硬化性卒中的独立危险因素.结论 CD40 - 1C/T基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成、不稳定性以及缺血性卒中风险相关,C等位基因可能为大动脉粥样硬化性卒中的易感因素.     

缺血性卒中患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与颈动脉硬化关系的研究

目的 研究缺血性卒中患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和颈动脉硬化的关系.方法 收集2007年1～8月上海交通大学新华医院神经内科43例缺血性卒中患者,根据颈动脉斑块及内膜中层厚度(IMT)超声检查结果,分为颈动脉硬化组和正常组,同时用多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)监测,记录睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、平均氧分压(SaO2)、夜间最低SaO2、SaO2＜90%时间、氧减指数即氧减饱和4%以上的次数和已知动脉粥样硬化危险因素(高血压、体重指数、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟等).结果 颈动脉硬化组患者中阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)发生率明显高于非颈动脉硬化组(P=0.022),睡眠监测指标AHI、SaO2＜90%时问、氧减指数与颈动脉IMT呈正相关,夜间最低SaO2、平均SaO2与颈动脉IMT呈负相关.结论 OSAHS是缺血性脑卒中患者动脉粥样硬化的独立影响因素.     

血脂代谢与颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块的相关性

目的在检查出颈动脉斑块的中老年人群上探讨血脂各项指标与颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块的相关性。方法选择颈动脉超声检查检出斑块的患者270例,根据超声检查结果分为不稳定性斑块组130例和稳定性斑块组140例。对所有对象检验血脂各项指标。结果在对年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟等因素进行校正后,Logistic回归结果显示,非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇Non-HDLC(OR=1.27,95%CI 1.02～1.58,P=0.032)、TC/LD-LC(OR=1.67,95%CI 1.17～2.38,P=0.005)、apoB(OR=4.53,95%CI 1.21～16.94,P=0.025)、apoB/apoA1(OR=17.85,95%CI 3.63～87.87,P<0.001)等指标是颈动脉不稳定性斑块发生的危险因素,apoA1(OR=0.18,95%CI 0.04～0.87,P=0.032)是颈动脉不稳定性斑块生成的保护因素。危险因素分析发现指标apoB/apoA1是颈动脉不稳定性斑块生成的独立危险因素。结论 apoB/apoA1可能是中老年人发生颈动脉不稳定性斑块的独立预测指标。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块性质与血清总同型半胱氨酸、血脂水平的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块性质与血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血脂水平的相关性。方法选取50岁以上进行颈部血管超声检查的颈动脉粥样硬化患者269例为研究对象,根据检查结果分为颈动脉粥样硬化稳定斑块组(简称稳定斑块组,106例)、颈动脉粥样硬化易损斑块组(简称易损斑块组,163例)。检测比较两组患者的血清Hcy水平、血脂水平;对影响易损斑块发生的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果易损斑块组患者的年龄、男性比例、TC、LDL-C、脂蛋白LP(a)、Hcy水平高于稳定斑块组患者,HDL-C水平低于稳定斑块组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。易损斑块组患者高同型半胱氨酸血症的比例显著高于稳定斑块组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄、高Hcy水平、高LP(a)水平是易损斑块发生的危险因素,女性、高HDL-C水平是易损斑块发生的保护因素。结论高龄、高Hcy水平、高LP(a)水平是颈动脉粥样硬化易损斑块发生的独立危险因素,降低Hcy水平对减缓颈动脉粥样硬化的进程可能具有积极的作用。     

脑梗死患者的颈动脉斑块特点及相关危险因素的回归分析

目的探讨颈动脉斑块与脑梗死的关系及其相关危险因素分析。方法选择动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者205例(脑梗死组)和非脑梗死患者88例(对照组)进行颈动脉超声检查,比较两组颈动脉斑块的数目和性质;将脑梗死组患者再分为斑块组163例和无斑块组42例2个亚组,比较两组性别、年龄、吸烟史、酗酒史、高血压、糖尿病和血脂等危险因素,并进行单因素分析和logistm多元回归分析。结果脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率为163例(79.5%)。对照组为56例(63.6%)。差异显著(P<0.05),其中脑梗死组患者软斑数为111个(42.1%)。斑块组男性、年龄、酗酒史和高血压比例均显著高于无斑块组(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,男性(OR=2.206,P=0.013)、年龄(OR=0.088,P=0.025)和高血压(OR=3.605,P=0.001)3项因素差异显著。结论颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死发生关系密切;男性、年龄和高血压可能为颈动脉斑块形成的独立危险因素。     

Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure.

In previous analyses of the occurrence of central (CSA) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), only men were studied and risk factors for these disorders were not well characterized. We therefore analyzed risk factors for CSA and OSA in 450 consecutive patients with CHF (382 male, 68 female) referred to our sleep laboratory. Risk factors for CSA were male gender (odds ratio [OR] 3.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 8.84), atrial fibrillation (OR 4.13; 95% CI 1.53 to 11. 14), age > 60 yr (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.35 to 4.15), and hypocapnia (PCO(2 )< 38 mm Hg during wakefulness) (OR 4.33; 95% CI 2.50 to 7. 52). Risk factors for OSA differed by gender: in men, only body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with OSA (OR for a BMI > 35 kg/m(2), 6.10; 95% CI 2.86 to 13.00); whereas, in women, age was the only important risk factor (OR for age > 60 yr, 6.04; 95% CI 1.75 to 20.0). We conclude that historical information, supplemented by a few simple laboratory tests may enable physicians to risk stratify CHF patients for the presence of CSA or OSA, and the need for diagnostic polysomnography for such patients. Sin DD, Fitzgerald F, Parker JD, Newton G, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure.     

Association of coronary artery calcification with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in middle-aged men

Background and aimsObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are closely associated, and both have been reported to increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Although obesity is known to be associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), there is limited information on whether OSA is associated with CAC independent of obesity.Methods and resultsA cross-sectional study examined the association between OSA and CAC among 258 healthy men, ages 40–49 years old, randomly selected from a population-based cohort. All individuals underwent overnight polysomnography and electron-beam computed tomography to measure their apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and degree of CAC. A logistic regression model including potential cardiovascular risk factors excluding body mass index (BMI) showed that the presence of CAC was significantly greater in the fourth quartile versus the first quartile of AHI severity (odds ratio [OR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–4.86). A multivariate linear regression model excluding BMI also showed that AHI was significantly associated with CAC (P = 0.004). However, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for BMI.ConclusionsIn our cross-sectional study, even though both OSA and obesity were positively associated with the presence and extent of CAC, only obesity remained a significant independent contributor after an adjustment for potential cardiovascular risk factors, irrespective of OSA.     

Insulin and obstructive sleep apnea in obese Chinese children

OBJECTIVE: In adults, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. We aimed to establish correlation between OSA, serum lipid profile, and insulin levels in obese snoring children. METHODS: Consecutive obese children with habitual snoring were recruited. They underwent physical examination, overnight polysomnography (PSG), and metabolic studies. OSA was diagnosed if apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 1.0, and cases were considered to have moderate to severe OSA if AHI > 10. RESULTS: Ninety-four obese subjects with habitual snoring were studied. Seventy-three subjects were male and the median age of the studied group was 12.0 years (IQR 9.7-13.9). None of the subjects had active cardiopulmonary disease, and the BMI values of our subjects were >95th percentile using local reference charts. Sixty subjects had OSA, 47 being mild, and 13 being moderate to severe OSA. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that saturation nadir and insulin levels were significantly associated with OSA. CONCLUSION: OSA is prevalent among obese children with habitual snoring and insulin is independently associated with the condition. Its role in the cardiovascular complications of childhood sleep apnea is worthy of further exploration.     

Sleep Apnea Syndrome in a Referral Population in Greece: Influence of Social Factors

Objective The aim of this work was to study whether social factors are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A second objective was to investigate gender differences in relation to referral to a sleep laboratory for sleep-related breathing symptoms. Study Design A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the referral sleep disorders laboratory in the tertiary University Hospital in Patras in southwest Greece. A sample of 362 subjects originated from this geographic region was screened for social characteristics, i.e., marital status, occupation, and education. Results The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was approximately three times as high in men as in women (p < 0.05). Snoring was reported to be a symptom by 76.6% of males and 75% of females. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was reported by 25.5% of males and 15% of females. Arousals during sleep were reported by 5.7% of men and 10% of women. The ratio of subjects with concomitant disorders or symptoms did not differ between sexes (p > 0.05). The influence of age, body mass index (BMI), gender, smoking, and social characteristics on AHI was examined by multinomial logistic regression. The following factors remained independent risk factors for the presence of moderate to severe OSA (i.e., AHI > 15/h compared with AHI < 5): (1) Gender: the odds ratio (OR) of males to females was 6.23 (CI = 1.89–20.5). (2) Obesity: the OR of subjects with BMI >30.5 kg/m² in comparison to those with lower BMI was 3.83 (CI = 1.86–7.86). (3) Marital status: The OR of married subjects to singles was 2.30 (CI = 1.01–5.32). (4) Occupational status: The OR of subjects outside the work force was 3.85 (CI = 1.16–12.74) and that of the self-employed was 1.70 (CI = 0.70–4.10) compared to a reference group of clerks/employees. Conclusion In our study factors associated with the presence of sleep apnea include gender (men), obesity, marriage, and self-employment or being outside the work force.     

Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk marker in coronary artery disease

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a range of cardiovascular sequelae and increased cardiovascular mortality. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of OSA in patients with symptomatic angina and angiographically verified coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition, we analyzed the association of OSA and other coronary risk factors with CAD and myocardial infarction. METHODS: Overnight non-laboratory-monitoring-system recordings for detection of OSA was performed in 223 male patients with angiographically verified CAD and in 66 male patients with exclusion of CAD. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess associations between risk factors and CAD and myocardial infarction. RESULTS: CAD patients were found to have OSA in 30.5%, whereas OSA was found in control subjects in 19.7%. The mean apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in CAD patients (9.9 +/- 11.8) than in control subjects (6.7 +/- 7.3). Body-mass-index (BMI) was significantly higher in patients with CAD and OSA than in patients with CAD without OSA (28. 1 vs. 26.7 kg/m(2); p < 0.001). No significant difference was found with regard to other risk factors and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between both groups. Hyperlipidemia (OR 2.3; CI 1. 3-3.9; p < 0.005) and OSA defined as AHI >/=20 (OR 2.0; CI 1.0-3.8, p < 0.05) were independently associated with myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of OSA among patients with angiographically proven CAD. OSA of moderate severity (AHI >/=20) is independently associated with myocardial infarction. Thus, in the care of patients with CAD, particular vigilance for OSA is important.     

The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension by Race/Ethnicity in a Nationally Representative Sample

The association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension by race/ethnicity has not been well characterized in a national sample. Adult participants in the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were reviewed by self‐report of sleep apnea diagnosis, snorting, gasping or stopping breathing during sleep, and snoring to derive whether OSA was probable (pOSA). Multivariable logistic regression determined whether pOSA predicted hypertension in the overall cohort, and by body mass index (BMI) group and ethno‐racial strata. pOSA predicted hypertension in several groups: (1) Within BMI strata, there was a significant association among overweight individuals [odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–2.62); (2) In race/ethnicity subgroups, the association was significant among Hispanic/Latinos (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.13–2.53) and whites (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.07–1.84); (3) In models stratified by both race/ethnicity and BMI, pOSA predicted hypertension among overweight black/African Americans (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.86–12.03), overweight whites (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.06–2.57), and obese Hispanic/Latino participants (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.16–3.49). A simple, self‐report tool for OSA was strongly associated with hypertension, and may serve as a potential future opportunity for OSA diagnosis.     

The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans

Previous studies of craniofacial risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been based predominantly on cephalometry. However, differences in head form (measured by the cranial index [CI]) and facial form (measured by the facial index [FI]) are considered by anthropologists to provide a basis for structural variation in craniofacial anatomy. We assessed the association of head and facial form with the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) in 364 white individuals and 165 African-Americans. Data collected included cranial and facial dimensions (using anthropometric calipers), body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, and the AHI. CI and FI differed for whites with OSA (AHI > or = 15) versus those without OSA (AHI < 5) (increased CI and decreased FI in subjects with OSA, p = 0.005 and p = 0.006, respectively). CI and FI did not differ in OSA versus non-OSA groups of African-Americans. In subjects with OSA, the CI in whites was again greater and the FI smaller than those in African-Americans (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004, for CI and FI.) We conclude that brachycephaly is associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African-Americans. The CI may useful in phenotyping and identifying population subsets with OSA.     

Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up

The incidence of a cardiovascular disease (CVD) was explored in a consecutive sleep clinic cohort of 182 middle-aged men (mean age, 46.8 +/- 9.3; range, 30-69 years in 1991) with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). All subjects were free of hypertension or other CVD, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, psychiatric disorder, alcohol dependency, as well as malignancy at baseline. Data were collected via the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register covering a 7-year period before December 31, 1998, as well as questionnaires. Effectiveness of OSA treatment initiated during the period as well as age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at baseline, and smoking habits were controlled. The incidence of at least one CVD was observed in 22 of 60 (36.7%) cases with OSA (overnight oxygen desaturations of 30 or more) compared with in 8 of 122 (6.6%) subjects without OSA (p < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression model, significant predictors of CVD incidence were OSA at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 4.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-13.6) and age (OR 23.4; 95% CI, 2.7-197.5) after adjustment for BMI, SBP, and DBP at baseline. In the OSA group, CVD incidence was observed in 21 of 37 (56.8%) incompletely treated cases compared with in 1 of 15 (6.7%) efficiently treated subjects (p < 0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, efficient treatment was associated with a significant risk reduction for CVD incidence (OR 0.1; 95% CI, 0.0-0.7) after adjustment for age and SBP at baseline in the OSA subjects. We conclude that the risk of developing CVD is increased in middle-aged OSA subjects independently of age, BMI, SBP, DBP, and smoking. Furthermore, efficient treatment of OSA reduces the excess CVD risk and may be considered also in relatively mild OSA without regard to daytime sleepiness.     

肥胖症伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症的关系

目的 探讨肥胖症伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）及高胰岛素血症（HI）的关系。方法 选择诊断为肥胖症伴OSA综合征（OSAS）患者60例和正常对照组20名行多导睡眠图检查和胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹C肽（FCP）、HbA1c及血清总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG)，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C)测定。结果 （1）OSAS组的FPG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP、TC、TG水平均明显高于正常组，且OSAS病情越重，轻、中、重度组间差别也越显著，而重度OSAS组HDL－C则较正常组明显降低。（2）ISI与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、经皮血氧饱和度（SpO2)降低大于4％的总次数、SpO2低于90％的时间呈显著负相关，而与入睡前SpO2的基础值、睡眠中SpO2最低值、SpO2平均值呈显著正相关。FINS则与AHI、SpO2降低大于4％的总次数、SpO2低于90％的时间呈显著正相关，而与入睡前SpO2的基础值、睡眠中SpO2最低值、SpO2平均值呈显著负相关。多元逐步回归分析结果表明：AHI为ISI与FINS的第2位独立决定因子，其作用仅次于体重指数。结论 OSA可独立肥胖、年龄等混淆因素，与IR与HI间存在独立相关关系。AHI、呼吸暂停持续时间及SpO2降低的程度是导致OSA患者血糖增高，血脂异常（特别是高TG血症）发生的重要的因素。     

The association of obstructive sleep apnea and left ventricular hypertrophy in obese and overweight children with history of elevated blood pressure

Obesity is a potent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor and is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common among individuals with obesity and is also associated with CVD risk. The authors sought to determine the association of OSA, a modifiable CVD risk factor, with LVH among overweight/obese youth with elevated blood pressure (EBP). This was a cross‐sectional analysis of the baseline visit of 61 consecutive overweight/obese children with history of EBP who were evaluated in a pediatric obesity hypertension clinic. OSA was defined via sleep study or validated questionnaire. Children with and without OSA were compared using Fisher's exact tests, Student's t tests, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between OSA and LVH. In this cohort, 71.7% of the children had LVH. Children with OSA were more likely to have LVH (85.7% vs 59.4%, P = 0.047). OSA was associated with 4.11 times greater odds of LVH (95% CI 1.15, 14.65; P = 0.030), remaining significant after adjustment for age, sex, race, and BMI z‐score (after adjustment for hypertension, P = 0.051). A severe obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI >10) was associated with 14 times greater odds of LVH (95% CI 1.14, 172.64, P = 0.039). OSA was significantly associated with LVH among overweight/obese youth with EBP, even after adjustment for age, sex, race, and BMI z‐score. Those with the most severe OSA (AHI >10) had the greatest risk for LVH. Future studies exploring the impact of OSA treatment on CVD risk in children are needed.