冠状动脉介入术导致对比剂肾病危险因素分析

目的探讨冠状动脉介入术患者对比剂肾病的危险因素。方法收集我院2008年1月~2009年12月期间住院的172例接受冠状动脉介入术患者的临床资料,比较对比剂使用剂量,测定介入治疗前后血清肌酐,分析发生对比剂肾病危险因素。结果 172例患者发生对比剂肾病32例,发生率18.61%(32/172),肾小球滤过率>60 mL/min患者发生对比剂肾病21例(13%),肾小球滤过率<60 mL/min患者发生对比剂肾病19例(40%)(P<0.001),年龄≥75岁、3支病变、左心室射血分数<40%、血清肌酐>133μmol/L及对比剂剂量>300 mL与对比剂肾病相关(P<0.001)。糖尿病或高血压合并肾功能不全对比剂肾病发病率高于单纯糖尿病或高血压患者(P<0.01)。结论介入治疗术前肾功能受损及其损害程度是术后出现对比剂肾病的最主要危险因素,肾功能不全、年龄≥75岁、多支冠状动脉病变、左心室射血分数<40%、对比剂剂量>300 mL均为对比剂肾病的独立危险因素。糖尿病或高血压病合并肾功能不全可以增加对比剂肾病的临床风险。     

不同特性对比剂对冠心病合并糖尿病患者肾功能的影响及早期识别

目的探讨低渗对比剂碘帕醇和等渗对比剂碘克沙醇在合并糖尿病的冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影和(或)PCI诊疗后急性对比剂肾损害(CI-AKI)发生率的差异和CI-AKI早期识别标志物尿肾损伤分子1(u KIM-1)的诊断价值。方法连续入选320例合并糖尿病的冠心病患者,同意行冠状动脉造影和(或)经皮冠脉介入(PCI)诊疗,随机分组使用不同特性对比剂:等渗对比剂碘克沙醇组(n=160)或低渗对比剂碘帕醇组(n=160),术后充分水化记录尿量,每日检测u KIM-1水平,第1、2、3、5、7天检测血肌酐(SCr)水平,计算肾小球滤过率(GFR)和CI-AKI的发生率。结果行直接CAG和(或)PCI 105例患者术后发生CI-AKI 14例(13.33%),其中碘帕醇组8例(5.0%),碘克沙醇组6例(3.75%)(P>0.05);择期CAG和(或)PCI 215例术后发生CI-AKI 9例(4.18%),其中碘帕醇组5例(3.12%),碘克沙醇组4例(2.50%)(P>0.05);低渗组与等渗组比较χ2=0.421(P=0.55);直接CAG和(或)PCI与择期比较χ2=8.848(P=0.003),提示直接PCI的患者更易发生CI-AKI;亚组分析显示:无合并糖尿病肾病(DN)的患者无CI-AKI发生,合并DN患者180例CI-AKI发病率分别为碘帕醇组13例(14.13%)和碘克沙醇组10例(11.36%),二者比较χ2=0.308(P=0.62)。两组Scr均在使用对比剂后第2天较术前升高(P<0.05),第3天达峰值;两组e GFR在术后第1天均较术前降低(P<0.05),第2天达谷值;u KIM-1水平在第1天即开始升高,48 h达高峰(P<0.05),相关分析显示,患者u KIM-1与e GFR呈负相关(r=-0.485,P<0.05),与SCr呈正相关(r=0.593,P<0.05)。结论直接PCI及有DN的患者需更严格水化减少CI-AKI的发生;u KIM-1可以作为CI-AKI的早期标志物进行检测,提前识别CI-AKI,以便更早采取措施降低对比剂对肾功能的影响。     

碘克沙醇与碘海醇/碘普罗胺对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后对比剂肾病发生率及远期预后的影响

目的 比较碘克沙醇与碘海醇/碘普罗胺对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后对比剂肾病(CIN)发生率及其远期预后的影响。方法 选择2013年1-12月在中国医学科学院阜外医院接受PCI术的符合标准的6167例患者作为研究对象。根据所用对比剂的类型,将患者分为碘克沙醇组(1709例)、碘海醇组(1284例)和碘普罗胺组(3174例)。通过Cox回归分析研究碘克沙醇与碘海醇、碘普罗胺与CIN发生率、PCI术后2年全因死亡率的关系。结果 碘克沙醇组、碘海醇组和碘普罗胺组的CIN发生率分别为1.9%、3.5%和1.6%。logistic多因素分析表明,与碘克沙醇相比,碘海醇的使用显著增加了CIN的发生率(OR 2.114,95%CI 1.104～3.714,P=0.009),而与碘克沙醇相比,碘普罗胺没有增加CIN的发生率(OR 1.128,95%CI 0.665～1.912,P=0.656)。Cox多因素回归分析显示,与碘克沙醇相比,碘海醇和碘普罗胺的使用均不会影响患者的2年全因死亡率(HR 1.914,95%CI 0.920～3.983,P=0.083;HR 1.069,95%CI 0.593～1.927,P=0.825)。结论 与碘克沙醇相比,碘海醇对比剂会显著增加PCI术后CIN的发生率,而碘普罗胺不会。但是碘海醇和碘普罗胺与碘克沙醇相比均对2年全因死亡率没有显著影响。     

国产碘克沙醇对老年冠心病患者肾功能影响的安全性研究

目的评价国产碘克沙醇注射液对进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的老年冠心病患者肾功能的影响。方法采用随机分组、单盲设计、阳性对照的多中心研究。于2013年7月至2014年3月在辽宁省5家医院选择60～75岁、拟行PCI的患者88例,随机分为试验组（应用江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司生产的碘克沙醇注射液,44例）与对照组[应用通用电气药业有限公司生产的威视派克（碘克沙醇商品名）,44例]。记录两组术前年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）及肾功能等基本临床资料,术后48h检测肾功能,从而比较两者对老年冠心病患者肾功能的影响有无差别。结果两组共入选88例患者,试验组与对照组均为44例。88例患者均顺利完成冠状动脉造影与PCI,成功率100％。两组年龄、BMI等基本临床资料无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组PCI前后肾功能指标相比均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,两组分别有1例患者术后当天出现恶心呕吐,于手术次日恢复正常;两组均未发生对比剂诱发性急性肾损伤及其他不良反应。结论国产碘克沙醇用于行PCI的老年冠心病患者是安全的。     

等渗或低渗对比剂对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后急性肾损伤的影响

目的比较等渗对比剂碘克沙醇与低渗对比剂碘海醇在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)并行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者中对比剂致急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的发生率。方法本研究为前瞻性、随机对照研究,连续入选2015年7月至2016年11月入住广州军区广州总医院胸痛中心并行急诊PCI的患者,根据心肌梗死病变部位区分下壁和前壁心肌梗死作为区组,分配至碘克沙醇组与碘海醇组,检测术后72 h内血清肌酸酐值。CI-AKI定义为:使用对比剂72 h内,血清肌酸酐值较基础值升高25%或增加0.5 mg/dl(44μmol/L)。结果 297例进入最终统计分析,碘克沙醇组与碘海醇组分别为149例和148例,其CI-AKI的发生率分别为22.1%和16.9%,按照非劣效界值Δ=10%计算,95%CI–14.2%~3.8%,P0.002。同时前壁心肌梗死组与下壁心肌梗死组发生率为26.4%和11.6%,两组比较P=0.001,差异有统计学意义。结论在STEMI并行急诊PCI的患者中,低渗对比剂碘海醇非劣效于等渗对比剂碘克沙醇,在未来CI-AKI对比研究中按照心肌梗死病变部位进行分组可以尽可能地避免选择性偏倚。     

对比剂肾损伤的评估和预防的研究进展

正根据中国大陆冠心病介入治疗注册数据,目前每年冠心病介入病例的平均增长率为10%～15%。用于冠状动脉显影的对比剂的使用也同时增加,作为并发症之一的对比剂肾损伤,其名称历经对比剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)、对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤(contrast-induced acute kidney injury,CI-AKI),是医源性急性肾衰竭的第三大原因,人     

高敏C-反应蛋白对经皮冠状动脉介入术后对比剂肾病风险预测价值

目的:探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术前高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与患者术后对比剂急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的发生率及远期预后的关系。方法:连续入选1 820例于我院行择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者,排除急性心肌梗死、近期手术或创伤的患者。根据术前hs-CRP值分为3组:hs-CRP升高组(hs-CRP>3 mg/L,n=546)、hs-CRP轻度升高组(hs-CRP 1～3 mg/L,n=650)和hs-CRP正常组(hs-CRP<1 mg/L,n=624)。结果:中位随访时间为26个月。与hs-CRP正常组相比,hs-CRP升高组术后CI-AKI发生率显著增加(10.9%vs.14.8%vs.23.1%,P<0.0001)。经过Logistic回归校正临床基线资料后,术前hs-CRP水平仍然是对比剂急性肾损伤发生率的独立预测因素。此外,男性OR=0.61;95%CI=0.45～0.82;P=0.001),糖尿病(OR=2.21,95%CI=1.67～2.93;P<0.0001),围手术期水化治疗(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.38～0.65,P<0.0001)也是患者对比剂肾病风险的独立预测因素。结论:术前hs-CRP水平与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后CI-AKI发生率显著相关。hs-CRP水平可以为患者术前危险分层提供帮助。     

对比剂肾病的诊治进展

<正>随着影像学应用的普及、影像学成像方式的发展及血管造影和经皮冠脉介入(PCI)的开展,患者接触碘对比剂的概率增高,出现对比剂肾病(CIN)或对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤(CIAKI)的风险亦升高。1定义及发病率CIN是指与应用碘对比剂(CM)相关的肾功能的突然恶化。2%~25%的行PCI的患者会发生CIN〔1〕。不同的诊断标准,评价CIN的发生率不同。目前CIN尚无统一的标准,在临     

超敏C反应蛋白与对比剂肾病关系的研究

目的:研究冠状动脉介入诊疗(包括冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉介入治疗)对对比剂肾病(CIN)的影响因素;进一步探讨超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)对对比剂肾病的预测价值.方法:入选我院择期行冠状动脉介入诊疗手术患者145例,记录患者基本资料,留取冠状动脉造影术前清晨空腹血常规及生化,记录术前血红蛋白(HGB)、白蛋白(ALB)、空腹血糖、血脂、尿酸、基础肌酐值以及hsCRP等资料;分别于术后24 h、48 h、72 h留取血样,测定血肌酐值.术后即刻记录手术所用对比剂剂量.结果:①冠状动脉介入诊疗术后对比剂肾病的发生率为10.3%,其中53.3%发生于术后24 h,26.7%发生于术后48 h,20.0%发生于术后72 h;②单因素分析发现有对比剂肾病的患者对比剂剂量及hsCRP明显高于无对比剂肾病患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);logistic回归分析发现,术前hsCRP对对比剂肾病的发生具有统计学意义(P<0.05);③经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者对比剂肾病的发生率为16.1%,术前hsCRP在对比剂肾病患者中显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:冠状动脉介入诊疗术前hsCRP水平对对比剂肾病的发生有重要临床意义.在冠状动脉介入诊疗过程中对比剂剂量是影响对比剂肾病的发生重要因素.     

不同剂量碘海醇对冠状动脉介入术患者肾功能的影响

目的 研究不同剂量的低渗性非离子型对比剂碘海醇对冠状动脉造影(CAG)和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗( PCI)患者肾功能的影响. 方法 选择我院2010年10月至2011年4月672例接受冠状动脉介入诊疗术的患者,根据对比剂用量分为2组:A组剂量＜ 200 ml,435例;B组剂量为200~ 400 ml,237例.以术后48 h血肌酐(SCr)较术前升高25％或升高44.2 μmol/L(0.5 mg/dl)作为对比剂肾病(CIN)的诊断标准,观察不同剂量碘海醇对肾功能的影响. 结果 672例患者中55例发生CIN,发生率为8.2％,其中A组26例(6.0％),B组29例(12.2％),2组间发生率有统计学差异(P＜0.05). 结论 对比剂碘海醇对冠状动脉介入诊疗术患者肾功能有影响,对比剂用量≥200 ml患者CIN发生率高.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.