硼镁石粉灭螺研究

目的 观察硼镁石粉室内灭螺效果和现场应用效果。方法 室内试验和现场试验，参照徐国余方法，现场试验面积每块15m^2。现场应用，冬春季用手措撒硼镁石粉80g/m^2；重点环境灭螺，160g/m^2-250g/m^2。结果 室内试验，40g/m^2，25℃,7d后钉螺死亡率95.0%。现场试验，80g/m^2，30d，钉螺经90.9%。现场应用：江浦县江滩200000m^2,80g/m^2，灭后30d，钉螺死亡率90.6%；7个区县重点环境灭螺；江浦县内陆52500m^2，4个区的江滩200517m^2和雨花区石驳岸33350m^2，经一次（个别环境2次）灭螺，灭后未查到活螺。江宁区山区190000m^2，灭后1年钉昆死亡率95.4%，其中3块16000m^2查不到活螺，撒粉后可见植物发黄，结论 硼镁石粉灭螺有效剂量：（1）80g/m^2,4-11月份撒粉。（2）灭光钉螺200g/m^2以上，冬春季撒粉，剂量大对植物有毒害。     

烟氯复合物和硼镁石粉现场灭螺试验

目的　通过扩大现场试验 ,掌握烟氯复合物和硼镁石粉的现场灭螺效果。方法　采用浸杀法、喷洒法和撒粉法进行现场灭螺试验。结果　采用烟氯复合物 0 .8m g/ L 和氯硝柳胺 2 m g/ L 平行比较灭螺 ,浸杀法 30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 91.5 7%和 92 .38% ;喷洒法 30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 90 .0 2 %和 90 .5 6 %。采用硼镁石粉 80 g/ m2撒粉 ,雨天和晴天撒粉 ,30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 76 .10 %和 93.0 0 %。结论　采用烟氯复合物 0 .8m g/ L 以及氯硝柳胺 2 mg/ L 进行浸杀和喷洒灭螺 ,其灭螺效果基本一致 ,但烟氯复合物灭螺的用量比氯硝柳胺减少了 6 0 .0 0 %。硼镁石粉具有杀灭钉螺的作用。晴天撒粉比雨天撒粉灭螺效果要好 ,半年后灭螺效果开始下降     

硼镁石粉杀灭钉螺效果和急性鱼毒的评价

目的评价硼镁石粉杀灭钉螺效果和现场推广应用前景,了解其对鱼类的急性毒性.方法 采用撒粉法进行实验室和不同类型现场杀螺试验,用斑马鱼进行急性鱼毒试验.结果硼镁石粉在实验室撒粉施药后3、7、15 d的LC5.分别为228.19、34.89、12.47 g/m2,显示该药具有明确的量-效和时-效关系.江滩地区200 g/m2的杀螺效果较好,180 d钉螺校正死亡率和活螺密度下降率均达100.0%;山丘地区200 g/m2 210 d活螺密度下降96.1%;沿海高沙土地区灭螺效果较差,80 g/m2几乎无杀螺效果,200 g/m2钉螺死亡率也很低.现场观察发现硼镁石粉对植物有毒害作用,并随剂量增加而毒害加重;同时,施用硼镁石粉后土壤碱性明显增加,且随剂量增加而碱性增加.急性鱼毒显示48、72、96 h LC50分别为964.32、633.66、523.74 mg/L.结论硼镁石粉现场杀螺作用缓慢,用量大,对鱼类安全,对植物及土壤有损害.硼镁石粉中有杀螺作用的成分亟待研究阐明.     

硼镁石粉氯烟复合物在山丘地区的灭螺效果

目的 了解硼镁石粉、氯烟复合物在山丘地区的灭螺效果。方法 采用硼镁石粉80g／m^2干撒，氯烟复合物0．8g／m^2喷洒，同时与氯硝柳胺2g／m^2喷洒和空白对照作对比。结果 硼镁石粉撒药后7d，其灭螺效果不如氯硝柳胺，但l5d及30d后其活螺密度即与氯硝柳胺差异无显著性，钉螺死亡率在30d显著高于氯硝柳胺，活螺密度持续下降。氯烟复合物灭螺效果不明显。结论 硼镁石粉灭螺效果较好，随着时间延长，其灭螺效果逐渐上升。     

硼镁石粉持效灭螺实验研究

目的　观察硼镁石粉的持效杀螺作用及其灭螺活性。　方法　在直径 12cm并铺垫约 1cm厚江滩泥土的玻璃培养皿内 ,每皿放置钉螺 3 0只 ,设 80 .0、12 0 .0、160 .0和 2 0 0 .0g/m2 4个剂量组 ,每个剂量组再分A、B两组。采用直接撒粉法 ,室温下定时观察钉螺死亡情况。　结果　A、B两组钉螺在撒粉后 3～ 15d的死亡率分别为 3 0 .0 %～ 86.7%和 3 6.7%～ 10 0 .0 %。两组不同剂量间 3d和 7d的钉螺死亡率差异无显著性 (χ23d=1.714 3 ,χ27d=2 .3 82 1,P均 >0 .0 5 ) ,而 15d的钉螺死亡率差异则非常显著 (χ215d=16.5 848,P <0 .0 0 1)。远期杀螺效果 ,A组钉螺在撒粉后 3 0～ 180d的死亡率为 60 .0 %～ 86.7% ,B组为 86.7%～ 10 0 .0 % ,两组间差异非常显著 (χ23 0d=2 2 .0 915、χ260d=14 .75 12、χ290d=2 0 .7485、χ212 0d=2 4.845 4、χ2150d=2 4.2 2 0 2和 χ2180d=2 3 .3 989,P均 <0 .0 0 1)。　结论　硼镁石粉杀螺作用缓慢、药效稳定、持久 ,在干燥环境下的杀螺效果要高于潮湿环境 ,因此在现场灭螺时须注意环境的选择。     

硼镁石粉现场灭螺效果观察

目的：应用硼镁石粉在河道、菜地、鱼池和有温泉水流动的沟渠进行灭螺，观察灭螺效果。方法：使用硼镁石粉对内陆9个有螺环境进行灭螺，其中6个未预处理，3个先割去杂草，冬季撒粉，剂量200g/m^2,6个月和1年观察灭螺效果，结果：9个环境中经1次硼镁石粉灭螺后，7个环境未查到活螺，2个环境钉螺死亡率分别为93．0％（198／213）和88．5％（69／78），对这2个环境复灭1次，灭后1年，查到的钉螺均为死螺，灭螺时未发生鱼，蚌死亡，结论：硼镁石粉对钉螺有较好的杀灭作用，具有价廉，低毒，使用方便等优点，可在鱼池，山区，河道等内陆地区使用。     

硼镁石粉杀灭钉螺的现场试验研究

目的 验证硼镁石粉杀灭山区钉螺的效果及其对鱼类的毒性。方法 喷洒杀螺试验:硼镁石粉80、200g/m2、氯硝柳胺2g/m2组和清水对照组进行比较。鱼毒试验:硼镁石粉1000mg/L、氯硝柳胺2mg/L组和清水对照组进行比较。结果 喷洒杀螺试验:硼镁石粉80、200g/m2组施药后30d有螺框出现率、活螺平均密度明显下降,与清水对照组比较差异有非常显著性(P<0.01),与氯硝柳胺组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。硼镁石粉80、200g/m2组与氯硝柳胺组钉螺死亡率分别达到95.37％、93.66％和96.74％;与对照组比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);硼镁石粉80、200g/m2组与氯硝柳胺组之间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。说明硼镁石粉具有较好的杀螺效果,但不及氯硝柳胺。鱼毒试验;硼镁石粉1000mg/L大剂量环境下,未见鱼死亡,初步提示该药对鱼类低毒。结论 硼镁石粉适合山区和水产养殖区灭螺。     

氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂江滩春季提前灭螺效果研究

目的评价氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂在江滩地区春季提前灭螺效果及低温影响.方法进行15、25 ℃条件下氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂实验室撒粉灭螺效果观察,同时对江滩春季提前喷粉灭螺效果及温度条件进行现场观察. 结果实验室15 ℃与常规25 ℃条件下氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂有效成分1.0、2.0 g/m2撒粉灭螺效果差异无显著性,在3月下旬至4月上旬日平均气温8.9～16.3 ℃条件下,江滩现场氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂 50 g/m2 (有效成分2 g/m2)喷粉灭螺15 d,土表钉螺校正死亡率为95.38%,土表活螺密度下降率达99.97%;土内钉螺校正死亡率为79.30%,土内活螺密度下降率为70.59%.结论江滩地区春季日平均气温10～15 ℃时对氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂喷粉灭螺效果无明显影响;春季提前灭螺可赢得有利的灭螺时机,有效抑制钉螺繁殖,提前杀灭阳性钉螺,减少人畜感染,对于血吸虫病防治具有重要意义.     

复方硼砂硼镁石颗粒剂灭螺效果试验

目的研究复方硼砂、硼镁石颗粒剂的灭螺效果。方法室内试验，参照参考文献[1]；现场试验，5月中旬在南京地区长江有螺江滩选择试验区9块，每块2m^2，在天晴时撒药后7、15天和30天捕捉试验区钉螺，以敲击法鉴定其死活。结果室内试验：复方大、小硼砂颗粒剂和硼镁石颗粒剂，20～40g／m^2，7d，钉螺死亡率为88．3％～100．0％；15d，均为100．0％。现场试验：5月12日撒复方硼砂颗粒剂和复方硼镁石颗粒剂，40g／m^2，30d，钉螺死亡率为97．2％～100．0％。结论复方硼砂颗粒剂和复方硼镁石颗粒剂灭螺效果良好。     

氯硝柳胺稻田浸杀灭螺不同施药方式的灭螺效果

目的观察氯硝柳胺稻田浸杀灭螺不同施药方式的灭螺效果。方法选择6处稻田,以50％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂浸杀量2g/m2,采用撒粉、喷洒、泼洒3种施药方式,灭螺后不同时间比较3种施药方式的灭螺效果和操作繁简。结果灭螺后7d钉螺3种施药方式的钉螺死亡率为91．97％“96．15％之间,平均活螺密度由灭前的8．12只／m2下降到0．51只／m2,降幅93．71％,撒粉法的钉螺死亡率和活螺密度降幅略高于喷洒法和泼洒法,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。撒粉、喷洒、泼洒3法的劳动力成本比例为1：2：3。结论氯硝柳胺浸杀灭螺剂量2g／m2稻田浸杀灭螺效果好,撒粉施药方式具有操作简便,不需要特殊器具,省工省时等优点,建议现场稻田浸杀灭螺中推广使用撒粉法施药。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.