低铁负荷对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的影响

目的研究非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）大鼠肝铁负荷的变化及低铁负荷对大鼠NASH的影响。方法SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组1、低铁对照组2、模型组3、低铁模型组4。实验的12周末观察血清胆固醇（TG）、甘油三酯（TC）、转氨酶（ALTAST）、血清铁（SI）、过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量以及肝匀浆铁、TG、TC、SOD、MDA的含量,观察肝组织病理学改变的特点。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组血清TG、TC、ALT、AST、MDA的含量明显升高,SOD的含量明显降低,血清铁含量升高不明显;肝匀浆TG、TC、ALT、AST、MDA及铁的含量明显升高,肝匀浆SOD的含量明显降低。与模型组相比,低铁模型组血清TG、TC、ALT、AST、SI、MDA含量明显降低,SOD的含量明显升高;肝匀浆TG、TC、SI、MDA含量明显降低,SOD含量明显升高。肝脏病理学切片示：模型组大鼠肝小叶内脂滴比率大于三分之一,造模成功,低铁模型组大鼠肝脏的炎症活动度计分及铁染色计分明显低于模型组。结论NASH大鼠肝脏铁负荷增加,低铁负荷可以减轻大鼠NASH的损伤程度。     

氧四环素腹腔注射制备大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型的实验研究

寻找一种经济、高效的制备大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝动物模型的方法。采用高脂饮食与腹腔注射氧四环素相结合的方案。在模型组于造模开始后的第2、4、8周末及对照组在第8周末，分别检测大鼠血清ALT、AST、TG、TC、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD），肝脏TC．、TC、MDA、SOD水平及肝组织学改变。2周末、4周末和8周末模型组血清中的ALT、AST、TG、TC和MDA升高，SOD降低；肝脏组织中的TG、TC和MDA升高，SOD减低；与对照组相比均有统计学意义；肝组织病理学检查显示第2周末和第4周末表现为脂肪肝性肝炎病变为主，8周末可出现轻度肝纤维化。采用高脂饮食结合腹腔注射氧四环素的方法是一种制备非酒精性脂肪肝模型理想方法之一。     

甘正复方对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的影响

[目的]研究甘正复方对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型形成的影响.[方法]30只SD大鼠随机分为3组(各10只):正常组喂普通饲料;模型组和治疗组喂高脂饲料.治疗组高脂饮食12周后同时给予甘正复方治疗.16周处死大鼠.测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;苏木精-伊红染色观察肝脏病理改变;免疫组化法测定细胞色素P450ⅡE1(CYPⅡE1)及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)表达.[结果]模型组血清ALT、AST、TC、TG及MDA增加,SOD减少;免疫组化示CYPⅡE1表达增高,PPARα表达明显减少;肝脏组织出现脂肪变性和炎症坏死.治疗组较模型组血清ALT、AST及TG、MDA均下降,SOD增加,CYPⅡE1表达减少,肝脏脂肪变性和炎症坏死的程度明显减轻.[结论]甘正复方能通过调节TG代谢、抗氧应激和脂质过氧化有效地治疗大鼠脂肪肝.     

越鞠丸对非酒精性脂肪肝病大鼠肝脏PPARα表达的影响

目的 观察越鞠丸对非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)大鼠肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体α(PPARα)表达的影响.方法 采用喂饲高脂饲料的方法复制NAFLD大鼠模型,实验分组为正常对照组、模型组、东宝肝泰对照组和越鞠丸高、低剂量组.提取肝脏总RNA,运用半定量RT-PCR方法观察各组大鼠肝脏PPARα mRNA的表达情况,同时测定各组大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)和肝组织匀浆TC、TG的含量,并做病理切片.结果 模型组大鼠PPARα mRNA的含量明显降低,血脂和肝脏脂质含量明显升高,肝脏呈明显脂肪变性,经药物治疗后,各治疗组大鼠肝脏PPARα mRNA表达明显增强,血脂和肝脏脂质含量显著降低,肝脂变程度明显减轻.结论 越鞠丸能增强NAFLD大鼠肝脏PPARα mRNA的表达,可能是其治疗NAFLD的分子机制之一.     

肝康Ⅳ号对大鼠酒精性脂肪肝的保护作用

[目的]探讨肝康Ⅳ号对大鼠酒精性脂肪肝的保护作用。[方法]采用高脂饮食和白酒诱导大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型,以不同剂量肝康Ⅳ号煎液灌胃治疗（治疗组）,于8周末处死鼠,采血检测血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）及肝脏总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,肉眼和显微镜下观察肝组织病理学变化及脂肪变程度计分,并与空白对照组、模型组和东宝肝泰组比较。[结果]模型组肝组织明显脂肪变性,治疗组和东宝肝泰组可显著降低血清AST、ALT和肝组织TC、TG、MDA水平,提高肝组织SOD活性,肝康Ⅳ号治疗效果优于东宝肝泰;肝组织病理检查显示,肝康Ⅳ号可减轻肝组织脂肪变和点灶样坏死,镜下计分显示肝康Ⅳ号中、高剂量组对肝组织改善优于东宝肝泰组。[结论]肝康Ⅳ号可对抗氧化应激和脂质过氧化损害,对大鼠酒精性脂肪肝有良好的治疗效果。     

针灸联合自拟茶方调节肝AMPK、p38 MAPK、PPARγ信号改善脂肪肝大鼠脂质代谢紊乱的机制

目的探讨针灸联合自拟茶方改善脂肪肝大鼠脂质代谢紊乱的疗效及机制。方法以高脂饲料建立脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗模型大鼠,将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性对照组及治疗组,对照组及模型组不经药物干预,阳性对照组以吡格列酮进行治疗,治疗组以针灸联合自拟茶方进行治疗。检测肝脏组织匀浆三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。对各组大鼠肝脏病理、肝指数、肝酶[丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)]、血脂水平[TC、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]、血清炎症相关因子α肿瘤坏死因子[(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-6]及肝组织腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体(PPAR)γ蛋白表达进行测定。结果模型组各指标与对照组相比有明显差异,表明造模成功。治疗组肝脏细胞脂肪变性程度明显优于模型组,肝指数明显低于模型组(P<0.05),血清ALT、ALP、TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平升高(P<0.05),肝组织AMPK及PPARγ表达水平升高(P<0.05),p38MAPK表达水平降低(P<0.05)。治疗组在改善肝指数、降低血清TC、ALT、AST、IL-1、TNF-α水平及降低肝脏TC、TG水平、升高HDL-C、下调肝脏p38MAPK水平方面与阳性对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论针灸联合自拟茶方可明显改善脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗模型大鼠的脂质代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗,该作用可能与上调肝脏AMPK及PPARγ表达水平、下调p38MAPK表达水平有关。     

降脂保肝丸治疗酒精性脂肪肝的实验研究

目的：探讨降脂保肝丸治疗酒精性脂肪肝的疗效。方法：采用酒精灌胃复制酒精性脂肪肝小鼠模型，设降脂保肝丸大剂量组（D）、小剂量组（X）、模型组（M）及空白对照组（K），检测各组小鼠血清ALT、AST、TG、TC水平及肝组织SOD活性、MDA浓度，观察肝脏组织病理学变化。结果：M组小鼠ALT、AST、TG、TC水平明显升高，与K组比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；D组和X组小鼠的4项指标检测结果均比M组下降，差异有显著性意义（P〈0，05），且以D组为优。M组小鼠肝脏脂肪变明显，且有散在坏死灶及炎性细胞浸润；D组小鼠肝脏脂肪变比M组明显减轻，肝窦基本正常，无炎性细胞浸润；X组小鼠肝组织改变介于M组和D组之间。结论：降脂保肝丸能显著改善酒精性脂肪肝小鼠的肝功能，降低血脂，提高肝细胞SOD活性，降低MDA含量，改善肝组织学病理情况，对酒精性脂肪肝有较好的治疗效果。     

山楂叶提取物对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠糖脂代谢作用的研究

目的：观察山楂叶提取物对非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）大鼠糖脂代谢的影响。方法：用高脂饲料诱导建立大鼠NAFLD模型,分为正常组、模型组、阳性药物对照组、山楂叶提取物组、自然恢复组和节食组,观察各组大鼠血清中甘油三酯（TC）,总胆固醇（TG）,游离脂肪酸（FFA）,脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（INS）和胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI）以及大鼠肝脏组织过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α（PPARα）mRNA的表达情况及其肝组织病理学改变情况。结果：与模型组和自然恢复组相比,山楂叶提取物组大鼠体重明显降低,血清TC、FFA、FPG、INS、IRI明显降低（P〈0．05）,同时LPL升高以及PPARαmRNA表达量升高亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：山楂叶提取物能够改善NAFLD大鼠的糖脂代谢异常,这可能与提高LPL的含量和增加PPARctmRNA表达有关。     

肝脂清治疗酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的实验研究

目的：观察肝脂清对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血清血脂及脂质过氧化几项指标及肝组织乙醇诱导性细胞色素酶（CYP2E1）的影响,揭示其治疗酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制。方法：以60%酒精给大鼠灌胃,并以10%酒精作为唯一饮料,复制酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型。造模成功后给予中药肝脂清治疗,测定大鼠血清血脂、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量,并观察肝组织CYP2E1免疫组化的变化。结果：治疗组大鼠血清TNF-α及MDA较模型组含量下降,SOD升高,肝组织CYP2E1表达分布发生变化。结论：肝脂清能减轻肝脏炎症及过氧化损伤,改善肝内脂肪蓄积,对酒精性脂肪肝有治疗作用。     

水飞蓟素对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎大鼠小肠组织抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的探讨水飞蓟素对NASH大鼠小肠组织氧化应激损伤的影响。方法 50只Wistar大鼠被随机分为对照组、模型组和水飞蓟素干预组;对照组（10只）用普通饲料喂养,模型组（20只）通过高脂饮食建立NASH模型,水飞蓟素组（20只）给予高脂饮食加水飞蓟素灌胃,12周后评估。结果模型组较正常对照组大鼠血清TG、TC、ALT、AST水平明显升高（P〈0.01）,水飞蓟素组TG、TC、ALT、AST水平较模型组降低,差别有统计学意义（F=36.626～64.327,P〈0.01）;模型组大鼠较正常对照组小肠组织匀浆SOD活性明显降低（83.29±10.32U/mgprot对52.34±7.09U/mgprot）,MDA含量明显升高（0.56±0.07 Nmol/mgprot对0.97±0.09 Nmol/mgprot）,水飞蓟素组SOD活性较模型组有所升高,MDA水平下降,差异有统计学意义（F=23.488和10.609,P〈0.05）;内毒素水平为模型组（0.316±0.020EU/ml）〉水飞蓟素组（0.279±0.022EU/ml）〉正常对照组（0.234±0.021EU/ml）s;IgA水平为模型组〈水飞蓟素组〈正常对照组。结论抗氧化剂水飞蓟素不仅能提高肝脏本身的抗氧化能力,亦可以通过提高肠道抗氧化能力进而加强肠道的屏障作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.