动态心电图(Holter)监测:评价抗心律失常新药

近年来临床上积极研究的抗心律失常药物品种迅速增多.室性心律失常(VA)的减少或消除常作为试验终点.然部份VA患者虽无症状但心源性猝死(SCD)增加,因而,对于这些患者的临床试验终点应取预防心源性猝死为宜.一、VA患者群体心源性猝死是20～64岁美国人的主要死亡原因.Holter监测示:心源性猝死前约80%患者有室性快速心律失常,如室性心动过速(室速)和/或心室扑动,后转为致死性心室颤动,另20%患者心肌缺血急性发作导致缓慢心律失常或心脏停搏.临床和流行病调查表明,心源性猝死的二个主要易患因素为     

浅析导致老年心内科疾病患者发生心源性猝死的危险因素

目的总结和分析导致老年心内科疾病患者发生心源性猝死的危险因素。方法对我院2016年5月-2018年5月收治的25例发生心源性猝死患者的临床资料展开回顾性分析,并通过问卷调查方式,对患者所出现的吸烟、饮酒情况、情绪激动情况、激烈运动情况和是否患有心脏类疾病情况等进行调查和分析,并从中找出可能导致患者发生心源性猝死的危险因素。结果过度吸烟饮酒、剧烈运动、情绪激动、用力排便和患者患有心脏类疾病是导致患者发生心源性猝死的危险因素。结论临床上患者出现过度吸烟饮酒、剧烈运动、情绪激动和患者患有心脏类疾病可能会引发患者出现心源性猝死,医护人员在对患者治疗时需要引起重视,降低患者死亡率。     

心力衰竭患者室性心动过速治疗进展

心力衰患者伴发室性心动过速(室速)十分常见,其临床表现从仅发现心电图异常,到心悸、头晕、晕厥,甚至突发心源性猝死,表现不一但致死风险大。尽管埋藏式心内除颤器的问世有效防止了无脉性室速、心室颤动所致的心源性猝死,但频繁反复的放电造成患者的不适与恐慌,仍是目前临床难以解决的问题。该文主要介绍心力衰竭患者的室速治疗策略,包括药物治疗和射频消融,以期有助于临床工作。     

心源性猝死患者的临床特点及动态心电图特征

目的探讨心源性猝死患者临床特点及动态心电图心律失常发生情况。方法 5例动态心电图监测过程中心源性猝死患者,分析其基础疾病、动态心电图演变及心律失常的发生情况。结果冠心病4例,扩张型心肌病1例。死于室速、室颤3例,缓慢性心律失常2例。结论预防心源性猝死应对高危患者进行危险分层,包括动态心电图、射血分数、基础疾病评估等无创检查方法,尤其要重视高危患者心脏缺血事件。     

心内科老年患者院内心源性猝死的临床探讨

目的分析心内科老年患者院内心源性猝死的临床原因。方法选取2014年6月~2015年6月我院收治的心脏病猝死患者60例作为研究对象,回顾性分析心内科老年患者院内心源性猝死的临床原因和过程。对在住院期间患者的主要病因予以记录分析。结果冠心病、高血压、心脏病等是导致老年患者发生院内心源性猝死的主要病因;饮酒、抽烟和情绪激动用力等是导致老年患者发生院内心源性猝死的常见危险因素。结论心内科老年患者院内心源性猝死的原因比较复杂,因此应详细的了解患者的相关病史,预防导致患者发生心源性猝死的相关危险因素,减少心源性猝死的发生率。     

经冠状动脉化学消蚀法治疗室性心动过速

在美国,每年有40多万人发生心源性猝死,而其直接死因大多为室性心动过速(简称室速)、心室颤动(简称室颤)。室速可用抗心律失常药、电除颤、外科手术和经皮导管电烧灼等治疗。用抗心律失常药和电转复疗法可控制相当数量的室速患者,而外科手术     

Brugada综合征和心源性猝死

Ｂｒｕｇａｄａ综合征是一种近年来新命名的疾病,发病率不高。但这种疾病好发于“正常”的年轻人,且常发生严重的室性心律失常,如室性心动过速、心室颤动,有时可导致心源性猝死。因此,Ｂｒｕｇａｄａ综合征受到了心血管专家,特别是心血管电生理工作者和临床心律失常治疗专家的应有的重视。本文对Ｂｒｕｇａｄａ综合征的临床特征,发病机制,治疗措施等作一综述。１．问题的提出心源性猝死是指由于心脏原因引起的自然发生而出乎意外的突然死亡。近年来心源性猝死发生率有增高的趋势。美国每年有３０万人以上发生心源性猝死。心源性猝死…     

埋藏式心律转复除颤器患者健康教育与出院后随访

致命性室性心律失常(持续性室性心动过速,心室扑动和心室颤动)是心脏性猝死的主要原因.植入型心律转复除颤器(ICD)已广泛用于治疗致命性室性心律失常和心源性猝死的高危患者.临床资料表明,ICD能降低致命性室常急性期病死率,疗效明显优于抗心律失常药[1].     

心内科老年患者治疗期间心源性猝死的临床危险因素分析及探讨

目的分析心内科老年患者,在治疗期间,其心源性猝死的临床危险因素。方法选取2011年12月~2014年10月我院心内科治疗期间发生心源性猝死的老年患者100例,采取问卷调查的方式,对患者的家属发放问卷调查表,调查患者发生心源性猝死的临床危险因素,统计各项调查情况。结果有饮酒史的患者占12%;有吸烟史的患者占4%;有剧烈运动的患者占31%;情绪激动的患者占36%;排便用力的患者占16%;无明显诱发因素的患者占1%。结论分析心内科老年患者治疗期间,心源性猝死的临床危险因素,能够为临床预防患者发生心源性猝死,提供有效的参考依据。     

室性心律失常是否心源性猝死的预报因子和治疗有否价值

作者回顾分析现已发表的资料后指出:随着年龄的增长和心脏病变的加重,室性心律失常特别是复杂室性心律失常趋于频繁,然而迄今尚未确定临床适用的各年龄组和各病变组的“允许标准”。对于无心脏病变者和心肌功能良好的心脏病患者,简单和复杂室性心律失常包括短阵室(性心动过)速并非心源性猝死的独立预报因予,而且极少发展成持续性室速。对于心肌梗塞存活者,简单和复杂室性心律失常并非心源性猝死的独立的强预报因子;心肌梗塞后第一年,心源性猝     

A Primer on Arrhythmias in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, yet treatment options for these patients are made almost solely by extrapolation from patients with other diseases. Heart block may be seen spontaneously but is especially prevalent following septal reduction strategies. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The onset of atrial fibrillation often represents a turning point clinically for patients, marked by substantial functional deterioration and morbidity. Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of death in the young patient, but still contributes to mortality in older patients. Major risk factors for sudden cardiac death include resuscitated sudden cardiac death, marked hypertrophy, syncope, and family history of sudden cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Minor risk factors for sudden cardiac death include nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and hypotensive response to exercise. Emerging possible risk factors include atrial fibrillation, myocardial ischemia, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, genetic mutations, left ventricular apical aneurysms, myocardial fibrosis, and end stage disease.     

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait associated with risk of sudden death. The majority of cases of sudden death occur in young adults with no or few symptoms, which underlines the importance of risk stratification as a basis for selecting a therapeutic strategy. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are indicated in patients resuscitated following cardiac arrest, and those with sustained ventricular tachycardia or two or more risk factors identified in non-invasive tests. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the number of appropriate therapies (anti-tachycardia pacing and defibrillation) and the risk factors, or association of risk factors, that predict therapies in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. METHODS: We studied 17 consecutive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardioverter-defibrillators implanted between December 1992 and June 2003. The following risk factors were analyzed: 1) previous cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia; 2) family history of sudden cardiac death; 3) high-risk genetic mutations; 4) syncope; 5) non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; 6) hypotensive response to exercise; and 7) marked left ventricular hypertrophy. Appropriate therapies were determined and the predictive value of the different sudden death risk stratification parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 40 +/- 29 months, 7 patients (41%) received a total of 293 appropriate therapies. Of the 9 patients with previous cardiac arrest or ventricular tachycardia, 4 received appropriate therapies. In the remaining 8 patients, with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention, 3 received appropriate therapies. Family history of sudden death was associated with a positive predictive value of 25% for appropriate therapies, 40% for syncope and 50% for non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. The presence of any two risk factors was associated with a positive predictive value of 33% and the presence of three factors with 100%. CONCLUSION: In this group of patients, considered to be at high risk for sudden cardiac death, a considerable percentage had ventricular tachycardias that were correctly identified and treated by the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. The percentage of patients with appropriate therapies was slightly higher in the group who had a cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention of sudden death (aborted sudden death or sustained ventricular tachycardia). In patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia was the risk factor with the highest predictive value. An association of risk factors was also predictive of arrhythmic events.     

Sudden cardiac death in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Identification of high-risk patients

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a relatively frequent, genetically determined primary cardiomyopathy, characterized by most often asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum with or without systolic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. HCM is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with 12 different disease-causing genes beeing indentified to date. Histologically the disease is characterized by hypertophy and disarray of myofibrils as well as by an increase in myocardial fibrosis. Clinically, these changes may lead to palpitations, dyspnoe on exertion, and/or angina pectoris. However, they also lead to an increased propensity to the development of severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The incidence of sudden death is significantly increased in HCM, particularly in affected young subjects. Risk stratification in HCM should include a complete clinical-cardiological evaluation that should also consider new diagnostic features, e. g. MR imaging. Major risk factors for sudden cardiac death include a survived cardiac arrest (ventricular fibrillation), non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia, a history of premature familial sudden death, unexplained syncope, an abnormal blood pressure response on exercise, and left ventricular thickness greater than or equal to 3 cm. Ideally, risk stratification should also include genetic testing, since some gene mutations seem to be associated with a higher risk for sudden cardiac death than others. However, genetic testing in HCM in not yet available on a routine basis. The implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator is first-line therapy in patients with documented ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation or patients who have survived sudden cardiac death. These devices also play an important role in the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in HCM. Algorithms and scores are available to estimate the risk of sudden death, however, the decision to implant a cardioverter/defibrillator remains an individual decision in every single patient.     

Risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Opinion statement Sudden cardiac death is the most devastating manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and often occurs in young and previously asymptomatic patients. Therefore, risk stratification for sudden death has a major role in the management of HCM and has acquired even greater relevance since the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has proved to be highly effective in preventing sudden death in this disease. The ICD is definitely indicated for secondary prevention of sudden death in patients with HCM who have survived a cardiac arrest with documented ventricular fibrillation, or experienced one or more episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia. However, uncertainties persist regarding the precise selection of patients for primary prophylactic ICD implantation. A number of risk markers are used to assess the magnitude of risk, including family history of premature sudden death; extreme left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (> 30 mm) in young patients; nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter electrocardiographic recording; unexplained (not neurally mediated) syncope, particularly in young patients; and blood pressure decrease or inadequate increase during upright exercise. Multiple risk factors convey a definite increase in risk. However, a single risk factor such as family history of multiple sudden deaths, massive LV hypertrophy in a young patient, or frequent and/or prolonged runs of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter, may also justify consideration of a prophylactic ICD.     

Ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: clinical presentation, risk stratification and results of long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Not all patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) are at risk for sudden cardiac death. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk stratification in patients with ARVD/C. METHODS AND RESULTS: Programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) was performed in 34 ARVD/C patients. Twenty-two, 7 and 4 patients had documented sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (smVT), non-smVT and ventricular fibrillation, respectively. One patient experienced syncope only. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was implanted in 11 patients inducible in smVT with hemodynamic compromise, in 4 patients with documented ventricular fibrillation and in one patient with non-smVT (194 ms tachycardia cycle length) (ICD group, n = 16). Ten patients were left without any antiarrhythmic therapy, 5 patients received antiarrhythmic drugs and 3 patients underwent successful VT ablation (non-ICD group, n = 18). Thirteen patients had an abnormal signal averaged ECG. During 6.5 +/- 2.4 years 69% of ICD patients received appropriate discharges and one non-ICD patient had a hemodynamically tolerated smVT recurrence (no sudden cardiac death in both groups). Comparison between the cycle lengths of clinical VT, induced VT and follow-up VT revealed a strong relationship (R = 0.62-0.88). On multivariate analysis abnormal signal averaged ECG and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction were statistically significant predictors for VT recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: In ARVD/C the tachycardia cycle length of clinical VT, PVS-induced VT and follow-up VT correlate well implicating that a PVS-guided approach does not provide additional information. Spontaneous arrhythmia in combination with clinical presentation allows identification of patients in need for an ICD.     

Sudden death and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a review

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease that affects the cardiac sarcomere, resulting in myocardial hypertrophy and disarray. Affected patients have a predisposition for malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and, consequently, sudden cardiac death. With the availability of therapeutic measures that prevent sudden death, the identification of high-risk patients is now of greater importance. Clinical risk factors for sudden death (ie, age, syncope, family history of sudden cardiac death, cardiac arrest survivor, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise) have been identified. The clinical electrophysiological study is of limited use for stratifying these patients. More recently, increased attention has been given to the degree of echocardiographically documented left ventricular hypertrophy and prognostically significant genetic mutations. Once a high-risk patient is identified, prophylactic treatment is warranted. For this purpose, amiodarone has been supplanted by the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment appears to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death in both primary and secondary prevention settings. Thus, tools are now available to identify and treat high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.     

Improved survival in patients with nonischemic advanced heart failure and syncope treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

The purpose of this study was to assess whether in patients with syncope and heart failure due to nonischemic cardiomyopathy, treatment with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) compared with conventional medical therapy is associated with a reduction in sudden death and total mortality. Patients with advanced heart failure who have syncope have been shown to be at high risk for sudden death. Further risk stratification has been difficult in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy in whom inducibility on electrophysiologic study is not predictive of future risk. Of 639 consecutive patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy referred for heart transplantation, 147 patients with history of syncope and no prior history of sustained ventricular tachycardia or cardiac arrest were identified. Outcomes were compared for the 25 patients managed with an ICD and 122 patients managed with conventional medical therapy. There were no differences in the baseline variables in the 2 groups of patients, including age, ejection fraction, and medical treatments for heart failure, but patients receiving an ICD were more likely to have had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (56% vs. 15%, p = 0.001). During a mean follow-up of 22 months, there were 31 deaths, 18 sudden, in patients treated with conventional therapy, whereas there were 2 deaths, none sudden, in patients treated with an ICD. An appropriate shock occurred in 40% of the ICD patients. Actuarial survival at 2 years was 84.9% with ICD therapy and 66.9% with conventional therapy (p = 0.04). Thus, in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and syncope, therapy with an ICD is associated with a reduction in sudden death and an improvement in overall survival.     

Prognostic significance of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients surviving complicated acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study.

In survivors of complicated myocardial infarction, the inducibility of sustained ventricular tachycardia may help identify a subset that is at increased risk for subsequent sudden cardiac death or spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. We performed prehospital discharge programmed ventricular stimulation in 86 survivors of acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, angina pectoris, or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. These patients also underwent cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography and 24-hour ambulatory ECG recording. Programmed ventricular stimulation induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in 19 patients (22%) and ventricular fibrillation in six (7%) and did not induce these arrhythmias in 61 patients (71%). During an average follow-up of 18 +/- 13 months, 11 patients had arrhythmic events (seven sudden death and four nonfatal spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia) and 10 patients had nonsudden cardiac death. The total cardiac mortality rate was 20%. Arrhythmic events occurred in 32% of the 19 patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia compared with 7% of the remaining 67 patients (p less than 0.003). By multivariate analysis the occurrence of arrhythmic events was independently predicted by both inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and Killip class III or IV heart failure. The risk of arrhythmic events was 4.4% in the absence of both variables versus 38.4% (p less than 0.001) when both variables were present. The total cardiac mortality rate was best predicted by low left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 30%). Thus programmed ventricular stimulation is useful in risk stratification of survivors of complicated acute myocardial infarction. The prognostic utility appears to be particularly high in patients with infarction complicated by Killip class III or IV heart failure.     

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Role of the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Objectives. We report the occurrence of cardiac events during long-term follow-up in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.Background. The identification of patients at high risk for sudden death and the prevention of recurrence of sudden death in HCM represents a difficult problem.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the occurrence of cardiac events during follow-up of 13 patients with HCM who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) because of aborted sudden death (n = 10) or sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 3) (group I). Findings were compared with those in 215 patients with an ICD and other structural heart disease or idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (group II).Results. After a mean (±SD) follow-up period of 26 ± 18 months, 2 of 13 patients in group I received appropriate shocks. The calculated cumulative incidence of shocks was 21% in group I and 66% in group II after 40 months (p < 0.05). We observed a low incidence of recurrence of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation during follow-up in patients with HCM. No deaths occurred.Conclusions. Our data suggest that ventricular tachyarrhythmias may not always be the primary mechanism of syncope and sudden death in patients with HCM. The ICD seems to have a less important impact on prognosis in patients with HCM than in patients with other etiologies of aborted sudden death.     

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: prognostic significance of electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic findings in the nineties.

BACKGROUND: With the exception of a few cases such as aborted sudden cardiac death, sustained ventricular tachycardia, and syncope of unexplained origin, there is no consensus on the clinical findings identifying patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death or malignant ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS: To verify whether electrocardiographic and arrhythmologic features could be useful for prognostic stratification, 78 consecutive patients with an invasive diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, but without symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias, were enrolled in a prospective study. Signal-averaged ECG, 24 to 48 hour ECG monitoring and electrophysiologic study were performed at the time of diagnosis to identify arrhythmogenic predictors of outcome. Transplant-free and arrhythmic event-free survival was evaluated on the basis of initial parameters. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 85 months, 9 patients died (6 of sudden cardiac death and 3 of congestive heart failure), 10 patients underwent cardiac transplantation for refractory heart failure, and 3 presented with sustained ventricular tachycardia. The independent predictors for death and cardiac transplantation were an HV interval > 55 ms and the combination of frequent repetitive ventricular ectopics with a poor left ventricular function. A strong index of arrhythmic events proved to be the association of a prolonged HV interval with a wide (> 110 ms) QRS complex (odds ratio 4.53, 95% confidence interval 1.57-13.04, p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: An accurate measurement of the HV interval and QRS duration at baseline evaluation may add prognostic information in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. In our experience, abnormal values of both parameters identified a group of patients with a very high risk of late occurring arrhythmic events.