新型冠状病毒肺炎患者肝功能损伤的发生机制

自2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情发展迅速。随着病例资料的积累,我们发现COVID-19患者除表现出典型呼吸系统症状和体征,还出现了不同程度的肝功能异常表现。本文将结合新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染所致的肝功能损伤表现及相关文献进行总结和分析,提出SARS-CoV-2可能引起肝损伤的机制。     

新型冠状病毒相关自发性脾破裂的诊治

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染引起的主要经呼吸道传播的急性病毒性疾病，其不仅侵袭人体呼吸系统，还损伤人体多个器官系统。现已有证据显示SARS-CoV-2与自发性脾破裂之间可能存在因果联系，本文认识到SARS-CoV-2相关性自发性脾破裂发生的可能性，并探讨其发生机制和诊治方案，避免临床上对其漏诊误诊。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎和心血管疾病关系的研究进展

当前,由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在全球蔓延。SARS-CoV-2主要通过血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)受体感染宿主细胞,在引起呼吸系统损伤的同时,也造成急性心肌损伤和慢性心血管疾病。COVID-19患者合并心血管疾病也十分常见,对患者的预后有显著影响,需要提高认识和积极防治。本文综述了COVID-19合并及继发心血管疾病的流行病学特征、相互影响机制及治疗和预防措施,以增进临床医师对COVID-19和心血管疾病关系的认识和管理。     

新型冠状病毒感染相关心脏损害的机制探讨

2019年12月以来,爆发于湖北省武汉市、流行于全国乃至全球的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)引起广泛关注。其病原体被判定为一种名为SARS-CoV-2的新型冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和致病力。SARS-CoV-2感染者除典型呼吸系统表现外,相当一部分出现心悸、胸闷等症状与心电图、心肌酶谱、心功能等改变,病毒相关心肌损伤、ACE2表达下调、炎症反应、缺氧及代谢障碍等因素与其发生发展密切相关。本文综合以往冠状病毒研究和现有COVID-19报道,对此心脏损害可能机制进行综述。     

新型冠状病毒与血管紧张素转换酶2对心血管系统的影响

自2019年12月起,爆发由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19),疫情迅速蔓延至全球。COVID-19以呼吸系统症状为主,但部分病例出现心血管系统损害。合并心血管系统基础疾病患者,会导致死亡率增加。SARS-CoV-2属于冠状病毒科β冠状病毒属,SARS-CoV-2与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒具有79.5%的同源性,通过受体血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)入侵人体细胞。而表达ACE2的Ⅱ型肺上皮细胞是SARS-CoV-2感染的主要靶细胞。因此,了解SARS-CoV-2所致心血管系统损害及相关的机制,对SARS-CoV-2疫苗和药物的研制及降低病死率具有重要的意义。     

新型冠状病毒引起肝损伤的研究现状

2019年新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的病毒性肺炎在中国武汉爆发,对公众健康构成重大威胁。SARS-CoV-2与严重急性呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)高度同源,都会导致严重的呼吸道症状。除呼吸系统症状外,相当比例的SARS和SARS-CoV-2感染者出现不同程度的肝损伤,但其流行病学特征和发生机制尚不明确。在总结SARS-CoV-2流行病学基础上,重点阐述SARS-CoV-2及其所致肝损伤的可能机制和有效治疗方案的研究现状,为SARS-CoV-2感染者肝损伤的防治提供参考和研究思路。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎：重症肺炎与免疫紊乱

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染所引起的急性呼吸道传染性疾病，已成为现阶段严重威胁人类生命健康的突出难题。免疫应答障碍在 COVID-19的发生及进展中具有重要意义，被认为是多器官功能损伤甚至死亡的主要原因。重症 COVID-19患者循环固有免疫及适应性免疫细胞出现显著功能障碍及凋亡增加，引发机体免疫应答失调。多种免疫调理措施，如糖皮质激素、细胞因子抗体、胸腺肽 α及恢复期患者血浆等，在减缓重症 COVID-19进展及改善预后方面可能发挥保护效应。     

一半是天使,一半是魔鬼: ACE2在新型冠状病毒肺炎易感性和急性肺损伤肺保护中的辩证关系

由于新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)入侵宿主细胞的功能受体是血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2),而应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)有可能反射性引起ACE2升高,国内外学者对于合并高血压的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者是否应该停用ACEI或ARB存在很大争议。虽然ACE2是SARS-CoV-2入侵宿主细胞的功能受体,但宿主细胞正常表达的ACE2水平与SARS-CoV-2的易感性之间无直接关系。SARS-CoV-2的易感性或传染性,主要取决于宿主细胞福林蛋白酶等内切蛋白酶的表达水平。ACE/ACE2平衡对SARS-CoV-2等病毒感染的肺组织具有保护作用,现有证据不支持COVID-19患者应用ACEI和ARB有别于其他患者。对于心血管病患者,ACEI和ARB等斑块稳定剂可以在COVID-19全球暴发期间为心血管病患者提供额外的保护,应正常使用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎引起肝损伤的致病机制及病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者的防护策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)蔓延至全球多个国家,疫情期间部分患者表现出肝损伤。为了提高病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者对COVID-19的认识,加强疫情期间患者的自我防护和疾病管理,针对COVID-19引起肝损伤的致病机制及该类患者合理防疫、规范就医、科学用药等方面进行探讨和建议,以保证病毒性肝炎的常规管理,降低该类人群感染风险。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的肝损伤

目前,新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染导致的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19),已在我国及全球70余国家迅速蔓延,成为全世界高度关注的公共卫生事件。2019-nCoV感染后除发热和呼吸道症状外,常出现不同程度的肝损伤。综述了COVID-19相关肝损伤的临床特征、病理、致病机制及治疗策略,以期为COVID-19的防治提供临床决策参考。     

Etiology and management of liver injury in patients with COVID-19

The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has resulted in global emergence. With the expansion of related research, in addition to respiratory symptoms, digestive system involvement such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have also been reported with COVID-19. Besides, abnormal liver function is also frequent in biochemical tests of COVID-19 patients, which is correlated with the severity and mortality of the disease course. The etiology of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 might include viral immunologic injury, drug-induced liver injury, the systemic inflammatory response, hypoxic hepatitis, and the exacerbation of preexisting liver disease. Although liver injuries in COVID-19 are often transient and reversible, health workers need to pay attention to preexisting liver disease, monitor liver function, strengthen supportive treatment, and reduce the chance of drug-induced liver injury. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, etiology, management, and preventive strategies for liver injury in patients with COVID-19.     

COVID-19 and comorbidities of hepatic diseases in a global perspective

The worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged the priorities of healthcare system in terms of different clinical management and infection transmission, particularly those related to hepatic-disease comorbidities. Epidemiological data evidenced that COVID-19 patients with altered liver function because of hepatitis infection and cholestasis have an adverse prognosis and experience worse health outcomes. COVID-19-associated liver injury is correlated with various liver diseases following a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that can progress during the treatment of COVID-19 patients with or without pre-existing liver disease. SARS-CoV-2 can induce liver injury in a number of ways including direct cytopathic effect of the virus on cholangiocytes/hepatocytes, immune-mediated damage, hypoxia, and sepsis. Indeed, immediate cytopathogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 via its potential target, the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor, which is highly expressed in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, renders the liver as an extra-respiratory organ with increased susceptibility to pathological outcomes. But, underlying COVID-19-linked liver disease pathogenesis with abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) is incompletely understood. Hence, we collated COVID-19-associated liver injuries with increased LFTs at the nexus of pre-existing liver diseases and COVID-19, and defining a plausible pathophysiological triad of COVID-19, hepatocellular damage, and liver disease. This review summarizes recent findings of the exacerbating role of COVID-19 in pre-existing liver disease and vice versa as well as international guidelines of clinical care, management, and treatment recommendations for COVID-19 patients with liver disease.     

Interaction between hepatitis B virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has become a global pandemic and garnered international attention.The causative pathogen of COVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),a novel,highly contagious coronavirus.Numerous studies have reported that liver injury is quite common in patients with COVID-19.Hepatitis B has a worldwide distribution as well as in China.At present,hepatitis B virus(HBV)remains a leading cause of cirrhosis,liver failure,and hepatocellular carcinoma.Because both viruses challenge liver physiology,it raises questions as to how coinfection with HBV and SARS-CoV-2 affect disease progression and mortality.Is there an increased risk of COVID-19 in patients with HBV infection?In this review,we summarize the current reports of SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfection and elaborate the interaction of the two diseases.The emphasis was placed on evaluating the impact of HBV infection on disease severity and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and discussing the potential mechanism behind this effect.     

Liver injury in COVID-19: A minireview

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has escalated into a global tragedy afflicting human health, life, and social governance. Through the increasing depth of research and a better understanding of this disease, it has been ascertained that, in addition to the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 can also induce injuries to other organs including the liver. Liver injury is a common clinical manifestation of COVID-19, particularly in severe cases, and is often associated with a poorer prognosis and higher severity of COVID-19. This review focuses on the general existing information on liver injury caused by COVID-19, including risk factors and subpopulations of liver injury in COVID-19, the association between preexisting liver diseases and the severity of COVID-19, and the potential mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the liver. This review may provide some useful information for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies for COVID-19-associated liver injury.     

Liver disease and COVID-19: The link with oxidative stress,antioxidants and nutrition

Varying degrees of liver injuries have been reported in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In general, oxidative stress is actively involved in initiation and progression of liver damage. The liver metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals. Maintaining the oxidative/antioxidative balance is important in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Antioxidant vitamins, essential trace elements and food compounds, such as polyphenols, appear to be promising agents, with effects in oxidative burst. Deficiency of these nutrients suppresses immune function and increases susceptibility to COVID-19. Daily micronutrient intake is necessary to support anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects but for immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary intake. Antioxidant supplements (β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) could have a potential role in patients with liver damage. Available evidence suggests that supplementing the diet with a combination of micronutrients may help to optimize immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Clinical trials based on the associations of diet and SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Unfortunately, it is not possible to definitively determine the dose, route of administration and best timing to intervene with antioxidants in COVID-19 patients because clinical trials are still ongoing. Until then, hopefully, this review will enable clinicians to understand the impact of micronutrient dietary intake and liver status assessment in COVID-19 patients.     

COVID-19 and pediatric fatty liver disease: Is there interplay?

The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a major health issue with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Besides respiratory symptoms, a growing body of evidence indicates a variety of gastrointestinal manifestations including liver involvement. In this regard, several data supported an association between COVID-19 infection and liver injury in adults, while in children there is compelling but currently limited evidence. In particular, patients with COVID-19 have shown a higher risk of liver injury (mainly expressed as increased transaminase levels or hepatic steatosis). Conversely, a greater risk of more severe forms of COVID-19 infection has been observed in subjects with pre-existing chronic liver diseases. The dramatic interplay between COVID-19 and liver damage has been related to the inflammatory pathways chronically active in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and acutely in those affected by COVID-19, but other different pathogenic mechanisms have also been supposed. Of note, patients with previous metabolic comorbidities also had a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection. This emphasizes the pathogenic interrelation of the inflammatory pathways with a dysregulated metabolic milieu in COVID-19 patients. Taking into account the prognostic role of fatty liver in COVID-19 patients and its intrinsic relationship with metabolic abnormalities even in childhood, a strict monitoring of this condition is recommended. We aimed to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the potential interplay between pediatric fatty liver and COVID-19.     

Differences in clinical characteristics and liver injury between suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients in Jingzhou,Hubei Province of China

To evaluate the clinical characteristics and liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and analyze the differences between suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients, this retrospective study was performed on 157 COVID-19 patients and 93 suspected patients who were ultimately excluded from COVID-19 (control patients). Differences in clinical characteristics and liver injury between suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients were analyzed. Age, male sex, fever, chest tightness and dyspnea were related to the severity of COVID-19. C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer may be predictors of the severity of COVID-19. Computed tomography (CT) played an important role in the screening of COVID-19 and the evaluation of disease severity. Multiple factors may cause liver injury in COVID-19 patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be more likely to cause liver injury than common respiratory infectious diseases. Age, temperature (T), white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes (LY), hematocrit (HCT), CRP, and finger pulse oxygen saturation (SpO₂₎ may correlate with liver function impairment and may predict the occurrence and severity of liver function impairment. Some therapeutic drugs (like glucocorticoid) may be involved in the liver function impairment of COVID-19 patients. Most liver function indices improved significantly after active treatment. Although COVID-19 and other common respiratory infectious diseases share some clinical characteristics, COVID-19 has its own characteristics.     

COVID-19-induced transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia: Presentation and outcomes

The risk of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) infection is quite evident. Furthermore, liver function test abnormalities are still detected in COVID-19 patients despite the development of antivirals and the availability of several types of vaccines. This editorial describes liver involvement during COVID-19 infection in patients with or without preexisting liver injury, such as chronic liver disease, to elucidate COVID-19-induced liver function abnormalities and th...     

Outcomes of COVID-19 among patients with liver disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease with multi-organ involvement, including impaired liver function. It has been noticed that a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients have liver dysfunction, especially those with a more severe disease course. The coronavirus causes direct damage to the liver using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a cell-surface receptor for cellular entry, that is expressed in the liver. According to previous research, liver enzyme abnormalities were observed in a considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients, and elevated liver transaminases were found in about 20% of these patients, alkaline phosphatase in 6.1%, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in 21.1%. COVID-19 might trigger a deterioration of liver function in patients with pre-existing chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and also in those without previous liver disorders. The majority of COVID-19 patients who develop liver injury are men, the elderly, and those with a higher body mass index. Compared to the general population, COVID-19 is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disease (cirrhosis and liver transplantation recipients). However, some studies indicate that CLDs have a lesser role in determining patient progression towards higher disease severity.     

Liver injury in COVID-19: Clinical features,potential mechanisms,risk factors and clinical treatments

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a serious threat to global health for nearly 3 years. In addition to pulmonary complications, liver injury is not uncommon in patients with novel COVID-19. Although the prevalence of liver injury varies widely among COVID-19 patients, its incidence is significantly increased in severe cases. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand liver injury caused by COVID-19. Clinical features of liver injury include detectable liver function abnormalities and liver imaging changes. Liver function tests, computed tomography scans, and ultrasound can help evaluate liver injury. Risk factors for liver injury in patients with COVID-19 include male sex, preexisting liver disease including liver transplantation and chronic liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. To date, the mechanism of COVID-19-related liver injury is not fully understood. Its pathophysiological basis can generally be explained by systemic inflammatory response, hypoxic damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and drug side effects. In this review, we systematically summarize the existing literature on liver injury caused by COVID-19, including clinical features, underlying mechanisms, and potential risk factors. Finally, we discuss clinical management and provide recommendations for the care of patients with liver injury.