持续气道正压通气治疗对OSAHS并发冠心病患者的影响

目的:探讨持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)并发冠心病患者的影响。方法:入选26例中重度OSAHS并发冠心病患者,进行睡眠呼吸监测、脉搏波传导速度(PWV)及动态心电图检查,在冠心病治疗基础上进行CPAP治疗4个月,分别于治疗2个月末及4个月末复查PWV、睡眠呼吸监测及动态心电图检查,比较治疗前后睡眠呼吸监测指标、PWV水平、24 h心肌缺血总时间及24 h心肌缺血发作总次数的变化。结果:患者经CPAP治疗2个月和4个月后24 h心肌缺血总时间及24 h心肌缺血发作总次数均减少,PWV水平下降,并且在治疗4个月较治疗2个月后相关指标又有所下降。结论:CPAP治疗可以纠正OSAHS并发冠心病患者低氧血症,使其心肌缺血改善、PWV水平降低,应对冠心病并发中重度OSAHS患者在药物治疗基础上给予CPAP治疗。     

nCPAP 对中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者心肌供血的影响

目的 观察中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与心肌供血的关系,探讨经鼻持续气道内正压通气(nCPAP)治疗对中重度OSAHS患者心肌供血的影响.方法 将明确诊断为中重度OSAHS患者中随机分为持续nCPAP治疗1年以上的长期治疗组(n=32 例),短期治疗组(n=30 例)及对照组(n=31 例).治疗前三组的临床基本特征差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).分别对治疗后的三组患者进行24h动态心电图和睡眠呼吸监测,观察呼吸睡眠暂停-低通气事件、心肌缺血负荷,同时实时观察呼吸暂停-低通气事件和血氧饱和度下降与心肌缺血的关系.结果 对照组中13 例(41.94%)夜间出现心肌缺血发作,心肌缺血负荷为(59.12±7.18)mm·min / h.其与呼吸暂停- 低通气累计持续时间及累计次数呈正相关(r=0.816、0.749,P＜0.01).随着血氧饱和度下降幅度增加,心肌缺血发作次数也增多,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).长期治疗组患者经1年的nCPAP 治疗后夜间心肌缺血发生例数(6.25%、41.94%)及心肌缺血负荷[(1.32±0.78)mm·min / h、(59.12±17.18)mm·min / h],与对照组相比均明显减少,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),与短期治疗组比较差异无明显统计学意义(P＞0.05).在短期组中,仅3 例(10.00%)夜间出现心肌缺血发作,心肌缺血负荷为(2.42±1.43)mm·min / h,与对照组比较,心肌缺血程度减少,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 夜间心肌缺血在中重度OSAHS患者中较多见,且与呼吸暂停- 低通气持续时间、发生次数及血氧饱和度下降幅度有关.无论长期还是短期的nCPAP 治疗都能明显减少中重度OSAHS 患者夜间心肌缺血的发生例数.     

首次CPAP压力滴定对有和无日间嗜睡OSAHS患者的治疗效果差异及分析

目的 探讨首次持续气道正压通气(CPAP)压力滴定对有和无日间嗜睡症状的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者夜间睡眠结构及主观睡眠感受的治疗效果。方法 纳入经整夜多导睡眠图监测确诊的中-重度OSAHS患者[呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥15次/h]136例。首次平均睡眠潜伏期(MSL)<10 min定义为嗜睡组，MSL≥10 min为无嗜睡组。结果 与嗜睡组相比，无嗜睡组年龄大[(45.7±12.2)岁vs.(56.9±12.7)岁],CPAP治疗前睡眠潜伏期长[4.0(1.6,7.0) min vs.8.5(5.1,16.0)min],总睡眠时间短[471.8(455.4,496.8) min vs.441.5(394.2,475.5)min](均P<0.05)。两组间体质指数、腰臀比、共病率(高血压、冠心病、糖尿病)差异无统计学意义。经首次CPAP压力滴定治疗后，两组患者AHI降低，1期睡眠减少，快动眼睡眠期、3期睡眠增加，最低和平均血氧饱和度升高(均P<0.05);嗜睡组MSL延长，无嗜睡组主观入睡后觉醒次数减少(P<0.05);CPAP治疗前...     

中重度OSAHS患者白天小睡与夜间睡眠时Auto-CPAP治疗及压力滴定的对照研究

目的　通过白天小睡与夜间睡眠Auto CPAP治疗时的压力滴定在中重度OSAHS患者中应用的对比研究 ,找出其差异性或规律性 ,同时为中重度OSAHS患者白天Auto CPAP治疗及压力滴定的可行性提供一客观依据。方法　选择 2 0 0 2 - 0 2～ 2 0 0 2 - 0 8北京协和医院呼吸内科门诊中睡眠时打鼾及白天嗜睡、睡眠时憋醒等不适主诉的患者行睡眠监测检查及Epworth嗜睡程度评价并筛选出AHI>2 0的OSAHS患者为研究对象。每位入选患者均于压力治疗滴定检查当日分别行午间及夜晚 2次Auto CPAP治疗滴定检查 ,白天小睡治疗滴定时间为1h至 2h 30min。测定项目包括 :睡眠呼吸紊乱指数 (AHI)、呼吸暂停指数 (AI)、低通气指数 (HI)、最长呼吸暂停和低通气持续时间 (LAHT)、最低甲床血氧饱和度 (LSaO2 )、治疗所需最高压力 (HP)、平均压力 (MP)、90 %压力(90 %P)和 95 %压力 (95 %P)。结果　Auto CPAP诊断治疗系统对于中重度睡眠呼吸暂停低通气患者的午间小睡与夜间治疗的效果显著且效果一致。中重度睡眠呼吸暂停低通气患者白天小睡时所需的治疗压力与夜间治疗时所需要的治疗压力差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　白天小睡Auto CPAP治疗及压力滴定能代替夜晚治疗时的压力滴定检查。     

持续气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征相关性高血压患者症状改善的情况分析

目的:分析持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗对于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)相关性高血压患者生活质量的改善情况。方法:选取中重度OSAHS相关性高血压患者49例进行为期2~4周的CPAP治疗,观察治疗前后24h动态血压监测、多导睡眠图(PSG)、动脉血气分析、Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)、Berlin睡眠评估等5项指标。结果:49例中重度OSAHS相关性高血压患者治疗后,血压[(129.64±8.71)vs.(122.37±9.79)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)]优于治疗前[(147.17±9.33)vs.(144.62±9.03)mm Hg,P0.05];睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)治疗后[(14.62±4.61)低于治疗前(28.71±5.37),P0.05];夜间最低Sa O2治疗后(89.32±11.15)%高于治疗前(80.09±12.72)%、白天Pa O2治疗后(87.63±6.97)mm Hg高于治疗前(77.45±6.71)mm Hg、Pa CO2治疗后(41.12±4.12)mm Hg低于治疗前(43.46±5.32)mm Hg,P0.05;Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)得分和Berlin睡眠质量评估得分(9.21±3.13)vs.(4.61±2.17)低于治疗前(15.68±4.37)vs.(9.45±3.78),P0.05。结论:持续正压通气对OSAHS相关性高血压患者生活质量改善明显。     

冠心病患者心肌缺血与睡眠呼吸紊乱的关系

目的　探讨因胸痛行冠状动脉造影的患者夜间心肌缺血的发生情况及其与睡眠呼吸紊乱的关系。方法　随机选择行冠状动脉造影的患者男性 82例 ,女性 14例 ,进行整夜睡眠监测及动态心电图 (Holter)检查 ,观察睡眠呼吸紊乱 (氧减饱和≥ 4 %及呼吸暂停或低通气 )、心率及 ST段下降情况。结果　 37% (36 / 96 )的患者夜间发生 ST段下降 ,17% (16 / 96 )的患者至少有一次的 ST段下降出现在呼吸暂停或氧减饱和发生后 2 min之内。与呼吸事件有关联的 ST段下降的比率为 2 1% (41/ 195 ) ,并且此种 ST段下降在男性患者及较严重的呼吸紊乱患者中更为常见(P<0 .0 5 )。 73% (30 / 4 1)这样的 ST段下降之前都有一系列的呼吸事件 :反复的呼吸暂停和 /或氧减饱和。结论　有胸痛病史的患者更容易发生夜间心肌缺血。只有少数患者夜间心肌缺血的发生与睡眠呼吸紊乱之间有暂时性的关联 ,且更易发生在男性及较严重的睡眠呼吸紊乱患者之中     

夜间持续气道正压通气有助于降低中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征伴高血压患者的收缩压

背景阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)与高血压相关,持续气道正压通气(CPAP)可有效改善OSAS患者的睡眠情况,但在血压控制方面的效果尚存争议。目的探究CPAP在中重度OSAS合并高血压患者血压控制中的作用。方法选取阜外心血管病医院高血压诊治中心2010年9月至2014年9月诊断为中重度OSAS合并高血压患者117例进行回顾性分析(失访31例),其中对照组65例,只给予常规降压药物治疗;CPAP治疗组52例,除常规药物治疗外加用CPAP治疗。每3月随访1次,2014年10月1日截止,对照组随访(41.95±22.18)月,CPAP组随访(39.43±24.74)月(P0.05)。比较两组患者血压变化情况,分析CPAP对OSAS合并高血压患者血压的影响。结果除糖尿病比例外,两组患者基本情况的差异无统计学意义,CPAP组呼吸暂停低通气指数、氧减饱和度指数更高。经过治疗后,CPAP组收缩压下降较对照组更明显[(12.6±18.1)比(4.5±16.8)mm Hg,P=0.02],但两组舒张压下降的差异无统计学意义[(10.0±12.4)比(6.9±15.0)mm Hg,P=0.23],并且治疗组增加降压药种类的患者明显少于对照组(2.0%比20.3%,P0.01)。结论 CPAP可在药物治疗基础上进一步降低中重度OSAS合并高血压患者的收缩压。     

持续气道正压通气对冠心病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者血压和昼间嗜睡的影响

目的:探讨持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对冠心病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者血压和昼间嗜睡的影响.方法:入选24例冠心病合并中重度OSA的患者(简称CPAP组),进行1个月的CPAP治疗加最优化的药物治疗;同时选择24例匹配的患者作为对照组,仅给予最优化的药物治疗.基线时记录所有患者的人口学特征、多导睡眠监测的数据等.治疗1个月后,复查两组患者的诊室血压、心率、Epworth嗜睡评分等.结果:与对照组相比,CPAP组舒张压降低,两组的变化值比较差异有统计学意义(CPAP组Δ-5.1±6.5 vs对照组Δ-0.8±6.0(P=0.023);并改善Epworth嗜睡评分(CPAP组Δ-5.2±3.1 vs对照组Δ-0.5±3.2,P<0.001).结论:对于最优化药物治疗的冠心病合并中重度OSA的患者,1个月的CPAP治疗可以显著降低晨起舒张压,改善昼间嗜睡.     

持续气道正压通气治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血管内皮功能及自主神经调制的影响

目的 探讨即时及长期持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)治疗对于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者血管内皮功能及自主神经调制的影响.方法 共有23例呼吸暂停/低通气指数(apnea/hypopnea index,AHI)≥15次/h的OSAHS患者[AHI (58.8±28.4)次/h]纳入该研究.所有受试者均为男性,年龄为(43.2±10.7)岁,体质量指数为(33.7±8.3) kg/m2.该研究采用动脉增加指数(AAI)作为血管内皮功能的测量指标、心率变异(HRV)及血压变异(BPV)的各频谱成分作为自主神经调制的评价指标,对纳入研究的受试者接受整夜及长期(6个月)的CPAP治疗后其血管内皮功能及自主神经的变化进行评价.结果 整夜CPAP治疗时:睡眠前后AAI、HRV及BPV各成分均无显著改变；与无CPAP治疗时相比,睡眠后的HRVLF(60.8±10.4 vs 69.8±13.8,P＜0.001)、HRV LF/HF(2.4±1.1vs 3.8±1.8,P＜0.001)及BPV LF(66.5±11.6 vs 78.5±14.8,P＜0.001)有显著降低,HRV HF(29.5±11.7 vs20.7±9.7,P＜0.05)有显著升高,而AAI无显著变化.6个月CPAP治疗后:与治疗前相比,睡眠前的AAI(8.1±1.8 vs12.8±2.3,P＜0.001)显著降低,HRV LF(58.3±9.7 vs 63.4±11.5,P＜0.05)、HRV LF/HF(2.0±0.8 vs 2.5±1.2,P＜0.05)及BPV LF(60.5±12.1vs67.7±13.2,P＜0.05)显著降低,HRV HF(35.5±9.8 vs 28.8±10.1,P＜0.05)显著升高；但若停止CPAP治疗1个晚上,则晨起血压升高、自主神经功能紊乱仍会发生,但与6个月前未CPAP治疗时相比均有所减缓.结论 整夜CPAP治疗除了可降低OSAHS患者的晨起血压升高,还可显著改善晨起自主神经紊乱,而长期有效CPAP治疗可显著改善基础内皮功能及自主神经调制,并可减缓OSAHS患者对阻塞性呼吸事件的心血管反应,因而可降低心血管疾病发生率、改善心血管预后.     

持续气道正压通气治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者体脂率和血脂的影响

目的评价持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者体脂率及血脂的影响及其机制。方法选择2014年1月~2015年1月在解放军总医院南楼心内科经睡眠呼吸监测确诊的老年OSAHS患者126例,计算体质量指数(BMI)和体脂率,同时抽血检测TG、LDL-C、HDL-C及高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等指标。所有患者接受CPAP治疗6个月,到期后再次通过多导睡眠呼吸监测复测呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)、BMI、体脂率及TG、LDL-C、HDL-C和hs-CRP。结果 OSAHS患者CPAP治疗6个月后,最低SaO2较治疗前明显升高[(94.07±2.15)%vs(74.54±7.82)%,P=0.001],而AHI、体脂率、LDL-C和hs-CRP水平则较治疗前明显降低[(5.88±2.36)次/h vs(27.61±7.38)次/h,P=0.001;(26.51±1.77)%vs(31.62±3.21)%,P=0.008;(2.04±0.55)mmol/L vs(3.75±0.81)mmol/L,P=0.005;(4.48±1.03)mg/L vs(6.73±1.65)mg/L,P=0.009]。结论 OSAHS患者因夜间低氧引起体内炎性因子分泌增多而造成血脂异常,CPAP治疗能够有效纠正OSAHS导致的间歇性低氧,有助于减轻炎性反应,从而降低体脂率和LDL-C。     

Automatic sleep analysis--II. Determination of sleep stages

The presented automatic sleep analysis is based on the time courses of the mean amplitudes of EEG (delta, beta and alpha bands), EMG and motility and specific patterns (spindles, REMs, delta waves greater than 40 microV) detected automatically. The interindividual variability of the parameters is taken into consideration by interactively determining the threshold levels. Sleep stages are classified for every epoch using context free decision rules according to the manual of Rechtschaffen and Kales. The resulting cyclograms are smoothed and corrected using context sensitive rules which considers the successive epochs and the probability of stage transitions.     

Weak association between sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea. A sleep laboratory study

Purpose

No definitive associations or causal relationships have been determined between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH) and sleep bruxism (SB). The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a population reporting awareness of both OSAH and SB, the associations between each specific breathing and jaw muscle event.

Methods

Polysomnography and audio–video data of 59 patients reporting concomitant OSAH and SB history were analyzed. Masseteric bursts after sleep onset were scored and classified into three categories: (1) sleep rhythmic masticatory muscle activity with SB (RMMA/SB), (2) sleep oromotor activity other than RMMA/SB (Sleep-OMA), and (3) wake oromotor activity after sleep onset (Wake-OMA).

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analyses were performed. Dependent variables were the number of RMMA/SB episodes, RMMA/SB bursts, Sleep-OMA, and Wake-OMA; independent variables were apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), arousal index(AI), body mass index(BMI), gender, and age.

Results

Although all subjects had a history of both SB and OSAH, sleep laboratory results confirmed that these conditions were concomitant in only 50.8 % of subjects. Moderate correlations were found in the following combinations (p?<?0.05); RMMA/SB episode with AI, RMMA/SB burst with AI and age, Sleep-OMA burst with AHI, and Wake-OMA burst with BMI.

Conclusions

The results suggest that (1) sleep arousals in patients with concomitant SB and OSAH are not strongly associated with onset of RMMA/SB and (2) apnea-hypopnea events appear to be related to higher occurrence of other types of sleep oromotor activity, and not SB activity. SB genesis and OSAH activity during sleep are probably influenced by different mechanisms.

     

Relationship between sleep bruxism and sleep respiratory events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Purpose

Both obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and sleep bruxism (SB) are commonly related to arousal events. In this study, we examined the effect of SB on the sleep architecture and investigated the relationship between SB and sleep respiratory events in patients with OSAS.

Methods

Patients with OSAS (n?=?67) in whom apnea/hypopnea occurred five or more times per hour were recruited to this study. Healthy volunteers (n?=?16) were recruited as controls. None of the healthy volunteers had any sleep disorders or medical disorders, nor had they taken any medication or alcohol. Data were collected by standard polysomnography during overnight sleep tests in a dark, quiet room.

Results

The frequency of SB was higher in the OSAS than in the control group. The risk of SB was significantly higher in the OSAS than in the control group (odds ratio, 3.96; 95 % confidence interval, 1.03–15.20; P?OSAS than in the control group.

Conclusions

We found that patients with OSAS have a high risk of SB. In particular, this is the first report relating phasic-type SB to obstructive apnea events. This relationship suggests that improvement in OSAS might prevent exacerbations of SB.     

Prevalence of sleep disturbances: Sleep disordered breathing,short sleep duration,and non-restorative sleep

Recently, interest in sleep disturbances, such as sleep disordered breathing (SDB), short sleep duration, and non-restorative sleep (NRS), has been increasing. The potentially large public health implications of sleep disturbances indicate a need to determine their prevalence in a general population. This review describes the characteristics of population-based sleep cohorts from past to present. Unavoidable methodological and baseline characteristic heterogeneity was found between studies. The prevalence of SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), or oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥5/h) was 24.0–83.8% in men and 9.0–76.6% in women, and that of moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI, RDI, or ODI ≥15/h) was 7.2–67.2% in men and 4.0–50.9% in women. Additionally, the prevalence of SDB in post-menopausal women was 3–6 times higher than in pre-menopausal women. The prevalence of subjective short sleep duration (<6 h) was 7.5–9.6%, while that of objective short sleep duration (<6 h) was 22.1–53.3%. The prevalence of NRS was 19.2–31.0% in men and 26.3–42.1% in women, as determined from studies using a yes-no questionnaire, while a multi-national survey using a telephone-based expert system showed a wide range of prevalence between countries, from 2.4% to 16.1%. An association between SDB, short sleep duration, and NRS has recently been suggested. To gain a better understanding of the burden of sleep disturbances, a consensus on the definition of several sleep disturbances is needed, as methodological heterogeneity exists, including SDB scoring rules, subjective versus objective data collection for short sleep duration, and the definition of NRS itself.     

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome promotes reversal albuminuria during sleep

Introduction  

Sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) may induce albuminuria during sleep which could reflect one of the possible pathogenetic mechanisms regarding cardiovascular risk.     

Electrocardiogram-based sleep analysis for sleep apnea screening and diagnosis

Sleep and Breathing - Despite the increasing number of research studies of cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) analysis, an electrocardiogram-based technique, the use of CPC in underserved population...