氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀、低分子肝素联合应用治疗急性冠脉综合征疗效观察

目的观察氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀、低分子肝素联合治疗急性冠脉综合征（ACS）的临床疗效。方法将75例ACS病人随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上加服氯吡格雷75mg/d、阿托伐他汀10mg/d;同时皮下注射低分子肝素5000U,每12h1次,连续7d。治疗前后观察心绞痛发作频率、心电图ST段位移、部分活化凝血活酶时间（APTT）等。结果治疗组用药后心绞痛发作频率由（8.3±2.1）次/月减为（1.8±1.4）次/月（P〈0.01）;ST段位移由（1.70±1.13）mm降为（0.37±0.71）mm（P〈0.01）;APTT用药前后比较无统计学意义。对照组治疗前后各指标比较无统计学意义。两组间心绞痛发作频率、ST段位移治疗后比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论对ACS病人,尽早联合应用氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀、低分子肝素治疗,可以减少心绞痛发作频率。     

氯吡格雷联合应用他汀类药物药效及副反应观察

目的观察氯吡格雷药效及副反应是否因为合用他汀药物而受到影响。方法124例临床诊断不稳定型心绞痛（UA）患者均给予氯吡格雷300 mg顿服,继75 mg/d,随机分为合用氟伐他汀80 mg/d组、合用阿托伐他汀10mg/d组和对照组,给药前及治疗2周后分别测定其血小板聚集率和血常规。结果患者血小板聚集率均明显降低,与治疗前比较,差异有显著性,3组血小板聚集率降低幅度无显著性差异,3组均未发现中性粒细胞及血小板计数减少患者。结论联合应用氟伐他汀或阿托伐他汀后,氯吡格雷药效及副反应未受影响。     

氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀对不稳定型心绞痛患者IL-6、hs—CR及预后的影响

目的探讨氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀对不稳定型心绞痛患者白介素6（IL-6）、超敏c反应蛋白（hs．CRP）及预后的影响,为治疗及预测预后提供指导依据。方法将60例不稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,对照组予阿司匹林、关托洛尔、硝酸甘油、钙拮抗剂和低分子肝素等常规抗心绞痛治疗,观察组在对照组用药基础上给予阿托伐他汀及氯吡格雷治疗。比较两组治疗后心绞痛症状改善程度、心电图改善情况、治疗前后hs．CRP、IL-6水平及6个月后两组不良心血管事件发生率。结果治疗后观察组心绞痛症状改善程度与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（M=1．998,P=0．0042）;心电图疗效评价,两组比较差异有统计学意义（M=1．948,P=0．0075）。治疗后两组hs．CRP、IL-6水平均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组比对照组下降更明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随访6个月,观察组不良心血管事件发生率（3．3％）明显低于对照组（20．0％）（P〈0．05）。结论氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀联用治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效确切,能降低hs-CRP、IL-6水平,预防心血管事件的发生,明显改善预后,值得临床推广应用。     

低分子肝素钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛临床疗效观察

目的观察低分子肝素钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效。方法选择我院不稳定型心绞痛患者58例,在常规抗心绞痛治疗同时加用低分子肝素钙4100U,皮下注射1次/12h,7d为1个疗程,观察治疗前、后临床症状,心电图变化,用药前、后测定凝血时间（TT）,凝血酶原时间（PT）,部分凝血酶原时间（AFTT）。结果治疗后显效35例（60．3%）,有效18例（31．0%）,总有效率达91．3%,各型心绞痛治疗前、后心电图ST段间差异均有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）。54例患者治疗前、后TT、APTT、PT间差异均有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。无明显出血等不良反应。结论低分肝素钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效显著,使用安全、方便。     

替罗非班治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛临床观察

目的 探讨血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛的有效性和安全性.方法 将＞60岁＜80岁确诊为不稳定型心绞痛（高危组）的138例患者随机分为2组,对照组66例给予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、低分子肝素、硝酸酯类及其他常规治疗,试验组72例在以上治疗基础上加用替罗非班,48 h持续静脉泵入.观察两组心绞痛症状缓解情况和心电图ST段变化,记录用药后48 h、1周、1个月心脏不良事件包括顽固性心绞痛、心肌梗死、心源性猝死及出血等不良反应发生.结果 与对照组相比,试验组心绞痛缓解有效率高,心电图压低ST明显改善（P＜0.05）,心脏不良事件发生率降低.两组均无严重不良反应,轻微出血反应试验组略高于对照组,但无统计学意义.结论 在阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、低分子肝素基础上加用替罗非班治疗老年不稳定型心绞痛安全、有效.     

国产氯吡格雷治疗不稳定型心绞痛合并代谢综合征

目的 观察国产氯吡格雷治疗不稳定型心绞痛合并代谢综合征的临床疗效.方法 依据国产氯吡格雷用药方法不同,将235例不稳定型心绞痛合并代谢综合征患者随机分为4组.观察4组患者临床疗效,24 h心肌缺血总时间、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(PTINR)、部分活化的凝血活酶时间(APTT).结果 国产氯吡格雷组临床疗效观察,加用国产氯吡格雷组均明显优于未加用氯吡格雷组.24 h心肌缺血总时间,加用国产氯吡格雷组均明显短于未加用氯吡格雷组.PTINR及APTT用药前后比较,用药后明显优于用药前,加用国产氯吡格雷及低分子肝素组均明显优于其他组.结论 国产氯吡格雷治疗不稳定型心绞痛合并代谢综合征临床疗效、24 h心肌缺血总时间、PTINR、APTT疗效确切.     

氯吡格雷联合瑞舒伐他汀钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效观察

目的观察氯吡格雷片联合瑞舒伐他汀钙片治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效。方法将不稳定型心绞痛患者112例随机分为观察组和对照组,每组56例,对照组给予常规治疗和氯吡格雷片口服,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用瑞舒伐他汀钙片,观察治疗前及治疗3个月后两组患者临床疗效、胆固醇、甘油三酯及血小板水平变化。结果治疗3个月后观察组有效率为96.43%,对照组有效率为89.28%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者的心绞痛发作频率及持续时间均较治疗前明显改善,且治疗后观察组与对照组比较改善更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后观察组患者总胆固醇、甘油三酯均较治疗前降低,且治疗后观察组与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷联合瑞舒伐他汀钙片治疗不稳定型心绞痛有一定临床疗效。     

氯吡格雷、阿司匹林与低分子肝素治疗不稳定型心绞痛的近期疗效观察

目的探讨氯吡格雷和阿司匹林与低分子肝素联合治疗不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）的近期疗效和安全性。方法UAP患者113例,随机分成两组,各组均给予硝酸酯类、β受体阻滞剂及降脂类药。Ⅰ组（对照组）给予口服阿司匹林每天100mg,皮下注射低分子肝素钙5000U,1次/12h疗程7d。Ⅱ组（观察组）在Ⅰ组基础上给予口服氯吡格雷75mg,1次/d。随访30d。结果Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组总有效率分别为78%和93%,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,随访30d,Ⅱ组急性心脏事件低于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。两组均无严重出血等不良反应。结论氯吡格雷和阿司匹林与低分子肝素联合治疗UAP安全有效,并可降低心脏事件发生。     

他汀类药对氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的影响

目的 前瞻性评价普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀对氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的影响.方法 人选连续1015例急性冠状动脉综合征或稳定性心绞痛行冠状动脉造影和(或)支架术患者,分为普伐他汀组(228例)、氟伐他汀组(179例)、阿托伐他汀组(481例)和对照组(127例).比较各组术后支架内血栓发生率、不同浓度(2、5、10、20 μmol)二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的1 min(ADP-1)、5 min(ADP-5)和最大血小板聚集力(ADP-M)及其影响因素.结果 4组患者基础临床情况(除年龄、高血压及冠状动脉造影复查率外)和冠状动脉病变和(或)支架术情况相似,术后支架内血栓发生率(普伐他汀组0.9%、氟伐他汀组1.1%、阿托伐他汀组1.0%、对照组0.8%,P>0.05)和ADP-1、ADP-5、ADP-M与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).多因素回归分析显示,年龄(B=0.21,P=0.001)、氯吡格雷总量(B=7.30,P=0.002)及低分子肝素的使用(OR=6.71,P=0.01)是影响氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的独立决定因素.结论 普伐他汀、氟伐他汀和阿托伐他汀对氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用无明显影响,而年龄、氯吡格雷总量及低分子肝素使用是决定氯吡格雷抗血小板作用的独立因素.     

氯吡格雷治疗不稳定型心绞痛40例疗效观察

目的探讨氯吡格雷在不稳定型心绞痛的治疗中的作用。方法选择80例患者,分为氯吡格雷组(40例)和对照组(40例)。对照组给予低分子肝素,阿斯匹林及抗心绞痛药物治疗,治疗组在上述治疗基础上给予氯吡格雷首次量300mg,以后75mg/d连续6个月。结果治疗组观察6个月的终点事件、心绞痛发作频率少,发作时ST段改善等优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氯吡格雷治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效显著,而且安全。     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治健康教育现状调查

目的 调查湖南省岳阳市城区小学生血吸虫病防治知识、行为现状及健康教育需求情况,为制定科学有效的小学生血吸虫病健康教育方案提供参考依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取岳阳市城区洞庭湖湖畔学校和中心城区学校各2所,每所再从五、六年级分别抽取2个班的学生,通过调查问卷了解小学生血吸虫病相关知识、预防行为及健康教育需求,并进行统计分析。结果 共调查湖畔小学353人、中心城区小学363人,两组学校小学生年龄、性别、年级构成差异无统计学意义（t=-0.494,χ²_性别=1.615,χ²_年级=2.152;P均>0.05）。学生血吸虫病防治知识总知晓率为42.60%（305/716）,其中,湖畔学校小学生血防知识知晓率（52.97%）高于中心城区（32.51%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=30.661,P<0.05）;学生行为正确率为76.68%（549/716）,血防知识知晓组行为正确率（81.31%）高于不知晓组（71.24%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.384,P<0.05）。学生血防知识主要来源于老师（47.49%）;91.90%的学生愿意了解更多的血防知识,最喜欢的血防知识学习方式是参加课外活动（50.42%）。结论 岳阳市城区小学生的血防知识知晓率及行为正确率偏低,对血吸虫病防治健康教育需求较高。建议针对学生开展形式多样的血防健康教育,以增强学生的血吸虫病防护意识,提高自我防护能力。     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

Routine diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease in Southern India

AIM:To investigate whether routinely measured clinical variables could aid in differentiating intestinal tuberculosis(ITB)from Crohn’s disease(CD).METHODS:ITB and CD patients were prospectively included at four South Indian medical centres from October 2009 to July 2012.Routine investigations included case history,physical examination,blood biochemistry,ileocolonoscopy and histopathological examination of biopsies.Patients were followed-up after 2 and 6 mo of treatment.The diagnosis of ITB or CD was re-evaluated after 2 mo of antituberculous chemotherapy or immune suppressive therapy respectively,based on improvement in signs,symptoms and laboratory variables.This study was considered to be an exploratory analysis.Clinical,endoscopic and histopathological features recorded at the time of inclusion were subject to univariate analyses.Disease variables with sufficient number of recordings and P<0.05 were entered into logistic regression models,adjusted for known confounders.Finally,we calculated the odds ratios with respective confidence intervals for variables associated with either ITB or CD.RESULTS:This study included 38 ITB and 37 CD patients.Overall,ITB patients had the lowest body mass index(19.6 vs 22.7,P=0.01)and more commonly reported weight loss(73%vs 38%,P<0.01),watery diarrhoea(64%vs 33%,P=0.01)and rural domicile(58%vs 35%,P<0.05).Endoscopy typically showed mucosal nodularity(17/31 vs 2/37,P<0.01)and histopathology more frequently showed granulomas(10/30vs 2/35,P<0.01).The CD patients more frequently reported malaise(87%vs 64%,P=0.03),nausea(84%vs 56%,P=0.01),pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant on examination(90%vs 54%,P<0.01)and urban domicile(65%vs 42%,P<0.05).In CD,endoscopy typically showed involvement of multiple intestinal segments(27/37 vs 9/31,P<0.01).Using logistic regression analysis we found weight loss and nodularity of the mucosa were independently associated with ITB,with adjusted odds ratios of 8.6(95%CI:2.1-35.6)and 18.9(95%CI:3.5-102.8)respectively.Right lower abdominal quadrant pain on examination and involvement of≥3 intestinal segments were independently associated with CD with adjusted odds ratios of 10.1(95%CI:2.0-51.3)and 5.9(95%CI:1.7-20.6),respectively.CONCLUSION:Weight loss and mucosal nodularity were associated with ITB.Abdominal pain and excessive intestinal involvement were associated with CD.ITB and CD were equally common.