4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶对间歇低氧PMN导致的血管内皮细胞损伤的影响

目的 探讨间歇低氧(IH)模式下多形核中性粒细胞(PMN)对血管内皮细胞造成氧化应激损伤的机制,以及抗氧化剂4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(Tempol)对减轻该损伤的作用.方法 通过向低氧仓中循环充入氮气和压缩空气模拟阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者IH病理生理过程,制造IH大鼠模型.将大鼠随机分为IH组、常氧组、IH+ Tempol组、IH十生理盐水(NS)组.IH组最低氧浓度为5％,低氧频率均为30次/h,8 h/d,IH+ Tempol 组及IH+ NS组每天低氧开启前腹腔分别注射Tempol 1 mg/10 g及与Tempol同等体积的NS(已经大鼠体质量校正),常氧组内皮细胞不经过IH处理.大鼠低氧暴露6周后取血分离PMN,将PMN和大鼠动脉内皮细胞共培养后,收集上清液,用ELISA法测过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的浓度.结果 与常氧组比较,IH、IH+ NS及IH+ Tempol组CAT和SOD低,MDA高(P均＜0.05);与IH及IH+ NS组比较,IH+ Tempol 组CAT和SOD高(P＜0.05),MDA低(P均＜0.05).结论 IH环境来源的PMN会对血管内皮细胞造成氧化应激损伤,抗氧化剂Tempol能缓解PMN的氧化应激攻击作用而保护OSA患者血管内皮.     

IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的相关性研究

目的 探讨IL-6、C反应蛋白(CRP)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平与OSAHS的相关性.方法 选取2012年3月至2014年8月在成都市第五人民医院就诊的OSAHS患者72例,根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组和重度OSAHS组,每组24例,另选同期在成都市第五人民医院进行体检的健康者24例作为对照组.使用PSG-HOLTER多导睡眠呼吸监测记录分析系统记录各组患者睡眠呼吸监测指标,并对各组患者IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平进行检查,分析各参数水平与OSAHS的相关性.结果 轻度、中度、重度OSAHS组患者AHI高于对照组(P＜0.05),平均SaO2和最低SaO2小于对照组(P＜0.05);轻度、中度OSAHS组患者AHI、平均SaO2和最低SaO2与中度OSAHS组和重度OSAHS组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);轻度、中度、重度OSAHS组患者IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平高于对照组(P＜0.05);轻度、中度OSAHS组患者IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平和重度OSAHS组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平与AHI呈正相关,与平均SaO2和最低SaO2呈负相关,相关系数分别为r=0.673,0.573,0.669,-0.542,-0.631,-0.603,-0.542,-0.504和-0.583,P＜0.05.结论 OSAHS病情和IL-6、CRP和TNF-α水平具有一定的相关性,对这3种炎性因子的检测有利于了解OSAHS的发生和发展机制.     

不同类型的老年冠心病病人血清CRP与TNF-α、IL-6相关性研究

目的观察老年冠心病不同类型病人中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平变化及其与C反应蛋白(CRP)之间的关系,进一步探讨老年急性冠状动脉综合征的临床预测的炎症指标.方法分别检测27例急性心肌梗死(AMI)病人(AMI组)、26例不稳定型心绞痛病人(UAP组)、52例稳定型心绞痛病人(SAP组),50名正常者(对照组).采用ELASA法测定血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度,免疫浊度分析法测定CRP的浓度.对比分析CRP与TNF-α、IL-6的相关性及各组间的差异.结果 AMI组及UAP组病人CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)和SAP组(P＜0.05).AMI组与UAP组间血清CRP、TNF-α和IL-6比较均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),CRP水平与TNF-α、IL-6呈显著正相关(r=0.547,r=0.448,P＜0.01).结论细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6表达异常是促使急性冠状动脉综合征发生的主要机制之一.老年冠心病病人炎性标志物CRP与TNF-α、IL-6表达异常密切相关,可能是动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定的标志.     

COPD血清脂联素与炎症标志物相关性研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者血清脂联素(APN)与炎症标志物相关性。方法比较COPD稳定期组(稳定组)、急性加重期组(急重组)与正常人(对照组)在APN、CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的差异,分析APN与CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的相关性。结果稳定组和急重组APN、CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α显著高于对照组(P<0.001);急重组APN、CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α显著高于稳定组(P<0.001)。稳定组和急重组APN均与CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α正相关(P<0.05)。结论COPD患者APN与CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α正相关,可作为COPD炎症标志物。     

慢性间歇低氧对大鼠血管内皮功能的影响以及抗氧化剂干预作用

目的 通过测定血清中血管活性物质,探讨慢性间歇低氧(CIH)对大鼠血管内皮功能的影响,以及抗氧化剂4-羟基-2,2,6,6四甲基哌啶(Tempol)的防治作用.方法 将48只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为6组,每组8只,包括常氧对照组(NC组)、间歇低氧组(IH组)和4组间歇低氧Tempol干预及其对照组:IHT1组、IHT2组、IHN1组、IHN2组.IHT1、IHT2组分别为实验前和实验后第28天给予10％ Tempol100mg· kg-1·d-1腹腔注射,IHN1、IHN2组于相同时间给予等量生理盐水腹腔注射.结果 IHT2组与IHN2组比较,ET-1水平显著降低(P＜0.05),NO、eNOS水平升高(P值均＜0.05);但ET-1水平仍高于NC组(P＜0.01),NO、eNOS较其降低(P值均＜0.01).IHT1组ET-1水平低于IHT2组(P＜0.01),NO、eNOS水平较其升高(P值均＜0.01);各指标与NC组差异无统计学意义.IH组与IHN1组、IHN2组相比,各指标差异均无统计学意义.结论 CIH可能通过氧化应激引起血清ET-1、NO含量失衡,导致内皮功能障碍.抗氧化剂Tempol可减轻血管内皮氧化应激损伤,在改善血管内皮功能方面具有一定的意义.     

p38MAPK、CARP在间歇低氧大鼠心肌重塑中的作用

目的 通过构建间歇低氧大鼠模型,检测模型大鼠心肌肥厚指数、心肌组织中p38MAPK、心锚重复蛋白(CARP)蛋白表达量的变化,探讨间歇低氧对心肌重塑的影响.方法 选取健康雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分3组:间歇低氧8周组(IH8)、间歇低氧4周组(IH4)、常氧组(NC)每组8只.测定各组体质量、左心室质量及左室肥厚指数;用免疫组织化学法测定各组心肌组织p38MAPK、CARP蛋白含量,并做HE染色,观察各组心肌组织形态学变化.结果 与NC组大鼠相比,IH4、IH8组大鼠心肌肥厚指数增加,IH8组更为明显(P＜0.05);IH8、IH4组p38MAPK、CARP蛋白表达均较NC组增加,IH8组较IH4组更为明显(P＜0.001);HE染色结果显示IH4、IH8组心肌细胞排列紊乱,IH8组更为明显.结论 间歇低氧与心肌重塑密切相关,p38MAPK通路与CARP的表达上调可能是其发生机制之一.     

瑞舒伐他汀对急性心肌梗死大鼠血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6及组织中caspase-3基因表达的影响

目的探讨瑞舒伐他汀对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及组织中caspase-3基因表达的影响。方法 40只雄性清洁级健康SD大鼠,随机选择10只纳入假手术组(Sham组),另30只以前降支结扎法构建大鼠AMI模型,建模成功后将术后24 h内存活的21只大鼠随机分为模型组(Model组,10只)、瑞舒伐他汀组(11只)。术后Sham、Model组予以1 mg/kg·d生理盐水灌胃处理,瑞舒伐他汀组予以1 mg/kg·d瑞舒伐他汀灌胃处理。4周后,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测3组大鼠血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平,采用免疫组化SP法检测caspase-3基因蛋白阳性水平,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测caspase-3基因mRNA表达情况。结果 Model组、瑞舒伐他汀组大鼠血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平及心肌组织caspase-3蛋白阳性指数、mRNA表达水平均高于Sham组大鼠,而瑞舒伐他汀组大鼠血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平及心肌组织caspase-3蛋白阳性指数、mRNA表达水平均低于Model组大鼠,差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论瑞舒伐他汀可明显降低急性心肌梗死大鼠血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平,抑制心肌纤维化,下调心肌组织中caspase-3基因表达,从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡,改善大鼠心肌功能。     

运动干预对负性情绪刺激老年大鼠皮质酮、C反应蛋白、白介素6及肿瘤坏死因子的影响

目的 探讨运动干预对负性情绪刺激SD老年大鼠血清皮质酮(COR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响.方法 采用对老年大鼠负性情绪刺激,然后进行运动干预实验设计,观察血清COR、CRP、IL-6和TNF-α含量变化.结果 3 w负性情绪刺激后COR、IL-6、CRP升高非常显著,TNF-α显著升高;运动干预降低负性情绪导致的IL-6、TNF-α、CRP高水平状态.结论 负性情绪刺激促使老年大鼠产生炎症免疫抑制.适宜运动具有抗炎作用.     

乌司他丁对内毒素血症大鼠心肌TOLL样受体4表达的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导心肌TOLL样受体4(TLR4)受体表达的影响及与炎症反应的关系.方法 选取8周龄的雄性SD大鼠32只,分成四组:正常对照组,内毒素血症组(LPS组),LPS+乌司他丁组,LPS+地塞米松组.除正常对照组以外,其余三组给予脂多糖8 mg/kg大鼠阴茎静脉注射,LPS+乌司他丁组与LPS+地塞米松组分别同时给予乌司他丁2.5万/kg、地塞米松5 mg/kg;正常对照组给予同量的生理盐水,3h后断头取血并取心肌液氮保存;ELISA法测血浆TNF-α的水平;放免法测定心肌组织中AngⅡ水平;RT-PCR法测定心肌组织TLR4 mRNA表达;免疫组化法和蛋白免疫印迹法测心肌组织TLR4含量.结果 (1)LPS组TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平和心肌AngⅡ水平显著增高;与LPS组相比,乌司他丁组TNF-α 、CRP、IL-6和心肌AngⅡ显著降低(2)LPS可明显增加心肌中TLR 4 mRNA及蛋白表达,乌司他丁明显抑制心肌TLR4 mRNA及蛋白的表达.结论 乌司他丁能抑制LPS诱导大鼠心肌的炎症反应.乌司他丁能降低LPS诱导大鼠的心肌TLR4 mRNA及蛋白的表达.乌司他丁可能通过降低TLR4水平抑制LPS诱导的炎症反应.     

黄芪注射液联合胰岛素疗法对糖尿病大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6表达的影响

目的 观察黄芪注射液联合胰岛素疗法对糖尿病(DM)大鼠血清血糖、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响,探讨链脲酶菌素(STZ)诱导的DM大鼠是否产生低度炎症以及黄芪联合胰岛素疗法对DM这种低度炎症的治疗效果.方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、胰岛素组、黄芪组和黄芪联合胰岛素组.除正常组外,其他组大鼠STZ腹腔注射制备DM模型.治疗8 w周后,腹主动脉取血,测定血清中血糖、IL-6以及TNF-α的水平.结果 与正常组相比,模型组、黄芪组大鼠血糖、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显升高(P＜0.05),而黄芪组、胰岛素组、黄芪联合胰岛素组血清血糖、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显低于模型组(P＜0.05),且黄芪联合胰岛素组血糖、IL-6、TNF-α值低于黄芪组及胰岛素组(P＜0.05).结论 黄芪联合胰岛素疗法治疗DM具有协同作用,可有效改善DM的高糖和炎症状况.     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.