肝细胞癌癌前病变的诊断和治疗多学科专家共识( 2020版)

肝癌目前占我国癌症死因的第二位。我国肝癌的发病特点大多遵循乙型肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌的“三步曲”模式。癌前病变的筛查在胃癌、大肠癌和宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤的诊治中已取得了显著的成果。肝硬化状态下的不典型增生结节具有较强的恶变潜能,尤其是高级别不典型增生结节癌变率极高。基于国内外在这一领域的研究成果和专家临床经验,《肝细胞癌癌前病变的诊断和治疗多学科专家共识(2020版)》经多学科协作对肝脏高级别不典型增生结节作为肝癌的癌前病变,从概念、筛查、诊断、治疗和随访等各方面进行了归纳和界定,旨在提出和建立肝癌癌前病变的概念和诊疗原则,为降低我国肝癌的发病率和提高肝癌的总体治疗效果作出贡献。     

肝硬化结节多步癌变的病理及影像学表现

肝细胞癌(HCC)发生之前存在从再生结节(RN)、低级不典型增生结节(LGDN)、高级不典型增生结节(HGDN)、以及HCC病变逐渐演化过程,这些结节有不同的组织学特征。不典型增生可认为是HCC的癌前病变。影像学检查是区分这些结节的较敏感的方法。随着功能性成像技术(例如CTP、DWI、PWI、MRS等)的进展以及大量MR对比剂的应用,将有望在肝硬化结节的诊断中发挥重要作用并明显地有助于癌前病变的识别。     

肝细胞癌癌前结节影像学特征的研究进展

肝细胞癌(HCC)发生是一个多步骤过程,在其发展中检测出HCC癌前病变和进展期HCC,对预测肿瘤行为、判断病变程度、采用最佳治疗策略、改善患者生存至关重要。肝脏成像技术的快速进展和广泛应用,尤其是肝细胞特异性对比剂钆塞酸二钠MRI(Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI)可提供肝结节血管变化、肝细胞功能信息,能够精确区分肝硬化再生结节、低度异型增生结节、高度异型增生结节、早期HCC(early HCC)和HCC,从而进行恶性进展的风险度分层。现综述Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI在HCC早期诊断中的价值,分析HCC多步发展过程中的关键概念,以及癌前病变最终可能转化成典型HCC的影像学表现。     

磁共振磁敏感加权成像在肝硬化结节多步癌变中的临床应用

肝癌早期发现,早期治疗,明显提高5年生存率。肝硬化患者,绝大部分均经历肝硬化结节多步癌变的过程,即由再生结节发展为异型增生结节,其中高分化异型增生结节发展为癌变结节后（早期肝癌）,再发展为小肝癌,小肝癌最后发展成进展期或晚期肝癌。上述结节的一系列变化过程中,其结节内内源性铁逐步廓清,本文重点介绍利用磁共振磁敏感加权成像（SWI）技术观察结节中内源性铁变化情况,同时结合常规MRT2W1、弥散加权成像（DWI）和动态增强等技术,提高识别肝硬化背景下的癌变／早期肝癌结节能力,从而对进一步提高早期小肝癌的诊疗,具有更重要的临床意义。     

李京涛诊治肝癌癌前病变经验探析

正肝细胞癌(HCC)是我国高发病率和高死亡率的消化道恶性肿瘤,我国每年HCC的新发病例及死亡病例均占世界50%以上~([1])。"肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌"是肝病进展的三部曲,我国80%～90%的HCC发生在纤维化、肝硬化的基础上~([2,3])。而在肝硬化-肝癌的恶变过程中,存在一个较长时间的肝癌癌前病变阶段,肝癌癌前病变是肝脏良性病变向恶性病变过渡的中间阶段。如能及早发现和诊断,采用中西医结合或中医的方法进行     

肝癌癌前病变相关癌基因及抑癌基因研究进展

原发性肝癌的早期诊断与治疗,仍是亟待解决的难题之一,肝癌癌前病变的深入研究在肝癌的早期防治方面有重要意义。一般认为在慢性肝病中出现的肝细胞不典型增生、腺瘤样增生、肝细胞再生结节、肝小多角细胞增生、肝细胞小管状化生、卵圆细胞增生和旱獭中的变异肝细胞灶,与肝细胞癌变的演化过程关系密切,因此,被认为属于肝癌癌前病变的范畴。肝癌的发生发展涉及多个癌基因和抑癌基因的参与,目前发现至少有９种癌基因及相关基因（Ｎ－ｒａｓ、Ｃ－ｍｙｃ、Ｃ－ｅｔｓ－２、Ｐ５３、Ｃ－ｆｍｓ、ＩＧＦ－Ⅱ、ＩＧＦ－ⅡＲ、ＴＧＦ－α、Ｒ…     

MR扩散加权成像纹理分析鉴别肝硬化背景下不典型强化的小肝癌和增生结节

目的探讨基于磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)的纹理分析鉴别诊断肝硬化不典型强化小肝癌(sHCC)和增生结节(DNs)的价值。方法回顾性分析术前MRI动态增强不典型强化、手术标本病理学证实的单发肝硬化结节(≤2 cm)患者59例的资料,其中不典型强化sHCC 37例,DNs 22例。分析病灶的DWI信号特征,测量病灶的平均表观扩散系数(ADC)值、病灶与肝实质ADC比值。采用MaZda软件手工勾画感兴趣区,提取病灶DWI的纹理参数,采用Fisher系数、分类错误概率联合平均相关系数、交互信息三者联合的方法选择30个最佳纹理参数集合。使用原始数据分析、主要成分分析、线性判别分析和非线性判别分析进行纹理分类。采用独立样本t检验比较sHCC与DNs组间ADC值、ADC比值的差异,计数资料(或率)的比较采用χ2检验。采用ROC曲线分析评估诊断效能。结果DWI高信号鉴别不典型强化sHCC与DNs的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为94.6%(35/37)、68.2%(15/22)及84.7%(50/59)。不典型强化sHCC的ADC比值显著低于DNs,差异存在统计学意义(t=2.99,P=0.002);诊断不典型强化sHCC的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为73.0%(27/37)、72.7%(16/22)及72.9%(43/59)。DWI纹理分析诊断不典型强化sHCC的灵敏度、特异度及准确度为94.6%(35/37)、95.5%(21/22)及94.9%(56/59)。DWI纹理分析的诊断效能(AUC=0.94)显著高于DWI高信号(AUC=0.81)及ADC比值(AUC=0.72)。结论基于DWI的纹理分析可以鉴别肝硬化背景下不典型强化的小肝癌和增生结节,其效能优于定性及定量DWI。     

中医药防治肝癌前病变的研究进展

肝癌前病变是病理学上介于肝硬化和肝癌之间的一种病理状态,主要表现为肝组织非典型增生,是肝硬化发展到肝癌的必经过程。近年来,我国学者对于肝癌前病变的治疗做了一些研究,笔者就中医药防治肝癌前病变的实验研究和临床研究方面作一综述。 1 实验研究 1.1 单味中药及有效成分 1.1.1 草苁蓉及其提取物 草苁蓉为列当科草本植物,具有补肾壮阳、润肠止血等功效。有文献报道,草苁蓉具有清除自由基,抗脂质过氧化作用。沈明花等观察了草苁蓉提取     

中医药防治肝癌癌前病变的研究现状

<正>肝癌癌前病变是指病理上易发生癌变的肝组织异常表现。肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌是肝病演进的"三部曲"。研究证实肝癌的发生、发展是一个多阶段的过程,在肝硬化-肝癌的恶性演进过程中会经历一个较长的肝癌癌前病变时期~([1,2])。研究肝癌癌前病变的形成机制,进行中医药防治肝癌癌前病变的临床和实验研究,具有重大的社会和医疗价值。笔者对近年来肝癌癌前病变的中医药研究进展进行综述。     

超声造影在肝癌早期诊断及射频消融治疗中的应用价值

肝细胞癌的早期发现及有效治疗对提高患者生存率至关重要。建立简便有效的早期诊断、普查方法及流程,并进行微创有效的治疗,是提高我国肝癌诊治水平的重要课题。介绍了超声造影在肝癌早期诊断及射频消融规范化治疗中的重要作用。叙述了超声造影对肝硬化背景下的小肝癌及其分化程度的判断,以及增生癌变及癌前病变的鉴别诊断。指出超声造影技术在射频规范化治疗以及治疗方案﹑策略制订方面的重要作用,阐明其可应用于射频治疗前、治疗中及治疗后。     

Latest developments in precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocarcinogenesis in human chronic liver diseases is a multi-step process in which hepatic precancerous lesions progress into early hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and progressed HCC, and the close surveillance and treatment of these lesions will help improve the survival rates of patients with HCC. The rapid development and extensive application of imaging technology have facilitated the discovery of nodular lesions of ambiguous significance, such as dysplastic nodules. Further investigations showed that these nodules may be hepatic precancerous lesions, and they often appear in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although the morphology of these nodules is not sufficient to support a diagnosis of malignant tumor, these nodules are closely correlated with the occurrence of HCC, as indicated by long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, the rapid development and wide application of pathology, molecular genetics and imaging technology have elucidated the characteristics of precancerous lesions. Based on our extensive review of the relevant literature, this article focuses on evidence indicating that high-grade dysplastic nodules are more likely to transform into HCC than low-grade dysplastic nodules based on clinical, pathological, molecular genetic and radiological assessments. In addition, evidence supporting the precancerous nature of large cell change in hepatitis B virus-related HCC is discussed.     

中国结直肠癌及癌前病变内镜诊治共识（2023，广州）

结直肠癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率和死亡率均保持上升趋势，2020年中国结直肠癌新发病例55.5万例，死亡病例28.6万例，严重威胁人民生命健康。大量的研究和实践已经表明结直肠癌筛查和早诊早治可以有效降低结直肠癌的死亡率。因此，中华医学会消化内镜学分会结直肠学组牵头，联合国内消化、消化内镜以及消化病理专家共同制订了本共识，本共识主要从定义及术语、结肠镜筛查实施、结直肠癌及癌前病变早期诊断、治疗及术后注意事项和随访5个方面分别进行了阐述，以期为我国结直肠癌及癌前病变内镜诊治的规范开展提供参考，提高我国结直肠癌防治效果。     

The vascular profile of regenerative and dysplastic nodules of the cirrhotic liver: implications for diagnosis and classification.

We investigated the angiogenic phenotype of regenerative and dysplastic hepatocellular nodules to assess whether these lesions have distinct vascular profiles compared with the adjacent nonneoplastic or malignant liver. Forty-three liver nodules surgically removed from 18 patients were classified into regenerative and dysplastic categories. Serial sections of each nodule, adjacent cirrhotic liver (16 patients), and associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (6 patients), have been immunostained against CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) to detect capillary and muscular vessels. The study included 20 large regenerative nodules (LRNs), 13 low-grade dysplastic nodules (LGDNs), and 10 high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs). The number of both capillary units and unpaired arteries was significantly increased in HGDNs and malignant lesions over LGDNs, regenerative, and cirrhotic nodules (P <.01), which showed an overlapping vascular profile. In addition, the number of capillary units, but not that of unpaired arteries, was significantly increased in HCC compared with HGDNs (P <.01). These results show that certain angiogenic features segregate HGDNs from other nonmalignant nodules such as LRNs and LGDNs. The former group of lesions is similar to HCC whereas the latter group is undistinguishable from the adjacent cirrhosis as far as their vascular profile is concerned. The adopted investigative approach does not support the morphological distinction between LRNs and LGDNs although it suggests that HGDNs are likely advanced precursors of HCC. An abnormal number of capillary units and/or unpaired arteries in a nonmalignant hepatocellular nodule can be diagnostically helpful to identify a precancerous lesion.     

Hepatic precancerous lesions and small hepatocellular carcinoma

Precancerous lesions that may be detected in chronically diseased, usually cirrhotic livers, include: clusters of hepatocytes with atypia and increased proliferative rate (dysplastic foci) that usually represent an incidental finding in biopsy or resection specimens; and grossly evident lesions (dysplastic nodules) that may be detected on radiologic examination. There are two types of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (defined as HCC that measures less than 2 cm): early HCC, which is well-differentiated and has indistinct margins; and distinctly nodular small HCC, which is well- or moderately differentiated, and is usually surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Precise diagnosis of precancerous and early cancerous lesions by imaging methods is often difficult or impossible. Detection of a dysplastic lesion in a biopsy specimen is a marker of increased risk for HCC development, and warrants increased surveillance. High-grade dysplastic nodules and small HCCs should be treated by local ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplantation.     

Assessment of tumor vascularization with functional computed tomography perfusion imaging in patients with cirrhotic liver disease

BACKGROUND:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common malignant tumor in China,and early diagnosis is critical for patient outcome.In patients with HCC,it is mostly based on liver cirrhosis,developing from benign regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules to HCC lesions,and a better understanding of its vascular supply and the hemodynamic changes may lead to early tumor detection.Angiogenesis is essential for the growth of primary and metastatic tumors due to changes in vascular perfusion,blood volume and pe...     

Advanced precancerous lesions in the liver

We will focus on precursors of the most common liver cancer, i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which takes place in 90% of cases in a hepatitis/cirrhotic setting. High grade dysplastic nodules (HG-DN) are small sizable nodules and the most advanced precancerous lesions of the liver, with a risk of malignant transformation of about 30–40% at 24 months. We will survey the diagnostic distinction between them and early HCC from a clinical, radiological and pathological point of view. The use of a diagnostic algorithm supported by international guidelines is the best practice to manage HG-DN and early HCC. There is no typical imaging for HG-DN, needing all of them to be biopsied for characterization. The natural history of HG-DN is not predictable in individual cases and additional markers should be validated to increase the diagnostic accuracy and predict the behaviour. The treatment of HG-DN is under investigation.     

中国早期胃癌筛查共识在不同地区医院的应用

目的评估2014年《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见》关于胃癌高危人群筛查在不同地区的适用性及有效性。方法选取2018年1月至2018年6月就诊于安阳市人民医院和航天中心医院消化内科的患者,通过问卷调查方式采集胃癌相关高危因素信息,根据《共识意见》分为高危组及低危组,经胃镜及病理检查确认,比较两组患者胃癌、癌前疾病及癌前病变的检出情况,并分析胃癌高危因素。结果384例患者根据《共识意见》分为胃癌高危组265例(69.0%)、低危组119例(31.0%)。高危组患者胃癌、癌前病变检出率均为9.4%(25/265),显著高于低危组胃癌(1.7%,2/119)和癌前病变检出率(3.4%,4/119)(P<0.01),《共识意见》对胃癌的敏感性为92.6%,特异性为32.8%;高危组患者问卷调查中危险因素符合项数主要体现为2~3项,其中胃癌前疾病史及不良饮食习惯是胃癌发病的独立危险因素。结论2014年《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见》在不同地区医院内筛查胃癌高危人群的适用性相同,其敏感性高而特异性及总符合率较低。与其他高危因素相比,既往癌前疾病史、吃饭速度快及饮食不规律与胃部疾病相关性更高。