苦参碱对白血病HL-60细胞增殖、凋亡及其Bcl-2mRNA、Survivin mRNA表达的影响

目的观察苦参碱在体外对急性早幼粒白血病HL-60细胞增殖抑制及诱导凋亡的作用,并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法体外培养HL-60细胞至对数生长期,分别以苦参碱（苦参碱组）、顺铂（顺铂组）和药物溶媒（对照组）处理,MTI＇法检测细胞生长抑制率、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及周期变化,RT．PCR法检测Bcl-2mRNA、SurvivinmRNA表达。结果与对照组比较,苦参碱组细胞生长抑制率、凋亡率及G,期细胞比例增高,Bcl．2mR—NA、SurvivinmRNA表达均下调,且呈明显的浓度依赖性（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论苦参碱体外可抑制急性早幼粒白血病HL-60细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与下调凋亡基因Bcl一2、Survivin表达有关。     

转染Zbtb7a基因对人胃癌SGC7901细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其机制

目的 观察转染Zbtb7a基因对人胃癌细胞系SGC7901增殖及凋亡的影响,并探讨其机制.方法 将pcDNA3.1-Zbtb7a和pSilencer 3.1-H1-mk用Lipofectamine2000转染SGC7901细胞,采用RT-PCR和Western Blot法检测MK mRNA及蛋白表达,CCK-8试剂盒和平板克隆法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪Annexin V-PI染色检测细胞凋亡.结果 转染Zbtb7a后,SGC7901细胞中MK表达水平明显升高,细胞增殖能力明显增强（P＜0.05）,并且0.5ng/mL TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡受到抑制（P＜0.05）.Zbtb7a高表达后干扰MK的表达,细胞增殖及克隆能力则明显降低（P＜0.05）,TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡数也明显增加（P＜0.05）.结论 Zbtb7a可以通过上调MK的表达,促进SGC-7901细胞增殖以及抑制TRAI诱导的细胞凋亡.     

二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷对苦参碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化后对苦参碱诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的影响.方法 MTT法观察苦参碱(分0.8、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 g/L组)及PDTC联合苦参碱对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用.将HepG2细胞随机分为细胞对照组、PDTC组(20μmol/L)、苦参碱组(1.5 g/L)和PDTC+苦参碱联合组,流式细胞仪和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧三磷酸尿苷缺口末端标记法检测细胞凋亡;电泳迁移率改变实验检测细胞核内NF-κB的活化水平.结果 PDTC增强了苦参碱对细胞增殖的抑制作用(F=183.92,P＜0.01).苦参碱同时具有诱导HepG2细胞凋亡和NF-κ B活化的作用;PDTC能显著增加苦参碱诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡和抑制苦参碱诱导的HepG2的NF-κB活化,细胞凋亡率由6.11%±0.81%增加至12.95%±0.02%(χ2=9.67,P＜0.05),NF-κB活化的灰度值由38.82±0.17降至32.01±0.69(χ2=10.38,P＜0.05).结论 苦参碱诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的同时激活NF-κB;PDTC可通过抑制NF-κB活化,增强苦参碱诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的作用.     

苦参碱诱导人前列腺癌pc-3m细胞凋亡及对骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨苦参碱治疗前列腺癌的可行性及机制.方法 将一定浓度梯度的苦参碱与人前列腺癌细胞株pc-3m孵育后,采用MTT法及流式细胞仪检测细胞增殖与凋亡变化,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测pc-3m中骨桥蛋白基因(OPN mRNA)表达水平.结果 苦参碱作用后pc-3m生长明显受抑,且呈时间-浓度依赖性;在流式细胞仪上可见凋亡率增加;pc-3m细胞中OPN mRNA表达阳性,OPN mRNA表达水平明显下调.结论 苦参碱体外能有效抑制pc-3m生长,其机制可能与诱导细胞凋亡、下调OPN mRNA表达有关.     

自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤对顺铂诱导肺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)对顺铂(DDP)诱导肺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响.方法 用MTT法检测药物最适浓度和作用时间,以及不同组肺癌A549细胞增殖率;通过MDC染色法将细胞染色检测自噬空泡的变化;Hoechst33342染色检测细胞形态变化;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率.结果 DDP作用于A549细胞后细胞增殖率明显下降,并在细胞内可见大量自噬空泡及细胞核染色质凝聚.3-MA和DDP联合作用组细胞增殖率较单独应用DDP组明显下降,细胞自噬水平降低,细胞凋亡率明显增加.结论 DDP能诱导肺癌A549细胞发生自噬和凋亡,而抑制自噬可以促进DDP诱导的细胞凋亡.     

苦参碱对胰腺癌CFPAC-1细胞增殖、凋亡及Hedgehog信号通路的影响

目的:探讨苦参碱对人胰腺癌CFPAC-1细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其可能的分子机制.方法:应用MTT法检测苦参碱对人胰腺癌CFPAC-1细胞增殖的抑制作用,流式细胞仪分析细胞的凋亡率,Western blot法检测苦参碱对Hedgehog(Hh)通路中Ptch、Smo、Gli-l、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响.结果:MTT实验显示:经浓度为0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、4.00 mg/mL的苦参碱作用6、12、24、48 h后,苦参碱对CFPAC-1细胞的生长抑制作用呈明显的浓度依赖性和时间依赖性(P0.05),其中24 h的IC50为1.266 mg/mL.FCM分析显示与对照组(8.2367%±1.685%)比较,不同浓度苦参碱作用24 h后CFPAC-1细胞的凋亡率分别11.3867%±0.4652%、13.6167%±0.5785%、17.0433%±0.72501%、23.8700%±3.31107%、46.1333%±1.61398%,均高于对照组(P0.05).其中除药物浓度为0.25 mg/mL与0.50 mg/mL浓度组比较时,无统计学意义(P0.05),余浓度组两两对比均有统计学意义(P0.05).Western blot结果显示:1.00 mg/mL苦参碱作用24 h后,CFPAC-1细胞的Bcl-2、Gli-l、Ptch、Smo蛋白表达均显著低于阴性对照组(F值分别为:15.557,8.745,24.386,12.768,P0.05).结论:苦参碱能够有效地抑制胰腺癌细胞的增殖并促进其凋亡,其机制可能与Hh通路及其下游的Bcl-2有关.     

玉竹提取物B对人食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖与凋亡的影响

目的观察玉竹提取物B（EB-PAOA）对人食管癌细胞Eca-109增殖与凋亡的影响。方法将体外培养的Eca-109细胞与不同浓度的EB-PAOA共育,采用MTT法检测Eca-109细胞增殖抑制率,采用流式细胞仪检测Eca-109细胞凋亡率。结果随着EB-PAOA浓度增大、作用时间延长,Eca-109细胞的增殖抑制率逐渐升高（P均〈0.05）,呈时间、剂量依赖性;随着EB-PAOA浓度增加,Eca-109细胞凋亡率逐渐增加,呈一定浓度依赖性（P均〈0.05）。结论EB-PAOA能够抑制人食管癌细胞Eca-109的增殖,并诱导其凋亡。     

鬼臼毒素纳米脂质载体诱导永生化人宫颈上皮细胞凋亡的作用及机制

目的 研究鬼臼毒素纳米脂质载体(POD-NLC)对永生化人宫颈上皮细胞(H8 细胞)的凋亡诱导作用及机制.方法 采用超声乳化法制备POD-NLC,分别以不同质量浓度(0.000 1、0.001、0.01、0.1、μg/ml)的POD-NLC和鬼臼毒素(POD)处理H8细胞,采用MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率,流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率,荧光显微镜和透射电镜观察细胞形态变化.结果 POD-NLC和POD干预后均能抑制HB细胞增殖,且呈时间和剂量依赖性,在同一时间相同浓度条件下,POD-NLC干预后细胞增殖抑制率明显高于POD干预后;0.01μg/ml的POD-NLC干预H8细胞24、48 h后细胞凋亡率均明显高于POD.POD-NLC和POD干预H8细胞48 h后,荧光显微镜和透射电镜下观察均出现核固缩、染色质高度凝聚、凋亡小体等典型的凋亡形态改变.结论 与POD相比,POD-NLC对H8细胞具有更强的增殖抑制和凋亡诱导效果,其机制可能为POD经NIC包裹后对组织的黏附性增大,更易黏附于细胞表面,细胞内的药物浓度提高.     

隐丹参酮对U937细胞的生长抑制作用及机制

目的探讨隐丹参酮对U937细胞的生长抑制作用及其作用机制。方法以不同浓度的隐丹参酮作用于体外培养的U937细胞,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率,收集药物作用48 h后的细胞行AnnexinⅤ染色,并通过流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率和细胞周期,JC-1法检测细胞线粒体膜电位的变化,RT-PCR法检测细胞凋亡前后Bcl-2表达水平的变化。结果隐丹参酮可显著抑制细胞生长及诱导细胞发生凋亡,显示出明显的量—效与时—效关系。FCM检测结果表明,不同浓度的药物作用于48 h后,随药物浓度增加细胞凋亡率逐渐升高,亚G1期细胞逐渐增多,线粒体膜电位逐渐下降。RT-PCR结果表明,Bcl-2表达水平显著下降。结论隐丹参酮能抑制U937细胞的生长及诱导细胞发生凋亡,降低线粒体膜电位及Bcl-2水平可能是其重要作用机制之一。     

苦参碱对大鼠肝星状细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究苦参碱对体外培养肝星状细胞(HSC)增殖与凋亡的影响,探讨苦参碱抗肝纤维化作用机制。方法用0.125、0.25、0.5mgml的苦参碱分别处理HSC细胞系rHSC99和肝细胞株HL770224h后,MTT比色法检测细胞增殖,AnnexinVFITCPI双染色流式细胞分析法检测早期细胞凋亡,TUNEL法原位检测DNA断裂,透射电镜观察形态改变。结果①苦参碱对HSC增殖有明显的抑制作用,且作用呈剂量依赖性;苦参碱对肝细胞增殖有促进作用,但促增殖作用不随浓度增加而增强。②AnnexinVFITCPI双染色流式细胞分析:对照组、苦参碱0.125mgml组、0.25mgml组、0.5mgml组凋亡率分别为0.99%±0.45%、5.00%±0.98%、13.6%±2.19%、17.2%±2.17%,差异有显著性(F=63.14,P<0.05)。苦参碱处理组细胞TUNEL检测发现DNA断裂,透射电镜下见核仁消失,染色质浓缩并凝聚成团块状,沿核膜排列。结论苦参碱可抑制HSC增殖、诱导HSC凋亡,可能是其抗肝纤维化机制之一。     

Characterization of MTHFR,GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 genotypes in childhood acute leukemia

The role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T), glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1 null, GSTP1 Ile105Val), and cytochromes p450 (CYP1A1*2A) genotypes in the etiology of childhood leukemia was simultaneously investigated. 144 Turkish children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 33 with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were studied and compared with 185 healthy pediatric controls. The frequency of MTHFR genotype was insignificantly higher in ALL (7.7%) and ANLL (6.3%) than in controls (4.4%). Equal distribution of the GSTM1 null genotype was detected between ALL patients and controls (55%), while its incidence was slightly higher in ANLL patients (61.3%). Although GSTT1 null genotype was insignificantly lower in ALL patients (20.9%) than controls (22.7%), it was significantly underrepresented in ANLL patients (6.5%) (P = 0.05, OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05-1.03). The homozygous frequency of GSTP1 genotype did not differ significantly between groups of ALL (3.7%), ANLL patients (9.1%) and controls (4.9%). Homozygous CYP1A1*2A genotype was underrepresented in ALL patients (1%) as compared to control (4.8%) but the differences did not reach to statistical significance (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.03-1.72). Homozygosity for this genotype was not detected in ANLL patients. No particular association was noted between different combinations of combined genotypes and risk of development of childhood ALL and ANLL. These results suggested that there are no significant associations between the studied genotypes and the risk of developing either form of acute leukemia except GSTT1 null and homozygosity for CYP1A1 genotypes that may play protective roles in the development of ANLL in Turkish children.     

PICCO指导重症急性胰腺炎早期液体复苏的效果评价

目的 探讨脉搏连续心排血量（PICCO）指导早期液体复苏对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床意义。方法 选择我院消化科自2013年1月～2015年1月收治并应用PICCO指导早期液体复苏的37例SAP患 者作为PICCO组，同期选择应用中心静脉压（CVP）指导液体复苏的39例SAP患者作为对照组，比较两组48h内液体出入量、血管活性药物使用时间，以及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间和28天病死率。并应用受试者工作特征性（ROC）曲线分析28天病死率的危险因素。结果 共有76例患者入选，其中男41例，年龄58.76±13.84岁。两组间年龄、性别比例、入院血糖、血乳酸、血肌酐、氧和指数、平均动脉压、APACHE II 评分均无显著差异（P>0.05）。PiCCO组患者的0～6h补液量明显多于对照组（P<0.05），而6～72h补液量较对照组明显减少（P＜0.05）。PICCO组患者的血液净化率、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间均显著减少（P<0.05），但是两组患者应用血管活性药物的比例、导管相关感染率和28天病死率均无显著差别（P>0.05）。ROC曲线发现年龄（AUC 0.71, 95% CI, 0.63～0.76，P=0.03）和APACHE II评分（AUC 0.78, 95% CI, 0.67～0.91，P=0.02）为预测28天病死率的重要因素。结论PiCCO可以精确指导SAP患者早期液体复苏，并减少机械通气时间和ICU住院时间。     

Analysis of HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 haplotypes in Sardinian centenarians

Some genetic determinants of longevity might reside in those polymorphisms for the immune system genes that regulate immune responses. Many longevity association studies focused their attention on HLA (the human MHC) polymorphisms, but discordant results have been obtained. Sardinians are a relatively isolate population and represent a suitable population for association studies. Some HLA-DR and DQ alleles form very stable haplotypes with a strong linkage disequilibrium. In a previous study on Sardinian centenarians we have suggested that HLA-DRB1 *15 allele might be marginally associated to longevity. HLA-DR,DQ haplotypes are in strong linkage disequilibrium and well conserved playing a role in the association to diseases. Hence, we have evaluated, by amplification refractory mutation system/polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) the HLADQA1 and HLA-DQB1 allele frequencies in 123 centenarians and 92 controls from Sardinia to assess whether the association to HLA-DRB1 *15 allele may be due to the other genes involved in the HLA-DR,DQ haplotypes. The frequencies of HLA-DQA1, DQB1 haplotypes were not significantly modified in centenarians. Nevertheless by evaluating the frequency of DRB1 *15 linked haplotypes, we observed a not significant increase in centenarians of HLA-DQA1 *01, DQB1 *05 and HLA-DQA1 *01,DQB1 *06 haplotypes. These data suggest that these haplotypes might have a role in determining life span expectancy and longevity.     

The polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, HYL1*2, and XRCC1, and aflatoxin B1-related hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi population, China.

AIM: High incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Guangxi, China, are primarily due to heavy aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure via corn and groundnut consumption. This study was designed to examine the polymorphisms associated of three carcinogen-metabolizing genes (namely: GSTM1, GSTT1, and HYL1*2) and one DNA-repair gene (namely: XRCC1), and investigate their role as susceptibility markers for HCC. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 257 cases of cancer and 649 hospital-based age, sex, ethnicity, and hepatitis B virus infection-matched controls to examine the role of genetic polymorphisms of four genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, HYL1*2, and XRCC1) in the context of HCC risk for the Guangxi population. Genomic DNA isolated from 2ml whole blood was used to genotype GSTM1, GSTT1, HYL1*2, and XRCC1 by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS: GSTT1-null genotype was not significantly associated with the risk of HCC, but GSTM1-null genotype [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.59-3.31], HYL1*2 genotypes with 113 His allele (namely: YH/HH, adjusted OR=2.55, CI=1.78-3.65), and XRCC1 genotypes with 399 Gln allele (namely: AG/GG, adjusted OR=2.47, CI=1.72-3.54) increased the HCC risk. Compared with those individuals who did not express any putative risk genotypes as reference (OR=1), individuals featuring all of the putative risk genotypes [GSTM1-null, HYL1*2-YH/HH, and XRCC1-AG/GG] did experience a significantly greater cancer risk (adjusted OR=10.83, CI=5.44-21.59, P(interaction)<0.01). Additionally, the risk of HCC did appear to differ more significantly among individuals featuring risk genotypes and high-level or long-term AFB1 exposure, whose adjusted ORs (CIs) were 52.44 (17.51-157.08) and 326.93 (38.58-2770.52), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that carcinogen metabolism and DNA-repair pathways may simultaneously modulate the risk of HCC for Guangxi population, and, particularly for these having high-level or long-term AFB1 exposure.     

Association analyses of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, NQO1, NAT2, LPL, PRSS1, PSTI, and CFTR with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis in Japan

Background: Excessive consumption of alcohol is involved in the onset of pancreatitis. However, most of heavy drinkers do not always develop chronic pancreatitis. Various genetic factors appear to be involved in these individual differences in onset of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Here we investigated a possible association of alcoholic pancreatitis with polymorphisms of the various genes belong to the phase II detoxification enzymes responsible for metabolism of the oxidative compounds, and the several genes that have relevance to inherited pancreatitis. Methods: The subjects consisted of 53 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, 54 alcoholic patients without pancreatic dysfunction, and 42 healthy individuals. DNA was extracted from the peripheral nucleated blood cells of all subjects and genetic mutations and subtypes were analyzed by the PCR and RFLP methods. We examined the correlation between chronic alcoholic pancreatitis and variants of the phase II detoxification enzymes such as Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1), NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and N-acetyl transferase (NAT2). In addition, genes of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1), pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) were also analyzed. Results: Frequencies of the gene deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in addition to the C-allele frequency of NQO1 tended to be higher in the alcoholic patients with (AlCP) or without pancreatic dysfunction (Alc) than in the healthy controls although the difference was not significant. The NAT2 gene showed no relation with Alc and AlCP patients. PSTI, LPL, PRSS1, and CFTR genes presented no association with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Conclusions: All genes analyzed in the present study lacked association with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. However, the gene deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1, and the C-allele of NQO1 cannot be ruled out for association with alcoholism.     

CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, EPHX1 exons 3 and 4, and NAT2 polymorphisms, smoking, consumption of alcohol and fruit and vegetables and risk of head and neck cancer

Purpose As risk-modifiers of alcohol and tobacco effects, metabolic genes polymorphisms were investigated as susceptibility candidates for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Methods A total of 210 cases and 245 hospital controls, age and gender matched, were genotyped for CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, EPHX1 exons 3 and 4, and NAT2 polymorphisms. A measurement of the biological interaction among two risk factors was estimated by the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results SCCHN risk was associated with high-levels of alcohol intake [OR = 3.50 (95%CI: 1.93–6.35) and OR = 6.47 (95%CI: 2.92–14.35) for 19–30 g/day and >30 g/day, respectively], cigarette smoking [OR = 3.47 (95%CI: 1.88–6.41) and OR = 7.65 (95%CI: 4.20–13.90) for 1–25 and >25 pack-years of smoking, respectively] and low-fruit and vegetables consumption (OR = 2.45; 95%CI: 1.53–3.92). No differences were observed for the genotypes or haplotypes distributions among cases and controls, and no biological interaction emerged from gene–gene and gene–environment interaction analyses. An attributable proportion (AP) due to biological interaction of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.40–0.90) was detected for heavy drinkers with a low intake of fruit and vegetables, and an AP of 0.40 (95%CI: 0.10–0.72) resulted forever smokers with low fruit and vegetables consumption. Conclusions Even in presence of high alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking, a high intake of fruit and vegetables might prevent the development of around one quarter of SCCHN cases. The lack of interaction between the studied polymorphisms and the environmental exposures suggests that chronic consumption of tobacco and alcohol overwhelm enzyme defences, irrespective of genotype.     

胰腺癌组织Shh、Gli1、Sufu、TAK1、p-TAK1蛋白的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨Hedgehog信号通路重要成员Shh、Gli1、Sufu以及TAK1和磷酸化TAK1(p-TAK1)在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理参数的相关性.方法 应用免疫组化法检测38例手术切除的胰腺癌组织及其配对的癌旁胰腺组织中Shh、Gli、Sufu、TAK1、p-TAK1蛋白的表达,分析它们与临床病理参数间的关系及它们相互间的关系.结果 胰腺癌组织Shh、Gli1、Sufu、TAK1、p-TAK1蛋白的表达率分别为86.8％(33/38)、52.6％(20/38)、68.4％(26/38)、55.3％(21/38)、52.6％(20/38),而癌旁胰腺组织中的表达均为阴性.Gli1表达与肿瘤远处转移及临床分期呈正相关(r值分别为0.524、0.361,P值均＜0.05);Sufu表达与患者性别相关(r=-0.378,P＜0.05);TAK1表达与胰腺癌临床分期呈正相关(r=0.468,P＜0.05);p-TAK1表达与临床分期、肿瘤远处转移呈正相关(r值分别为0.418、0.361,P值均＜0.05).胰腺癌组织中Gli1的表达水平与TAK1及p-TAK1呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 Hedgehog信号通路及TAK1途径在胰腺癌的发生、发展中具有一定作用,且两条途径可能存在一定的相互作用.     

Role of CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 genes in the susceptibility to acute leukemias

Acute leukemias (ALs) are heterogeneous diseases. Functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding detoxification enzymes cause inter-individual differences, which contribute to leukemia susceptibility. The CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms in ALL (n = 156) and AML (n = 94) patients and 140 healthy controls were genotyped by PCR and/or PCR-RFLP using blood or bone marrow samples. No association was observed between the GSTT1 gene deletion and patients (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.4-1.7 for AMLs and OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.5-1.6 for ALLs). Patients with ALL and AML had a higher prevalence of the GSTM1 deletions compared to controls but only the difference among adult AML patients (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0-4.2) was statistically significant. The CYP2D6*3 variant allele frequency was lower in the overall acute leukemia patients (0.6%) compared to controls (P = 0.03). CYP2D6*1/*3 genotype frequency also showed a protective association in AML patients (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01-1.7; P = 0.04). We also found a risk association for CYP2E1*5 in ALL and AML (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.4-9.4 and OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.4-10.5, respectively). No association was found for the studied CYP2D6*4, CYP1A1*2A, and GSTT1"null" variants and the risk of acute leuke-mia (ALL or AML). This case-control study suggests a contribution of CYP2E1, CYP2D6, and GSTM1 "null" variants to the development of acute leukemias.     

Expression, regulation, and function of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF-1 binding proteins in blood vessels

The vascular insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 system includes the IGFs, the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and multiple binding proteins. This growth factor system exerts multiple physiologic effects on the vasculature through both endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The effects of IGF-1 are mediated principally through the IGF-1R but are modulated by complex interactions with multiple IGF binding proteins that themselves are regulated by phosphorylation, proteolysis, polymerization, and cell or matrix association. During the last decade, a significant body of evidence has accumulated, indicating that expression of the components of the IGF system are regulated by multiple factors, including growth factors, cytokines, lipoproteins, reactive oxygen species, and hemodynamic forces. In addition, cross-talk between the IGF system and other growth factors and integrin receptors has been demonstrated. There is accumulating evidence of a role for IGF-1 in multiple vascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, angiogenesis, and diabetic vascular disease. This review will discuss the regulation of expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF binding proteins in the vasculature and summarize evidence implicating involvement of this system in vascular diseases.