干细胞移植治疗青光眼的研究进展

青光眼是以视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)丢失导致不可逆性视力减退和视野丧失为特征的退行性视神经病变。干细胞具有全能性和自我更新的特性,干细胞治疗已被证明可用于视网膜退行性疾病的治疗,有望成为青光眼视功能恢复的有效手段。干细胞根据来源可分为胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞和成体干细胞,在青光眼治疗中的移植方式包括前房移植、玻璃体内移植、视网膜下和脉络膜上腔移植。干细胞治疗青光眼的途径主要包括修复受损小梁网以降低眼压,以及替代或修复受损伤的RGC。目前干细胞移植治疗青光眼主要存在操作安全性、致瘤性及免疫排斥等问题。通过提取间充质干细胞外泌体和细胞外囊泡的治疗方式可能是较好的解决途径之一。     

青光眼视神经损伤与修复期待精准的个体化治疗

青光眼是临床上常见的以视神经损害为主要特征的致盲眼病,降低眼压仍是目前治疗青光眼的主要方法,但一些患者眼压虽然得到合理控制,视神经损害却难以恢复,甚至持续发展,因此其病理机制的研究和视神经损害的防治研究一直是近年来青光眼治疗研究的热点.最近随着生物医学研究的快速发展,尽管青光眼视神经损伤和修复的基础研究已经取得了显著进展,青光眼视神经损伤的机制已得到阐明,但是鲜见证据充分的、有确定疗效的临床研究报道.目前基因组学研究、干细胞研究、分子生物学研究、电子技术在医学中的应用研究等取得了长足进步,尤其是大数据时代的到来更为临床上青光眼的神经保护研究奠定了良好的基础.眼科医生应关注大数据信息时代为疾病精准化治疗带来的机遇和挑战,聚焦于青光眼视神经保护的精准个体化治疗,降低青光眼的致盲率.     

干细胞应用在青光眼视神经再生中的研究进展

青光眼以进行性视网膜神经节细胞凋亡为主要病理特征。干细胞的自我复制和多向分化潜能使得人工获得视网膜神经节细胞进行替代治疗成为可能。新近发现的自体睫状上皮干细胞可能成为良好的供体来源，已被证实能向视网膜神经节细胞方向分化，但人工获得的神经元样细胞的功能建立以及神经元轴突的人工导向生长仍有待突破。本文就目前利用干细胞再生视神经，从而治疗青光眼视神经病变的最新研究进展作一综述。     

青光眼视神经保护的治疗现状及进展

青光眼是以视网膜神经节细胞及视神经轴突的丢失为特征的神经变性疾病。现有证据表明眼压升高仅仅是青光眼的许多危险因素之一,很多患者虽然已有效地降低了眼压但疾病仍然处于进展中。本文对青光眼视神经保护相关的药理学方法、基因治疗、免疫调节代谢物和接种疫苗、干细胞疗法和生物能疗法,以及目前相关的药物疗法进行综述,展望青光眼视神经保护治疗新前景。     

钙通道阻滞剂治疗原发性青光眼的研究进展

随着对原发性青光眼发病机制认识的不断深入 ,以降眼压为主的治疗模式正在发生变化。其中钙通道阻滞剂作为治疗原发性青光眼的一类新型药物 ,已得到普遍关注 ,尤其在正常眼压性青光眼的治疗方面具有不可替代的作用。钙通道阻滞剂通过与细胞膜上钙通道结合 ,减少钙离子内流 ,从而扩张血管 ,缓解痉挛 ,改善视神经乳头的血供。另外 ,钙通道阻滞剂还具有功能性拮抗血管内皮素及降低眼压、保护视神经、抑制成纤维细胞粘附和增生等作用。     

干细胞治疗离青光眼患者有多远？-十年干细胞研究的回顾

本文回顾了干细胞与青光眼治疗相关的研究,简要分析了可能的干细胞来源、移植途径以及视神经损害的修复。基于目前的研究现状,探讨了青光眼患者在未来应用干细胞治疗的可能性和面临的风险,为进一步研究提出建议。     

青光眼的视野缺损

青光眼是因眼内压力超越眼球内部组织,特别是视神经所能承受的限度,而引起的视神经萎缩和视野缺损的一类眼病。视野检查是青光眼的常规检查,为早期诊断和密切监测青光眼的发展提供了可能,并为成功的治疗创造了条件。视野缺损是青光眼发展到一定阶段必然出现的结果,是确诊青光眼和观察其治疗疗效的主要指标之一。     

干细胞移植治疗视网膜和视神经变性疾病的现状和进展

不可逆性的视网膜和视神经退行性变会导致视功能严重损伤甚至致盲.近年来,干细胞移植治疗视网膜和视神经损伤的研究进展为组织的修复和再生带来了希望.干细胞既可以用于细胞替代治疗,也可以通过分泌细胞因子发挥神经营养保护作用.胚胎干细胞、间充质干细胞、诱导多能干细胞和Müller细胞等各种来源的干细胞都极具发展前景,为眼科此类难治性疾病提供了丰富的资源.     

青光眼视功能损害及药物治疗研究进展

青光眼是一类以特异性视神经损害和视野缺损为特征的眼病,严重危害患者的视力和生存质量,对青光眼视功能保护的研究对防盲治盲工作具有深远意义,我们就青光眼视功能损害及药物治疗进展进行综述。     

钙通道阻滞剂治疗原发性青光眼的研究进展

随着对发发性青光眼发病机制认识的不断深入,以降眼压为主的模式正在发生变化。其中钙通道阻滞剂作为治疗原发必 光眼的一类新型药物,已得以普遍关注,尤其在正常眼压性青光眼的治疗方面具有不可替代的作用。钙通道阻滞剂通过与细胞膜上 通道结合,减少钙离子内流,从而扩张血管,缓解痉挛,改善神视神经砂的血供。另外,钙通道阻滞剂还具有功能性拮抗血管内皮素及降低眼压、保护视神经、抑制成纤维细胞粘附和增生等作用。     

小梁网的干细胞移植治疗原发性开角型青光眼的研究进展

原发性开角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)是以持续性眼压增高导致视神经损伤为主要临床表现的一种疾病,其发病机制复杂,尚未明确,现阶段临床治疗相对困难。影响眼内压(intraocular pressure,IOP)高低的重要因素是房水引流是否通畅,而房水引流途径中小梁网(trabecular meshwork,TM)起重要调控作用。TM细胞的形态、数量、结构和功能改变均可使房水外流阻力增大,从而导致IOP升高。研究证实诱导多功能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)、骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)和脂肪干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)已被用于TM细胞的分化和再生,为POAG小梁网的干细胞替代治疗提供可靠的细胞来源。近年研究发现,小梁网干细胞(trabecular meshwork stem cells,TMSCs)在分化为TM细胞方面具有绝对优势,为细胞移植治疗青光眼提供新的靶向,这标志着干细胞治疗POAG进入一个新纪元,为青光眼治疗带来新的曙光。本文将对不同种类干细胞的小梁网移植进行综述,为细胞移植治疗POAG提供新思路。     

Research progress of stem cells on glaucomatous optic nerve injury

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness, is an irreversible optic neuropathy. The mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma is undefined at present. There is no effective treatment method for the injury. Stem cells have the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. These two features have made them become the research focus on improving the injury at present. This paper reviews the application progress on different types of stem cells therapy for optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma.     

Neuronal death in glaucoma

Glaucoma is recognized to have its major detrimental effect upon the eye by killing retinal ganglion cells. The process of cell death appears to be initiated at the optic nerve head, though other sites of injury are possible but unsubstantiated. At present the injury at the nerve head seems related to the level of the eye pressure, but its detailed mechanism is as yet unexplained. There is a greater loss of ganglion cells from some areas of the eye, and this feature of glaucoma seems related to the regional structure of the supporting connective tissues of the optic nerve head. Larger retinal ganglion cells have been consistently shown to have somewhat greater susceptibility to injury in glaucoma, though all cells are injured, even early in the process. Ganglion cells die by apoptosis in human and experimental glaucoma, opening several potential areas for future therapies to protect them from dying. Neurotrophin deprivation is one possible cause of cell death and replacement therapy is a potential approach to treatment.     

Mesenchymal stem cells for repairing glaucomatous optic nerve

Glaucoma is a common and complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons. Currently, there is no effective method to address the cause of RGCs degeneration. However, studies on neuroprotective strategies for optic neuropathy have increased in recent years. Cell replacement and neuroprotection are major strategies for treating glaucoma and optic neuropathy. Regenerative medicine research into the repair of optic nerve damage using stem cells has received considerable attention. Stem cells possess the potential for multidirectional differentiation abilities and are capable of producing RGC-friendly microenvironments through paracrine effects. This article reviews a thorough researches of recent advances and approaches in stem cell repair of optic nerve injury, raising the controversies and unresolved issues surrounding the future of stem cells.     

青光眼视神经保护的研究进展

视网膜神经节细胞死亡是青光眼视神经损伤的最终共同通路,阻断视神经损伤通路和增强视神经存活机制的方法称为视神经保护。目前这一研究领域主要包括抗凋亡途径,促红细胞生成素,谷氨酸拮抗剂,钙离子拮抗剂,一氧化氮合酶抑制剂,神经营养因子,自身保护性免疫,抗青光眼药物等方面。将来视神经保护将成为一种重要的青光眼辅助治疗措施     

青光眼与Th1、Th2相关细胞因子研究进展

青光眼是导致不可逆盲的首要原因,包括视野缺损和视神经的慢性退行性病变,如视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)的凋亡和视神经轴突的逐步缺失.目前普遍认为高眼压是青光艰的主要危险因素,降低眼压是减缓青光眼发生和发展的首选治疗方法.近年来发现免疫因素是青光眼视神经损害的非压力依赖性危险因素之一.大部分免疫,甚至非免疫性生物效应都通过细胞因子来调控,而CD4+辅助性T细胞是细胞因子产生和调节的主要来源,其中Th1和Th2相关细胞因子在青光眼的发病机制中起着不可或缺的作用,并关系着RGCs的存活和凋亡.本文就近年Th1和Th2主要的相关细胞因子及Th1/Th2平衡与青光眼潜在关系的研究进展进行综述.     

Differentiation of retinal ganglion cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: a review

Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of axons and the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current glaucoma treatments only slow the progression of RGCs loss. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of differentiating into all three germ layer cell lineages. iPSCs can be patient-specific, making iPSC-derived RGCs a promising candidate for cell replacement. In this review, we focus on discussing the detailed approaches used to differentiate iPSCs into RGCs.     

Gene therapy for optic nerve disease

PURPOSE: There has been recent interest in the potential use of gene therapy techniques to treat ocular disease. In this article, we consider the optic nerve diseases that are potentially most amenable to gene therapy. METHODS: We discuss the recent success of gene transfer experiments in animal models of glaucoma, optic neuritis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and optic nerve transection, and we assess the possibility of using similar techniques to treat human disease in the future. RESULTS: We have achieved highly efficient transfection of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of glaucoma following a single intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV). In our model, we have found that AAV-mediated gene therapy with brain-derived neurotrophic factor has a significant neuroprotective effect compared to saline or control virus injections. Guy and co-workers have successfully used AAV-mediated gene therapy to replace the defective mitochondrial enzyme subunit in cells derived from human patients with LHON. Gene therapy techniques have also shown promise in animal models of optic neuritis and optic nerve trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Human diseases with single-gene defects such as LHON may soon be treated successfully by gene therapy, assuming that vectors continue to improve and are well tolerated in the human eye. Other optic nerve diseases such as glaucoma that do not have a single-gene defect may also benefit from gene therapy to enhance RGC survival. In all cases, the risks of treatment will need to be balanced against the potential benefits.