Arsenic trioxide–loaded, microemulsion-enhanced cytotoxicity on MDAH 2774 ovarian carcinoma cell line

The antiproliferative effect of As(2)O(3)-loaded microemulsion (As(2)O(3)-M) on human MDAH 2774 ovarian cancer cells was compared with a regular solution of the As(2)O(3). We used MDAH 2774 as model cell lines for ovarian cancer. The (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) (XTT) and trypane blue dye exclusion tests were used to evaluate cytotoxicity. Apoptotic effect of solutions was evaluated using cell death detection kit. Standard microemulsion formulation used in this experiment contains 5 x 10(-6) M As(2)O(3). It was clearly demonstrated that As(2)O(3)-M had a significant cytotoxic effect on MDAH 2774 cell line, and the cytotoxic effect of As(2)O(3)-M was significantly higher than that of regular As(2)O(3) solutions. Even approximately 6000 times diluted microemulsion formulation loaded with 5 x 10(-6) M As(2)O(3) showed a cytotoxic effect. As a result, this diluted concentration (approximately 8 x 10(-10) M) was found to be approximately 6000 times more effective than regular As(2)O(3) solutions (5 x 10(-6) M). Moreover, this diluted concentration resulted in 1.5-fold enhancement of apoptosis. According to the in vitro cytotoxicity studies, we concluded that by incorporating As(2)O(3) into the microemulsion (As(2)O(3)-M), which is a new drug carrier system, it is possible to increase antiproliferative effect of regular As(2)O(3) on MDAH 2774 cells. Translating these results to in vivo conditions would open new windows in the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

A small molecule compound inhibits AKT pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Overactivation of AKT1 and gene amplification of AKT2 are frequently detected in ovarian cancer. Activated AKT kinases provide a cell survival signal that may confer resistance to apoptosis induced by conventional therapies in cancer cells. Therefore, development of potent inhibitors that block AKT pathway is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating ovarian carcinoma. METHODS: Ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780, MDAH2774, OVCAR-8, Caov-3, and normal murine fibroblasts (NIH3T3) were used. Cells were treated with different doses of a non-peptide small molecule compound, 9-methoxy-2-methylellipticinium acetate (termed API-59-OME) that potentially inhibit AKT pathway. Kinase assays and the phosphorylation of AKT, GSK-3alpha/beta, PDK1, ERK1/2, SGK, p38, FAK, EGFR, JAK2, PKC isoforms, and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were examined in treated and untreated cell lines. Further, cells treated with API-59-OME were analyzed for induction of apoptosis using sub-G1 profile with propidium iodide staining. RESULTS: API-59-OME inhibited AKT kinase activity but did not inhibit ERK or JNK kinase activities in A2780, MDAH2774, and OVCAR-8 cell lines. API-59-OME did not reduce phosphorylation of other protein kinases in these cell lines. API-59-OME induced apoptosis and the cleavage of PARP in A2780, MDAH2774, and OVCAR-8 ovarian cancer cell lines that express elevated levels of phosphorylated AKT. In contrast, in Caov-3 and NIH3T3 cell lines, which lack constitutive AKT activity, API-59-OME only had minimal effect to induce apoptosis. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that API-59-OME may be a potent agent to target constitutively activated AKT pathway in ovarian cancer cells.     

Inhibition of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by the specific COX-2 inhibitor,NS398, in epithelial ovarian cancer cells

OBJECTIVE: In vitro studies have revealed that treatment of various human cancer cell lines with specific cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors induces apoptotic cell death. It is currently proposed that the combination of COX-2 inhibitors with chemotherapeutic agents improves the efficacy of cancer treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study we sought to determine the effects of combining paclitaxel and the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 on apoptosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells. Two EOC cell lines, SKOV3 and MDAH2774, were exposed to increasing concentrations of paclitaxel (0.1, 10, and 100 microM) and NS398 (10, 100 microM) as well as a combination of both drugs. Apoptosis was evaluated by the Tunel assay. The fluorescein-labeled DNA was visualized directly by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: While NS398 did not significantly alter apoptosis of either EOC cell lines after 24 h of continuous exposure, treatment of both cell lines with paclitaxel resulted in a significant increase in the rate of apoptosis (60-70%). Concomitant treatment of both SKOV3 and MDAH2774 cells with paclitaxel and NS398 resulted in marked impairment of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Similarly, sequential treatment during which both cell lines were treated with NS398 for 4 h, triple-washed, and then exposed to paclitaxel for 24 h resulted in a significant inhibition of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Similar inhibition was seen when NS398 was replaced by aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: Combining COX-2 inhibitors and paclitaxel does not have an additive or synergistic tumoricidal effect. On the contrary, NS398 treatment markedly inhibited the apoptotic effects of paclitaxel in each of these two EOC cell lines.     

Topoisomerase II immunostaining as a prognostic marker for survival in ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate topoisomerase II compared to Ki-67 expression as a marker for tumor behavior and for prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: In order to screen for potential prognostic markers, two groups of patients with advanced stage (FIGO stages III and IV) epithelial ovarian carcinoma were selected based on differences in survival (mean survival, 11 years versus 2 years). Pathology slides were reviewed, and immunohistochemistry using antibodies to topoisomerase II and Ki-67 was performed on the original cell blocks. No patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Detectable expression of topoisomerase II was present in 70.0 +/- 30.3% of cells in patients with rapidly progressing disease, compared to only 12.3 +/- 12.4% of cells in long-term survivors (P = 0.0001). Ki-67 expression was also more frequent in short-term survivors compared to long-term survivors, but the difference was less prominent than with topoisomerase II (P = 0.01). Specificity and sensitivity as prognostic factors reached 88.2 and 93.8% for topoisomerase II, compared to 55.6 and 88.2% for Ki-67. CONCLUSIONS: Topoisomerase II expression as detected by immunohistochemistry in tumor samples emerged as a promising clinically relevant biomarker for survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.     

Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of telomerase activity by arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in endometrial carcinoma cells

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on human endometrial carcinoma cell lines with respect to cytotoxicity and the induction of apoptosis and telomerase expression in vitro. METHODS: Four endometrial carcinoma cell lines (Ishikawa, ECC-1, RL-95-2 and Hec-1B) were treated with increasing concentrations of As2O3. RESULTS: As2O3 inhibited proliferation of all cell lines in a concentration and time-dependent manner (IC50 range of 3-7 microM). Coincident with the inhibition of growth, As2O3 also induced apoptosis in all cell lines as measured by the time-dependent increase in M30 antibody fluorescence (binds a caspase-cleaved epitope of cytokeratin 18) detected by flow cytometry, and reduced telomerase activity by decreasing the hTERT mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: As2O3 may exert anti-tumor effects through the induction of the apoptosis pathway and telomerase and hTERT may play an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects which are observed when endometrial cancer cells are treated in vitro with As2O3.     

Fn14活化凋亡增强人上皮性卵巢癌细胞顺铂敏感度的研究

目的：探讨成纤维细胞生长诱导因子14（Fn14）对人上皮性卵巢癌（epithelial ovarian cancer,EOC）细胞的顺铂（DDP）敏感度的影响及其可能机制。方法：蛋白质印迹（Western blotting）法检测EOC细胞株SKOV3、CAOV3、OVCAR3、ES2、3AO、A2780、A2780/DDP中Fn14蛋白的表达情况,选择低表达Fn14蛋白的细胞株转染Fn14过表达质粒后,观察转染后细胞株的Fn14蛋白、凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3和Bcl-2的表达情况。CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力及DDP半数抑制浓度（IC50）。流式细胞学检测细胞凋亡。结果：人EOC细胞株SKOV3、CAOV3、OVCAR3、ES2、3AO、A2780、A2780/DDP中,A2780/DDP细胞株Fn14蛋白表达水平最低。Fn14过表达质粒转染A2780/DDP细胞后,细胞内Fn14表达水平上调（P＜0.05）;细胞的增殖能力无变化,但细胞DDP的IC50显著降低（P＜0.05）。流式细胞学检测结果进一步显示Fn14可以增加DDP诱导的A2780/DDP凋亡细胞数目。同时,Western blotting结果显示促凋亡蛋白caspase-3表达升高,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达明显下降（P＜0.05）。结论：Fn14可能活化凋亡通路进而提高A2780/DDP细胞对DDP的敏感度。     

三氧化二砷对卵巢癌细胞的生长及化疗敏感性的影响

目的:研究三氧化二砷(As2O3)对人卵巢癌COC1细胞顺铂(cDDP)化疗敏感性的影响,As2O3与cDDP联合作用的效应以及As2O3对COC1细胞的生长抑制效应及机制。方法:四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测不同浓度As2O3、cDDP作用72h对卵巢癌细胞生长的抑制作用,As2O3对顺铂化疗敏感性的影响及两药联合作用的效应。逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹技术(Western blot)分别检测PIK3CA mRNA和AKT、ERK、MMP-2蛋白表达的变化。结果:单独应用As2O3或cDDP和联合用药时卵巢癌COC1细胞生长均受到抑制,并呈浓度依赖关系,联合用药组抑制率明显高于单独用药组(P<0.05);0.08~0.15μmol/L As2O3无明显细胞毒性,不能提高COC1细胞对顺铂的敏感性。各浓度(1、3、8、16μmol/L)As2O3作用24h可以下调AKT、MMP-2蛋白水平(P<0.05),并呈浓度依赖效应,但对ERK蛋白的表达无显著影响。0.5、1、2、4μmol/L As2O3作用4h,PIK3CA mRNA表达分别降低45.03%、53.05%、61.67%和72.91%(P<0.05)。结论:As2O3抑制COC1细胞增殖具有浓度依赖性,与顺铂联用有相加效应,可能与As2O3下调PIK3CA mRNA、AKT、MMP-2蛋白水平等有关。     

siltuximab单克隆抗体对卵巢上皮性癌中白细胞介素6/Stat3信号传导通路的影响

目的 探讨白细胞介素6(IL-6)单克隆抗体--siltuximab对卵巢上皮性癌(卵巢癌)中IL-6/信号传导及转录活化因子3(Stat3)信号传导通路的影响.方法 (1)选取美国哈佛大学麻省总医院近20年来确诊为卵巢癌的26例患者的癌组织标本,每例患者的标本均包含原发性、转移性和复发性癌组织,免疫组化法检测26例卵巢癌患者癌组织中IL-6蛋白的表达;(2)蛋白印迹法检测IL-6、siltuximab联合IL-6处理后卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞中磷酸化Stat3(pStat3)蛋白的表达,以及siltuximab处理后卵巢癌紫杉醇耐药细胞株SKOV3/TR和CAOV3/TR细胞中Stat3介导的抗凋亡蛋白--bcl-XL、MCL-1、survivin蛋白的表达;(3)实时细胞技术检测siltuximab联合IL-6处理后SKOV3-pEGFP-Stat3细胞中pEGFP-Stat3融合蛋白的核转移情况;(4)四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法检测siltuximab处理后SKOV3/TR和CAOV3/TR细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性,以50%抑制浓度(IC50)表示.结果 (1)卵巢癌患者转移性和复发性癌组织中IL-6蛋白的染色强度明显高于原发性癌组织;且转移性和复发性癌组织中IL-6蛋白的阳性表达率[分别为69%(18/26)和77%(20/26)]明显高于原发性癌组织[23%(6/26),P＜0.05].(2)IL-6处理的SKOV3细胞中pStat3蛋白的表达强度明显高于未经IL-6处理者;siltuximab(浓度分别为0.01、0.1、1和10μg/ml)联合IL-6处理后,SKOV3细胞中pStat3蛋白的表达强度随siltuximab浓度的增加明显减弱;经不同浓度(0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10μg/ml)的siltuximab处理后,SKOV3/TR和CAOV3/TR细胞中bcl-XL、MCL-1、survivin蛋白的表达强度均明显低于未经siltuximab处理者.(3)IL-6处理后,pEGFP-Stat3融合蛋白迅速转移到SKOV3-pEGFP-Stat3细胞的细胞核中;siltuximab(浓度分别为0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10μg/ml)联合IL-6处理后,pEGFP-Stat3融合蛋白的核转移随siltuximab浓度的增加逐渐减少.(4)不同浓度的siltuximab(分别为1、10 μg/ml)处理后,SKOV3/TR细胞对紫杉醇的IC50(分别为0.49和0.19μg/ml)明显低于未经siltuximab处理者(0.71μg/ml;P＜0.05);CAOV3/TR细胞对紫杉醇的IC50(分别为0.0010和0.0008μg/ml)明显低于未经siltuximab处理者(0.0021 μg/ml;P＜0.01).结论 siltuximab能有效阻断卵巢癌中IL-6/Stat3信号传导通路,可能对卵巢癌的治疗有重要作用.     

BV6诱导人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡定量蛋白组学研究

目的：通过定量蛋白组学技术探讨Smac类似物BV6影响人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞生长的可能机制。方法：四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法检测各浓度梯度BV6干预SKOV3细胞48 h后的生长抑制率,计算抑制率为50%时的药物浓度为半数抑制浓度（IC50）,以0.05、0.1、0.2 μmol/L BV6进行后续实验;光镜下观察对照组与0.05 μmol/L BV6处理组48 h后的细胞形态变化,应用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（iTRAQ）技术结合液相串联质谱策略筛选差异蛋白并行生物信息分析;蛋白质印迹（Western blotting）检测对照组、不同浓度BV6处理组半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（Caspase-3）的表达。结果：BV6可以抑制SKOV3细胞的生长增殖,且呈剂量依赖性,多组间方差分析及任意组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。按公式计算BV6作用于SKOV3细胞48 h的IC50为0.40 μmol/L。基于发现错误率（FDR）＜1%,对照组与0.05 μmol/L BV6处理48 h组筛选到349个差异蛋白,其中251个蛋白表达上调、98个蛋白表达下调,经生物信息学分析显示差异蛋白与RNA转录、蛋白质翻译、细胞分裂增殖、凋亡信号调节及肿瘤血管生成密切相关。Western blotting结果显示高、中、低浓度BV6干预SKOV3细胞48 h后与对照组相比,Caspase-3蛋白表达增加,其中高BV6组的Caspase-3蛋白表达最高,组间差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论：BV6通过抑制RNA转录、蛋白质翻译进程、细胞分裂增殖及肿瘤血管生成,促进Caspase-3凋亡信号活化介导SKOV3细胞死亡。     

MDR1及MDR3基因沉默逆转卵巢上皮性癌细胞对紫杉醇耐药的实验研究

目的 研究多药耐药基因——MDR1及MDR3基因沉默逆转卵巢上皮性癌（卵巢癌）细胞A2780／taxol对紫杉醇耐药的作用。方法 用真核质粒介导的针对MDR 1及MDR3基因的短发夹状RNA（shRNA）转染A2780／taxol细胞（分别为MDR1组、MDR3组），空质粒转染作为对照（空载体组）。流式细胞仪分别检测细胞早期凋亡、罗丹明123（Rh123）积聚情况，末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸标记法（TUNEL）检测细胞晚期凋亡情况，四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）比色法检测细胞对紫杉醇的半数抑制浓度（IC50），RT-PCR技术检测MDR1及MDR3mRNA的表达，蛋白印迹法（western blot）检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）蛋白的表达。结果转染后，MDR1组及MDR3组A2780／taxol细胞的早期凋亡率分别达（20．21±0．56）％和（10．87±1．24）％。MDR1、MDR3组A2780／taxol细胞内的Rh123平均荧光强度分别为116．6±8．1、98．4±3．8，显著高于空载体组的40．2±1．6，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。TUNEL检测显示细胞发生了晚期凋亡。MDR1、MDR3组A2780／taxol细胞对紫杉醇的IC50明显下降，分别与空载体组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。转染48h后，A2780／taxol细胞中MDR1和MDR3mRNA的表达水平分别下降了（73．3±0．8）％和（51．6±0．4）％；MDR1、MDR3组细胞caspase-3的表达量分别为（80．8±2．6）％、（72．0±4．7）％，均较空载体组增加。结论 MDR1及MDR3基因沉默能恢复A2780／taxol细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性并诱导细胞凋亡，从而逆转A2780／taxol细胞对紫杉醇的耐药性。     

Insulin-like growth factor receptor I targeting in epithelial ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVES: Preclinical evaluation of the anti-neoplastic activity of an insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) kinase inhibitor in ovarian cancer. METHODS: The OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4 cell lines were investigated under serum-free tissue culture conditions. IGF-I and IGF-II production were evaluated by standard ELISA and immunohistochemistry. IGF-IR expression and protein levels were evaluated by Western blotting. Cytotoxicity assays were performed in triplicates using the Alamar colorimetric assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and by Western blotting for PARP. RESULTS: The OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4 cell lines produce IGF-I and IGF-II, and express IGF-IR, detectable by Western blotting, supporting the existence of an autocrine loop. The existence of this loop justified studies of NVP-AEW541, a small molecular weight inhibitor of the IGF-IR kinase. We observed growth inhibition of the ovarian cancer cell lines, with IC50 between 5 and 15 microM. We also observed that NVP-AEW541 sensitized cells to cisplatin in vitro. Western blotting demonstrated that NVP-AEW541 induced apoptosis at the concentrations that were used in the cytotoxicity assays, and decreased the concentration of the phosphorylated AKT signaling protein downstream of the IGF-IR. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-IR is a potential new molecular target in ovarian cancer. The anti-neoplastic activity of NVP-AEW541 in ovarian cancer was observed at concentrations higher than those previously reported for multiple myeloma, suggesting the possibility that a portion of the observed anti-neoplastic activity could involve targets other than the IGF-IR. Experiments are being conducted to investigate the cytotoxicity profile in vivo and the clinical relevance of NVP-AEW541 in ovarian cancer treatment.     

Uptake of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by the JAR human placental choriocarcinoma cell line: comparison with 5-hydroxytryptamine

The aim of this work was to characterize the uptake of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in the JAR human choriocarcinoma cell line. As JAR cells, as well as the placenta, express the neuronal serotonin transporter (SERT), a comparison between the uptake of (3)H-MPP(+) and (3)H-serotonin ((3)H-5HT) was made. Specific uptake of (3)H-MPP(+) (0.2 microM ) was temperature-, Na(+)- and potential-dependent. 5HT and MPP(+) reduced (3)H-MPP(+) specific uptake (for 5HT, its IC(50) was found to be 4 microM ). The SERT inhibitors desipramine and fluoxetine also inhibited (3)H-MPP(+) specific uptake (with IC(50)s of 189 and 0.92 microM, respectively). The inhibitors of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and of the organic cation transporter type 2 (OCT2), corticosterone and decynium22, had no effect on (3)H-MPP(+) specific uptake, but cyanine863 concentration-dependently reduced it (with an IC(50) of 23 microM ). Specific uptake of (3)H-5HT (0.2 microM ) by JAR cells was temperature-, Na(+)- and potential-dependent. 5HT, MPP(+), desipramine and fluoxetine concentration-dependently inhibited (3)H-5HT specific uptake (with IC(50)s of 1.9 microM, 50 microM, 0.17 microM and 0.046 microM, respectively). Corticosterone showed no effect, but decynium22 and cyanine863 significantly reduced(3) H-5HT specific uptake. For cyanine863, its IC(50) was found to be 11 microM. In conclusion, the results suggest that: (1) uptake of (3)H-5HT by JAR cells occurs exclusively through SERT; (2) uptake of(3) H-MPP(+) by JAR cells involves SERT and also another transporter; (3) neither EMT nor OCT2 are functionally present in JAR cells.     

RNA干扰技术阻抑survivin基因表达对子宫颈癌细胞放射和化疗敏感性的影响

目的探讨利用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术阻抑survivin基因的表达,对宫颈癌HeLa细胞放射敏感性和化疗敏感性的影响。方法通过脂质体介导,将含survivin基因小分子干扰RNA的重组真核表达质粒pSilencer2．1-s2、阴性对照质粒pSilencer2．1-NC和空载质粒pSilencer2．1-U6 neo转染宫颈癌细胞系HeLa,获得HeLa-s2、HeLa-NC和HeLa-U6 neo细胞,同时设未转染的HeLa细胞为阴性对照。RT-PCR技术、蛋白印迹法分别检测survivin mRNA和蛋白的表达水平,并计算survivin mRNA和蛋白表达抑制率;激酶活性检测法测定波长在405 nm处的吸光度(A405)值,表示半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)活性;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;平板克隆形成实验观察细胞的放射敏感性变化,以克隆形成率表示;四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法检测细胞存活率并计算顺铂的50％抑制浓度(IC50)。结果与HeLa-NC、HeLa-U6 neo及未转染的HeLa细胞比较,HeLa-s2细胞survivin mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显下降,survivin mRNA和蛋白表达抑制率分别为(62．8±0．3)％和(60．1±0．5)％。HeLa-s2细胞的A405值为1．261±0．043,未转染的HeLa细胞的A405值为0．314±0．012,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。HeLa-s2与未转染的HeLa细胞相比,细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0．05),分别为(29．23±1．41)％和(2．74±0．32)％。不同照射剂量下,HeLa-s2与未转染的HeLa细胞分别比较,克隆形成率均明显降低(P<0．05)。在同一顺铂浓度下,HeLa-s2与未转染的HeLa细胞比较,细胞存活率显著降低(P<0．05),HeLa-s2细胞对顺铂的IC50值较未转染的HeLa细胞下降显著(P< 0．05),分别为(0．873±0．021)和(9．212±0．033)μg／ml。结论利用RNAi技术可阻抑HeLa细胞中survivin基因的表达,增强caspase-3活性,诱导细胞凋亡,显著提高细胞的放射敏感性和对顺铂的化疗敏感性。     

五种卵巢癌耐药细胞系的建立及其部分耐药相关基因的表达

目的　建立 5种卵巢癌耐药细胞系 ,并比较耐药与其非耐药卵巢癌细胞系之间部分耐药相关基因的表达差异。方法　用卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3、A2 780分别建立顺铂、卡铂、紫杉醇 (商品名 :泰素 )耐药的细胞系SKOV3/DDP、SKOV3/CBP、A2 780 /DDP、A2 780 /CBP、A2 780 /toxol,验证其有关的生物学指标 ;并用RT PCR技术检测耐药与其非耐药卵巢癌细胞系之间部分基因的表达差异。结果　 (1)所有耐药细胞系对相关药物的耐药指数 (RI)较其非耐药细胞系均升高约 3倍或以上 ,并对临床常用的一些化疗药物表现出不同程度的耐受性 ,RI达 2～ 2 0倍 ;耐药细胞的生长速度较其非耐药细胞明显减慢 (P <0 0 1) ;群体倍增时间明显延长 1 4～ 2 4倍 (P <0 0 1) ,但G1、G2 、S期细胞比例无明显改变 (P >0 0 5 ) ;耐药细胞中药物浓度较其非耐药细胞中下降约 2 0～ 8 5倍 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )在检测的耐药相关基因中 ,耐药细胞较其非耐药细胞中表达下降的有p5 3、肺耐药蛋白 (LRP 1)、多药耐药相关蛋白 (MRP 1)基因 ,表达升高的有蛋白激酶C(PKC)、拓扑异构酶 (topo)Ⅰ、topoⅡβ基因 ,无明显改变的有谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶 (GST pi)、topoⅡα基因 ,多药耐药蛋白 (MDR 1)基因的表达改变不确定 ,包括升高和下降。结论　在不同类型的耐     

Decreased expression of MRE11 and RAD50 in testes from humans with spermatogenic failure

To assess testicular mRNA and protein expression levels of MRE11 and RAD50 in human azoospermia patients. Patients diagnosed with maturation arrest at the spermatocyte stage (MA) and Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) were recruited through diagnostic testicular biopsy. Patients with normal spermatogenesis were studied as controls. In addition, knockdown of MRE11 and RAD50 was performed in GC-2spd(ts) cells to investigate their roles in cellular proliferation and apoptosis. mRNA and protein expression levels of MRE11 and RAD50 were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Knockdown of both MRE11 and RAD50 utilized transfection with small interfering RNAs. Our findings demonstrated altered expression levels of MRE11 and RAD50 in human testes with MA and SCOS, and showed that these alterations might be associated with impaired spermatogenesis. These results offer valuable new perspectives into the molecular mechanisms of male infertility.     

Targeting topoisomerase IIa in endometrial adenocarcinoma: a combined chromogenic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry study based on tissue microarrays

Topoisomerase IIa is a nucleic enzyme that affects the topological structure of DNA and also is a target for chemotherapy (ie, anthracyclines). In this study, we coevaluated its protein expression with chromosome 17 and gene status. Using tissue microarrays, 40 cases of sporadic, primary endometrial adenocarcinomas, 5 cases of atypical hyperplasia, and 5 cases of benign hyperplasia were obtained and reembedded into two paraffin blocks with a core diameter of 1 mm. Immunohistochemistry combined with chromogenic in situ hybridization was performed in 2 and 5 microm sections, respectively. Finally using a semiautomated Image Analysis System, we evaluated the levels of Nuclear labeling index of topoisomerase IIa expression. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.0 software. The results indicate that chromosome 17 instability (aneuploidy in 7/40 cases) and Topo IIa gene deregulation (amplification in 3/40 and deletion in 1/40 cases) are significant genetic events correlated with biologic behavior in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Because protein overexpression was observed in a significant proportion of the tumors (18/40), detection of the specific gene deregulation mechanism is a crucial process for application of targeted chemotherapies, which are characterized by different levels of cardiotoxicity and other serious effects.     

氯化镉(CdCl_2)对大鼠卵泡颗粒细胞中分拣蛋白1(Sort1)表达的影响

目的:探讨镉(Cd)引起卵泡细胞凋亡与分拣蛋白(Sort1)表达的关系。方法:利用流式细胞仪检测大鼠卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡;利用免疫组织化学技术检测大鼠卵巢中Sort1的表达部位,在此基础上利用实时荧光定量PCR技术和蛋白免疫印迹技术检测CdCl2处理后大鼠卵泡中Sort1表达量的变化。结果:5μmol/L、20μmol/L和50μmol/L 3个浓度的CdCl2染毒处理均可引起大鼠卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡;Sort1主要表达于大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞中;3个浓度的CdCl2均可使大鼠卵巢中Sort1的表达量显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:Sort1可能参与Cd诱导的卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡过程。