控制血糖对改善妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的意义

目的:探讨控制妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖对减少母体及围生儿并发症和改善妊娠结局的意义.方法:将70例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇根据治疗后血糖控制情况分成血糖控制满意组(A组,54例)与血糖控制不满意组(B组,16例),同80例正常孕妇的妊娠过程进行比较,分析在孕产妇和围生儿并发症方面有无差异.结果:经临床治疗后,A组只有妊娠期高血压疾病发生率高于对照组孕妇(P＜0.05),B组妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、巨大儿、早产及新生儿窒息发生率均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:重视血糖筛查,及时诊断和治疗妊娠期糖尿病,选择合适的时间和方式终止妊娠可以有效的降低母儿并发症的发生率.     

免疫性血小板减少症妊娠期治疗相关并发症研究

目的探讨妊娠期免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)母体干预治疗对母儿并发症及妊娠结局的影响。方法选择2009年1月到2016年1月北京大学人民医院产科收治的血小板计数有两次或以上30×10~9/L妊娠期ITP 119例,给予系统孕期保健,根据不同治疗方法分为单独糖皮质激素组(33例)、丙种球蛋白组(8例)、激素联合丙球组(26例)和支持治疗组(52例)4组。比较各组相关母体并发症、分娩结局、新生儿和随访情况。结果 119例患者中,糖皮质激素治疗开始孕周20~35孕周,用药时间1~15周。丙种球蛋白治疗开始孕周16~36周,周期1~5个疗程。妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)13例(10.9%),妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)18例(15.1%),贫血39例(32.8%),早产24例(20.2%),胎膜早破8例(6.7%);产后出血33例(27.7%),产褥感染1例(0.8%),无重要脏器自发出血及孕产妇死亡。4组在HDP与早产的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。激素治疗组与无激素治疗组HDP、GDM和早产发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两组36周早产率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。终止妊娠孕周30~(+6)~40~(+5)周。剖宫产76例(63.9%)。围生儿119例,活产儿116例,死胎3例:无死产及新生儿死亡。新生儿血小板减低16例(13.4%),头颅血肿1例。结论妊娠期ITP患者经合理干预可获得满意妊娠结局。激素治疗可导致HDP、GDM等相关并发症增加,应注意适应证及监测母体血压、血糖变化。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇足月阴道分娩的时机

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妊娠期首次发生和发现的妊娠期糖代谢异常,是孕期常见的并发症之一.根据首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院资料统计,2007年1月至2010年12月分娩总数50221例,其中GDM患者3588例,发生率为7.14％,且有逐年上升趋势,严重影响了孕期与分娩过程中的母儿安全.随着对GDM的深入认识、产前检查工作的不断完善及系统的营养指导,大部分GDM患者孕期血糖可控制在理想状态,但仍有巨大儿及妊娠期高血压疾病等并发症发生[1].因此,适时终止妊娠是维护母儿安全的关键.关于GDM孕妇最佳分娩时机的选择,国内外相关研究尚无统一意见.本文回顾性分析了445例GDM患者的临床资料,报道如下.     

晚期糖基化终产物水平及其受体的表达与妊娠期糖尿病围生儿结局关系的研究

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇血清晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)水平与围生儿结局间的关系,并观察晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)蛋白在胎盘组织中的蛋白表达。方法:选择孕24～28周来我院产前检查被诊断患有GDM的孕妇100例为研究对象(GDM组),另选择同孕期、相应年龄的正常妊娠妇女50例作为正常对照组。检测GDM组孕妇治疗前、后和同孕期正常对照组孕妇的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和AGEs水平。分娩后立即收集两组胎盘低温保存,用于分析组织中RAGE蛋白的表达。并收集母婴临床信息,根据GDM组围生儿结局分为GDM围生儿正常组和GDM围生儿异常组。结果:①GDM组治疗前孕妇血清AGEs水平、HbA1c和空腹血糖值均明显高于同孕期正常对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。②GDM组经干预治疗后其空腹血糖和HbA1c水平与同孕期正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但血清AGEs水平仍然高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。③GDM围生儿异常组孕妇血清AGEs水平高于GDM围生儿正常组(P<0.05)。④Logistic回归分析显示AGEs是GDM围生儿结局异常的危险因子(OR=6.197,P<0.01,95%CI2.514～15.453)。⑤Western印迹法测定胎盘组织中RAGE蛋白表达水平,GDM围生儿异常组高于GDM围生儿正常组和正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论:高AGEs血症是GDM围生儿结局的一个不利因素,高AGEs水平可作为GDM围生儿结局异常的预测指标。     

孕期系统化管理对妊娠期糖尿病妊娠结局影响研究

目的探讨孕期系统化管理对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法收集2013年1—12月石家庄市第四医院收治的100例GDM孕妇作为研究对象,其中在门诊规范产检、经过系统化管理、血糖水平控制满意的50例孕妇为观察组,在外院产检、孕期血糖控制不满意的50例孕妇为对照组。比较两组妊娠结局及并发症发生情况。结果观察组妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、产后出血、早产、巨大儿、新生儿窒息、高胆红素血症、新生儿低血糖等的发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论系统化管理的GDM患者血糖控制良好,能有效减少妊娠期并发症,改善母婴结局。     

个体化饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病患者治疗结局的影响

目的:探讨个体化饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)治疗结局的影响,并确定GDM患者合适血糖水平.方法:从2009年1月至2012年1月间在本院实施常规产前检查、住院分娩的妊娠妇女中筛选75例GDM患者(其中GDM 50例,妊娠期糖耐量异常25例),实施个体化饮食控制治疗(研究组).比较控制治疗前后血糖水平,并和同期正常妊娠孕妇(对照组)的妊娠结局进行对照.结果:随访所有孕妇的妊娠结局,研究组和对照组比较,妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、胎膜早破、巨大儿及尿路感染的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).个体化饮食控制治疗前后最高餐后血糖及空腹血糖比较差异有统计学意义.血糖分层水平妊娠并发症发生率比较显示,血糖相关的指标越高,其发生妊娠并发症的机会越高;空腹血糖和餐后最高血糖控制在4.0 ～4.8 mmol/L和4.8～7.0 mmoL/L时妊娠并发症发生率最低.结论:个体化饮食控制可明显改善GDM的治疗结局,并提出空腹血糖和最高血糖控制在4.0～4.8 mmol/L和4.8 ～7.0mmol/L为合适水平.     

血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的表达及其和围生儿结局的关系

目的分析血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)、内脂素(Visfatin)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇中的表达及其和围生儿结局的关系。方法选择2017年5月至2018年9月在甘肃省妇幼保健院产科住院分娩的102例GDM产妇,依据妊娠结局分为70例妊娠结局良好组和32例妊娠结局不良组,另选同期96例住院分娩的正常产妇作为对照组。比较两组血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF水平,围生儿结局。结果 GDM组血糖及血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF浓度高于及对照组(P0.05)。GDM组剖宫产、巨大儿率均高于对照组(P0.05)。GDM妊娠结局不良组血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF浓度高于GDM妊娠结局良好组(P0.05)。GDM血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF与新生儿体重均呈正相关。结论血清RBP4、Visfatin和VEGF在GDM中呈高表达,且和围生儿不良结局的发生发展有良好关系。     

妊娠期糖尿病的诊治体会

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的临床治疗,并分析与妊娠结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2010年12月住院分娩的GDM孕妇87例,其中43例GDM血糖未控制组(观察组1)44例GDM血糖控制组(观察组2)及50例糖筛查正常孕妇组(对照组)的妊娠结局。结果:经临床治疗后,血糖未控制组母儿并发症明显高于血糖控制组及对照组(P<0.05)。结论:重视孕妇血糖筛查,及时诊断和治疗妊娠期糖尿病,选择合适的时间和方式终止妊娠可以有效地降低母儿并发症的发生率。     

妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症母儿结局探讨

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症对孕产妇和国产儿结局的影响。方法:分析17例GDM合并ICP患者和85例单纯GDM患者的临床资料。结果:两组间孕妇分娩孕周差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组先兆早产、早产、酮症、胎膜早破、羊水过多、胎盘早剥、剖宫产、产后出血、宫内生长受限、胎儿宫内窘迫、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、新生儿窒息和呼吸窘迫综合征、胎儿畸形、死胎、死产发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症患者早诊早治,有效控制血糖及胆汁酸,适时终止妊娠可改善围产儿结局。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的危险因素分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的相关危险因素,为降低巨大儿的出生率提供科学依据。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年4月上海市第六人民医院产科收治的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇125例和妊娠期糖耐量减低(GIGT)孕妇21例的临床资料。根据是否分娩巨大儿分为两组,采用t检验、卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析巨大儿发生的相关危险因素。结果:①单因素分析提示:与非巨大儿组孕妇相比,巨大儿组孕妇的糖尿病家族史、曾分娩巨大儿史、孕前体重、孕期体重增加、空腹血糖水平、OGTT-1小时血糖水平等因素分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②Logistic多因素回归分析提示:空腹血糖水平升高、孕期体重增加、糖尿病家族史、分娩巨大儿史是巨大儿发生的主要危险因素。③空腹血糖≥5.3mmol/L的孕妇,随着血糖水平的升高,发生巨大儿的风险亦明显增加。结论:对妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇,应加强其孕期体重和空腹血糖水平的监护和管理,以减少巨大儿的发生及改善相关不良妊娠结局。     

Maternal obesity as a risk factor in gestational diabetes

Maternal obesity has been associated with both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and neonatal macrosomia. Most studies of obesity in pregnancy have demonstrated an increased risk for GDM. However, the contribution of obesity as an added risk in GDM has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of obesity as a risk factor to perinatal morbidity in gestationally diabetic women by comparing the maternal and neonatal outcome in obese and nonobese gestationally diabetic women. From 1979 to 1983, the maternal, intrapartum, and neonatal characteristics of all prepartum gravid patients with GDM were examined. Of the 158 patients with documented GDM, 62 (39%) were obese (weight greater than 90 kg). There was no difference in maternal age (obese 29.3 +/- 5.4 years, nonobese 28.7 +/- 6.5 years) parity, or prepartum risk score between the obese and nonobese patients. The incidence of prematurity, pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, and primary cesarean sections were not different between the groups. There were no differences in Apgar scores, gestational age, or perinatal morbidity. However, the obese patients delivered heavier neonates expressed as mean birthweight (obese 3667 +/- 682 gms, nonobese 3331 +/- 750 gms. P less than .01), the number of macrosomic (greater than 4 kg) neonates (obese 37%, nonobese 14%, P less than .001) and K-score, (obese 0.8 +/- 1, nonobese 0.4 +/- 9, P less than .05). These data indicate that obese patients with GDM have an increased risk of neonatal macrosomia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

食物血糖生成指数在妊娠期糖尿病营养教育中的应用

目的　通过营养健康教育,观察妊娠期糖尿病(gestatinoal diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者对食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)的接受程度、饮食行为改变,以及对血糖、母婴并发症发生率的影响. 方法　选择72例GDM患者作为研究对象,随机分为2组,实验组以食物GI为主要教育材料;对照组以食物交换份作为主要教育材料,采用集体讲座3次、随时电话咨询、当面答疑等方式教育至患者分娩前,观察教育前后研究对象对所授知识的接受程度、饮食行为改变、血糖变化、母儿并发症发生率. 结果 经过营养健康教育,GDM患者一致认为饮食治疗是控制血糖的首要基础,实验组接受教育后在选择食物方面,每餐选择低GI食物的百分率由13.8%提高到83.3%(P<0.01),实验组教育后三餐食物GI分别为56.1±3.5,64.2±3.3,62.7±3.1,均较教育前明显下降(P<0.01).实验组和对照组教育后空腹血糖分别为(6.3±0.6)mmol/L,(7.6±1.3)mmol/L、餐后2 h血糖分别为(7.2±0.9)mmol/L,(9.7±1.2)mmol/L,均较教育前有显著性下降[(空腹血糖:(9.2±1.6)mmol/L和(9.6±1.5)mmo/L;餐后2 h:(11.1±1.6)mmol/L和(10.6±1.2)mmol/L,P<0.01)],但实验组血糖控制更理想.实验组手术产率为58.3%(23/36)、巨大儿出生率为2.7%(1/36)、胎儿窘迫发生率为5.5%(2/36),均低于对照组(分别为28、5、9例P<0.05). 结论 营养健康教育是控制血糖的有效手段;用食物GI知识来选择食物比用食物交换份法更容易控制血糖,效果更为理想,便于在医院门诊和社区教育中广泛推广和应用;建议可将食物GI与食物交换份相结合指导GDM患者更科学、更合理的安排每日膳食.     

A study of fetal macrosomia

We describe the maternal characteristics in pregnancy with fetal macrosomia, fetal and maternal complications related to macrosomia, and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance. The study is based on a comparison of maternal and neonatal data in 956 cases of fetal macrosomia (birthweight > or =4000 g) in non-diabetic pregnancy with data in a control group of 6407 mothers with non-macrosomic infants (birthweight 3000-3999 g). The main factors investigated were maternal age, weight, parity, gestosis rate, maternal and fetal birth injuries, maternal oral glucose tolerance test results and umbilical blood insulin levels. Macrosomic infants occurred in 9.1% of all deliveries. Mothers delivering macrosomic infants were significantly older, of higher parity and of greater weight than mothers of the control group. Fetal macrosomia was associated with a higher frequency of gestosis, operative deliveries, birth injuries and postpartum haemorrhages. 26.2% of the mothers had abnormal of oGTT results. The macrosomic infants were more often male and had a significantly higher risk of shoulder dystocia and birth injuries. No essential differences could be observed in the Apgar-scores and umbilical artery pH values. 34% of macrosomic infants had higher insulin levels in umbilical blood.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇糖化血红蛋白水平与母婴结局的关系

目的:分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者中不同糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平与母婴妊娠结局的相关性,探讨HbAlc在产前糖尿病病情监测中的意义。方法:选取2014年1月至12月在青海省妇女儿童医院行产前检查并分娩的119例GDM孕产妇,根据产前HbAlc控制水平将119例产妇分为达标组(5%≤HbAlc6%,68例)、未达标组(6%≤Hb Alc7%,51例)。选取同期55例HbAlc正常产妇为对照组。比较3组的母婴结局,分析不同HbAlc水平与母婴结局的相关性。结果:妊娠期间高血压(25.5%vs 10.3%vs5.5%)、羊水过多(17.6%vs 7.4%vs 3.6%)、胎膜早破比例(29.4%vs 5.9%vs 3.6%)、子痫前期比例(15.7%vs 5.9%vs 3.6%)及剖宫产比例(76.5%vs 45.6%vs 47.3%)由高到低依次为未达标组达标组正常组。未达标组的妊娠高血压、胎膜早破、妊娠周期、剖宫产比例与达标组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson积矩相关分析显示,HbAlc与妊娠周期呈显著负相关(r=-0.166,P=0.028)。围产儿中早产比例(27.5%vs 11.8%vs 7.3%)、巨大儿比例(29.4%vs 10.3%vs 3.6%)、1min Apgar评分≤7分比例(25.5%vs 11.8%vs 7.3%)、新生儿体重[(3702.7±402.5)g vs(3561.3±380.4)g vs(3252.8±345.7)g]、新生儿低血糖比例(33.3%vs 11.8%vs 10.9%)高到低排序为未达标组达标组正常组。未达标组的早产儿比例、巨大儿比例、1min Apgar评分≤7分比例、新生儿低血糖比例均显著高于达标组(P0.05)。Pearson积矩相关分析显示,Hb Alc与新生儿1min Apgar评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.156,P=0.040)。结论:GDM产妇体内HbAlc水平与母婴结局密切相关,HbAlc水平越高,妊娠与分娩期间发生母婴并发症的几率就越大;可将HbAlc作为孕妇血糖控制的重要监测指标。     

Good diabetic control early in pregnancy and favorable fetal outcome

This study of 74 diabetic pregnant women shows that tight maternal blood glucose control before the 32nd week of gestation significantly reduces the incidence of fetal macrosomia (11%) when compared with that of patients with fair to poor control before the 32nd week of gestation (44%, P less than .05) or with those whose good diabetic control was not achieved until after the 32nd week of gestation (34%, P less than .05). The macrosomic infant produced by a diabetic mother is associated frequently with an elevated amniotic fluid C-peptide level, which shows the evidence of intrauterine fetal hyperinsulinism. The use of tight diabetic control early in pregnancy to reduce the risk of fetal macrosomia and/or neonatal complications is of clinical importance in the management of diabetes in pregnancy.     

GDM孕中、晚期及子代胰岛素抵抗与正常妊娠的对照研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GMD)与正常妊娠孕中、晚期及子代胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能及胎儿脐血流的差异。方法选择上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产检、分娩的70例GDM产妇及其子代为GDM组,同期产检、分娩的70例健康母子配对样本为对照组。两组孕妇孕24~28周OGTT筛查时行胰岛素释放试验、孕33~34周、孕37~38周检测空腹血糖、胰岛素及C肽;比较两组稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);B超测定孕晚期胎儿脐血流;分娩时检测脐血血糖、胰岛素及C肽值并获取胎儿出生体重、胎龄等资料;比较两组母子配对样本间各项指标的差异。结果 GDM组OGTT时胰岛素峰值较对照组延迟1h;GDM组孕33~34周母血空腹胰岛素、C肽高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕37~38周母血空腹胰岛素、C肽虽仍高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);GDM组孕中、晚期HOMA-IR高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM组新生儿脐血胰岛素、C肽高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间孕晚期胎儿脐动脉S/D值、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 GDM患者孕中、晚期胰岛素抵抗较正常孕妇增加,并出现胰岛β细胞功能下降,其胎儿在宫内已发生糖代谢异常,但脐血流未受到显著影响。     

The reasons for termination of pregnancy in the third trimester

Objective To analyse the process in making decisions leading to termination of pregnancy in the third trimester and to evaluate the maternal morbidity associated with this procedure.
Design Retrospective study.
Setting The Maternité Port Royal University Hospital, Paris, France.
Population A consecutive series of 956 terminations of pregnancy performed for fetal anomalies in singleton pregnancies, 305 of which were in the third trimester and 651 in the second.
Main outcome measures Indications for termination of pregnancy; process leading to late termination of pregnancy; maternal morbidity.
Results One hundred and thirteen (37%) third trimester terminations of pregnancy were associated with false negative resulted from the results of earlier screening tests. In 15 terminations (15%), the decision was postponed, although the poor fetal prognosis was established earlier. In 55 (18%) the diagnosis was not possible earlier than the third trimester, and in 122 (40%) the diagnosis was possible earlier but the poor prognosis for the fetus was not established until the third trimester. Maternal morbidity due to termination of pregnancy was similar in the second and third trimester.
Conclusion One-third of late terminations of pregnancy could have been avoided by more efficient screening in the second trimester. However, because fetal prognosis is not always clear when a malformation is diagnosed, postponing the decision until fetal development allows more thorough evaluation and may avoid unnecessary termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. This could be the main beneficial aspect of not setting a limit to the gestational age for performing termination of pregnancy. To analyse the process in making decisions leading to termination of pregnancy in the third trimester and to evaluate the maternal morbidity associated with this procedure. The Maternit6 Port Royal University Hospital, Paris, France.     

The effect of selected factors on the birthweight of the newborns in gestational diabetes

Fetal macrosomia is commonly associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) which may lead to various complications. We attended to establish maternal constitutional and metabolic risk factors responsible for the genesis of macrosomia. 219 GDM mothers were divided into two groups treated by diet or insulin. This study shows that maternal glycemic status and maternal nutritional status before pregnancy are important determinants of fetal macrosomia.     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率变化趋势及经规范治疗后的不同类型糖代谢异常的母、儿结局。方法 1995年1月至2004年12月,在北京大学第一医院妇产科分娩的妊娠合并糖代谢异常患者共1490例,按照糖代谢异常情况分为糖尿病合并妊娠79例（DM组）,妊娠期糖尿病777例（GDM组,其中A1型355例,A2型316例,分型不明106例）,妊娠期糖耐量异常634例（GIGT组）。采用回顾性分析的方法对3组的母、儿结局进行分析,并对糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率进行统计。同期分娩的19013例糖代谢正常孕妇作为对照组。结果 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的总发生率为7．3％,呈逐年上升的趋势。第一阶段即1995年1月至1999年12月,发生率呈缓慢增长,平均为4．3％（376／8739）;第二阶段即2000年1月至2001年12月,发生率呈快速增长趋势,平均为10．8％（445／4133）;第三阶段为2002年1月至2004年12月,基本稳定于8．9％（678／7640）。（2）3组糖代谢异常孕妇总的巨大胎儿、子痫前期、早产的发生率分别为12．1％（180／1490）、9．5％（141／1490）和9．4％（140／1490）,均明显高于对照组孕妇（P〈0．01）。3组糖代谢异常孕妇子痫前期、早产、宫内感染、羊水过多、酮症的发生率相互比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而3组的巨大儿发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）3组糖代谢异常孕妇围产儿总死亡率为1．19％（18／1513）,其中,DM组为4．93％（4／81）,显著高于GDM组的1．14％（9／787）和GIGT组的0．78％（5／645）（P〈0．05）。而且,DM组新生儿窒息、低血糖及转诊的发生率均高于GDM组和GIGT组（P〈0．01）。（4）3组1505例新生儿中仅有0．6％（9／1505）发生呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）,均发生于早产儿。结论 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的发生率逐年上升,应重视提高对孕期糖尿病的筛查、诊断和处理。（2）经过孕期规范化管理,巨大儿、子痫前期和早产仍是糖代谢异常孕妇最常见的并发症,DM孕妇的母、儿合并症显著高于GDM和GIGT孕妇,今后应进一步加强该类型糖尿病孕妇管理。（3）新生儿RDS已不再是新生儿的主要合并症。     

The reasons for termination of pregnancy in the third trimester.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the process in making decisions leading to termination of pregnancy in the third trimester and to evaluate the maternal morbidity associated with this procedure. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: The Maternité Port Royal University Hospital, Paris, France. POPULATION: A consecutive series of 956 terminations of pregnancy performed for fetal anomalies in singleton pregnancies, 305 of which were in the third trimester and 651 in the second. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indications for termination of pregnancy; process leading to late termination of pregnancy; maternal morbidity. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen (37%) third trimester terminations of pregnancy were associated with false negative resulted from the results of earlier screening tests. In 15 terminations (5%), the decision was postponed, although the poor fetal prognosis was established earlier. In 55 (18%) the diagnosis was not possible earlier than the third trimester, and in 122 (40%) the diagnosis was possible earlier but the poor prognosis for the fetus was not established until the third trimester. Maternal morbidity due to termination of pregnancy was similar in the second and third trimester. CONCLUSION: One-third of late terminations of pregnancy could have been avoided by more efficient screening in the second trimester. However, because fetal prognosis is not always clear when a malformation is diagnosed, postponing the decision until fetal development allows more thorough evaluation and may avoid unnecessary termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. This could be the main beneficial aspect of not setting a limit to the gestational age for performing termination of pregnancy.