中国生殖道感染(RTI)/性传播疾病(STD)流行现状与防治对策(上)

<正> 目前生殖道感染(RTI)/性传播疾病(STD)已经成为全球特别是发展中国家非常重视的生殖健康问题和公共卫生问题。本文通过近年来我国开展的相关研究和项目的回顾,阐述了我国RTI/STD流行状况及其变化,RTI/STD发生的影响因素、社会对RTI/STD的观点,我国政府制定的一系列针对现有社会、经济和政治环境下减少生殖道感染的相关政策、法规及卫生服务内容,为进一步开展研究以及为国家制定相应的RTI/STD防治策略与措施提供参考。近几十年来,我国的RTI/STD流行情况发生了较大的变化。在建国初期,我国政府十分重视RTI/STD的防治,通过大量细致的工作,取得了显著的成效。在50年代就已经将霉菌性、滴虫性阴道炎、宫颈炎、淋病、梅毒等RTI/STD的防治作为妇幼保健服务的重要内容,开展了对已婚妇女每隔1～3年接受一次妇女病的普查普治工作。50     

陕西省咸阳地区农村已婚育龄妇女RTI/STD患病现状及相关知识和行为的调查

生殖道感染(RTI)/性传播疾病(STD)在我国的发病率呈上升趋势.有研究表明除HIV/AIDS以外,RTI/STD已成为影响我国妇女,特别是农村妇女健康的常见妇科疾病.RTI/STD的发生受到生物、心理和社会多方面因素的综合影响,妇女健康知识知晓率、健康行为形成率、性健康心理、社会环境等冈素都被认为与之有相关关系.     

不同避孕方法防护性传播疾病的研究现况

目前生殖道感染/性传播疾病(reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted disease,RTI/STDs)已经成为全球特别是发展中国家非常重视的生殖健康问题和公共卫生问题.HIV和其他STD感染率的逐年上升使人们越来越清楚地认识到STDs感染的危险性和预防STD的重要性.     

湖州市两区村妇女主任生殖道感染调查分析

为在我市全面开展生殖道感染 (RTI)干预工程 ,我们首先对本市南浔区、吴兴区的 750名村妇女主任进行了生殖道感染 (RTI)情况调查。通过调查 ,初步了解我市农村育龄妇女对 RTI的认识和患病情况以及二者之间的关系 ,为我市制定防治 RTI对策提供依据。1　对象与方法1 .1 　 研究对     

生殖健康教育培训效果评估

安徽省生殖健康教育项目由界首市妇幼保健所实施。该项目主要是在日常妇幼保健工作服务中增加生殖道感染/性传播疾病/艾滋病(RTI/STD/AIDS)知识的宣传和教育内容。为了让项目地区有关妇幼保健人员提高诊断和治疗常见生殖道感染/性传播疾病的水平,掌握RTI/STD/AIDS的常识、提高咨询和教育技巧,真正能够做好项目工作,于项目前期在安徽     

生殖健康教育培训效果评估

安徽省生殖健康教育项目由界首市妇幼保健所实施.该项目主要是在日常妇幼保健工作服务中增加生殖道感染/性传播疾病/艾滋病(RTI/STD/AIDS)知识的宣传和教育内容.为了让项目地区有关妇幼保健人员提高诊断和治疗常见生殖道感染/性传播疾病的水平 ,掌握RTI/STD/AIDS的常识、提高咨询和教育技巧,真正能够做好项目工作,于项目前期在安徽省界首市举办了项目单位有关妇幼保健工作人员的培训班.这次培训班采取参与式教学方法,教员和学员都反应良好,并希望今后多办这种培训班.学员匿名评估问卷结果显示培训效果显著.     

解脲支原体生殖道感染治疗研究进展

近年来由解脲支原体(UU)引起的非淋球菌性生殖道感染(RTI)引起了人们的高度重视,其引起的RTI是一种新的性传播疾病(STD),因其传染性强,对人类健康危害性大,是我国重点防治的STD之一[1].UU是微生物中固有的一群大小介于细菌和病毒之间、无坚硬的细胞壁、呈多形性、能在无活动细胞培养基中繁殖的最小微生物.UU寄居于生殖道,主要通过性行为传播.女性泌尿生殖道UU、沙眼衣原体(CT)感染在性病中发病率最高,被称为"第二代性病"[2],它不仅可以引起广泛的RTI,如前庭大腺炎、阴道炎、宫颈炎等下生殖道感染,也可引起子宫内膜炎、输卵管炎、卵巢炎、盆腔炎等上生殖道感染,导致不孕、不育及胎儿宫内感染、流产等不良后果.因此许多医务工作者对治疗UU的药物作了大量的研究和报道,现综述如下.     

女性生殖道感染状况及分析

生殖道感染（reproductive tract infection，RTI）是指发生在生殖系统的一组感染性疾病。女性RTI在全球是一个重大的公共卫生和社会问题，是女性生殖系统受到细菌、病毒、假丝酵母菌、滴虫、衣原体、支原体等致病微生物感染的总称。RTI包括性传播疾病（sexually transmitted diseases，STD）、内源性菌群失调和医源性感染，是妇女最常见的疾病之一。     

解脲支原体生殖道感染治疗研究进展

近年来由解脲支原体(UU)引起的非淋球菌性生殖道感染(RTI)引起了人们的高度重视，其引起的RTI是一种新的性传播疾病(STD)，因其传染性强，对人类健康危害性大，是我国重点防治的STD之一。UU是微生物中固有的一群大小介于细菌和病毒之间、无坚硬的细胞壁、呈多形性、能在无活动细胞培养基中繁殖的最小微生物。UU寄居于生殖道，主要通过     

已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染调查

目的了解社区已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染(RTI)现状及相关因素,为制定干预措施提供依据.方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取样本人群,采用统一的方法进行问卷调查、临床检查和实验室检查.结果社区已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染患病率为58.96%,其中慢性宫颈炎居首位,次其为阴道炎、盆腔炎/附件炎、沙眼衣原体感染,求医比例占42.02%.结论社区已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染患病率较高,求医比例偏低,应普及妇女保健知识,积极开展女性生殖道感染的防治工作.     

Ferrates (iron(VI) and iron(V)): environmentally friendly oxidants and disinfectants

Iron(VI) and iron(v), known as ferrates, are powerful oxidants and their reactions with pollutants are typically fast with the formation of non-toxic by-products. Oxidations performed by Fe(VI) and Fe(V) show pH dependence; faster rates are observed at lower pH. Fe(VI) shows excellent disinfectant properties and can inactivate a wide variety of microorganisms at low Fe(VI) doses. Fe(VI) also possesses efficient coagulation properties and enhanced coagulation can also be achieved using Fe(VI) as a preoxidant. The reactivity of Fe(V) with pollutants is approximately 3-5 orders of magnitude faster than that of Fe(VI). Fe(V) can thus be used to oxidize pollutants and inactivate microorganisms that have resistance to Fe(VI). The final product of Fe(VI) and Fe(V) reduction is Fe(III), a non-toxic compound. Moreover, treatments by Fe(VI) do not give any mutagenic/carcinogenic by-products, which make ferrates environmentally friendly ions. This paper reviews the potential role of iron(VI) and iron(V) as oxidants and disinfectants in water and wastewater treatment processes. Examples are given to demonstrate the multifunctional properties of ferrates to purify water and wastewater.     

Sorption of Phosphate and Cr(VI) by Fe(III) and Cr(III) Hydroxides

Understanding the chemical behavior and interactions of Cr(VI) (e.g., HCrO₄ ⁻) and other anions, such as orthophosphate (P) with insoluble metal hydroxides (i.e., Cr[III] and Fe[III]) in disposal landfills or in chromite ore processing residue (CORP)–enriched soil is very important in predicting the movement and the fate of Cr(VI). This study evaluates the sorption behavior of P and Cr(VI) by Fe(III) (i.e., ferrihydrite), Cr(III) (i.e., Cr[OH]₃), and coprecipitated Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxides. These metal hydroxide sorbents were synthesized, and sorption of P and Cr(VI) were conducted at different pH using a batch technology. Our results show that P and Cr(VI) sorption by metal hydroxides decreased with increasing suspension pH. Greater decrease in P sorption was observed when Cr(III) was present in the structures of hydroxides. Following the sorption of low concentration of P (i.e., 0.5 mM), the sorption of subsequently added Cr(VI) by hydroxides was less influenced. However, Cr(VI) sorption was greatly inhibited when high concentration of P (i.e., 10 mM) prereacted with hydroxides, particularly in Fe(III) hydroxide system. Results also indicated that high concentration of Cr(VI) (10 mM) could dissolve Cr(III) hydroxide at pH 3 and reprecipitate as an amorphous form of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compound at pH about 6.5. Although coprecipitation of Cr(VI) with Cr(III) can inhibit Cr(VI) movement through soil profiles, the inhibition seems to be low due to the gradual release of Cr(VI) with increasing pH. Received: 16 April 2002/Accepted: 29 October 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of new Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde selenosemicarbazone: cytotoxic activity evaluation of Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with heteroaromatic selenosemicarbazones

New complexes of Pt(II) and Pd(II) with 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde selenosemicarbazone were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and IR spectroscopy and molar conductivity measurements. The assumed geometry of Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes was square planar where the ligand was tridentately coordinated via the quinoline and imine nitrogen atoms and the selenium atom. The cytotoxic activity of the new Pt(II) and Pd(II) compounds, as well as of some previously synthesized Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes with the same or analogous ligand, was tested against a panel of three human cancer cell lines: human cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa), human melanoma cells (FemX) and breast cancer cells (MDA-361). All investigated compounds, except Pt(II) complex, possess a strong dose-dependent cytotoxic activity of the same order of magnitude as cisplatin (CDDP). The investigation of potential of these compounds to induce HeLa cell cycle perturbations was also evaluated.     

Synthesis and antitumor studies on novel Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal complexes of bis(3-acetylcoumarin)thiocarbohydrazone

The synthesis, structure, physico-chemical investigation and biological studies of some metal complexes of thiocarbohydrazone ligands are described. The ligand is obtained by condensation of N,N'-thiocarbohydrazide with 3-acetylcoumarin. The metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with bis(3-acetylcoumarin)thiocarbohydrazone were synthesized and isolated as solid products and characterized by analytical means as well as by spectral techniques such as FT-IR, (1)H NMR and EPR and UV spectrometry. The ligand acts as bidentate, through NO or NN, neutral in coordinating the M(II) ions. The bonding sites are the azomethine nitrogen, lactone carbonyl oxygen and respective anion counterparts. The metal complexes exhibit either octahedral or distorted octahedral structures. The complexes are found to be soluble in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide. Molar conductance values in dimethylsulphoxide indicate the non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The compounds tested in present study have shown promising cytotoxic activity when screened using the in vitro method and at the same time were shown to have good activity when tested using the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma model. Preliminary antimicrobial screening shows the promising results against both bacterial and fungal strains.     

Cytotoxic activity and chemical reactivity of cis-platinum(II) and trans-palladium(II) complexes with diethyl (pyridinylmethyl)phosphates

A series of square-planar platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of the formula cis-[PtCl2L2] and trans-[PdCl2L2] [L stands for diethyl (pyridin-2-ylmethyl)phosphate (2-pmOpe) or diethyl (pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phosphate (3-pmOpe) or diethyl (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phosphate (4-pmOpe)] have been synthesized and tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells. The results indicated that the cis-platinum complexes showed superior activity than trans-palladium complexes, but lower in comparison to cisplatin. The chemical reactivity of the tested complexes has been determined in an in vitro NBP test. The platinum complexes exhibited very high chemical reactivity in NBP test, higher than cisplatin. The results showed no correlation between cytotoxicity and chemical reactivity for platinum complexes. Two platinum(II) complexes {cis-[PtCl2(2-pmOpe)2], cis-[PtCl2(3-pmOpe)2]} have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and elemental analysis.     

Association of europium(III), americium(III), and curium(III) with cellulose, chitin, and chitosan

The association of trivalent f-elements-Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III)--with cellulose, chitin, and chitosan was determined by batch experiments and time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The properties of these biopolymers as an adsorbent were characterized based on speciation calculation of Eu(III). The adsorption study showed that an increase of the ionic strength by NaCl did not affect the adsorption kinetics of Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) for all the biopolymers, but the addition of Na2CO3 significantly delayed the kinetics because of their trivalent f-element complexation with carbonate ions. It also was suggested from the speciation calculation study that all the biopolymers were degraded under alkaline conditions, leading to their masking of the adsorption of Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) on the nondegraded biopolymers. The masking effect was higher for cellulose than for chitin and chitosan, indicating that of the three, cellulose was degraded most significantly in alkaline solutions. Desorption experiments suggested that some portion of the adsorbed Eu(III) penetrated deep into the matrix, being isolated in a cavity-like site. The TRLFS study showed that the coordination environment of Eu(III) is stabilized mainly by the inner spherical coordination in chitin and by the outer spherical coordination in chitosan, with less association in cellulose in comparison to chitin and chitosan. These results suggest that the association of these biopolymers with Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) is governed not only by the affinity of the functional groups alone but also by other factors, such as the macromolecular steric effect. The association of degraded materials of the biopolymers also should be taken into consideration for an accurate prediction of the influence of biopolymers on the migration behavior of trivalent f-elements.