北京市西城区2002-2005年中学新生营养与血压状况分析

目的了解近年来北京市西城区中学生营养与血压现状,为开展平衡膳食教育及早期预防成年期心血管疾病提供依据。方法采用北京市西城区初一和高一年级学生入学体检资料中的身高、体重、血压3项指标,根据体重指数(BMI)分为体重正常组、超重组和肥胖组,分析其血压水平。结果2002-2005年超重、肥胖和血压偏高检出率除高一年级女生出现下降趋势外,其他学生总体呈上升趋势;男女生收缩压和舒张压及血压偏高检出率为肥胖组>超重组>体重正常组。结论应及早预防青少年营养过剩的发生发展,加强儿童青少年时期血压检测工作。     

宁夏银川市区儿童青少年超重和肥胖及其对血压的影响

摘要:目的　了解宁夏银川市区儿童青少年超重和肥胖情况及其对血压的影响。方法　采用分层整群抽样方法,在银川市区随机抽取小学、初中、高中学校共计12所,抽取的学校按年级分层,在各年级中随机抽取班级,共计抽取7291人。采用EpiData3.02录入数据,使用SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果　7291名研究对象中,男女性别比分别为50.1%和49.9%,超重检出率为12.1%,肥胖检出率为7.2%,不同年龄、不同性别超重检出率、肥胖检出率差异均有统计学意义（χ2年龄＝129.09,χ2性别＝70.125,P＜0.001）。腹型肥胖检出率6.7%,不同年龄、不同性别差异有统计学意义（χ2年龄＝72.768,χ2性别＝51.031,P＜0.001）。高血压检出率为16.8%,不同年龄、不同性别高血压检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2年龄＝189.67,χ2性别＝8.074,P＜0.001）。正常组、超重组、肥胖组的高血压检出率分别为13.0%、27.2%、43.2%,腹型肥胖者中高血压检出率为43.5%。经多因素Logistics回归分析,在儿童青少年中BMI、腰围身高比是高血压的危险因素。结论　超重、肥胖的儿童青少年较体重正常者血压升高,尤其是腹型肥胖者。     

青春发育后期男生代谢综合征及各成分流行状况

目的 了解代谢综合征及各成分在青春后期男生中流行情况,为预防和控制肥胖及代谢综合征提供依据。方法 选择北京市14-16岁男生1012名,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压、血脂、血糖。按照中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖BMI分类标准,观察不同体重组代谢综合征及各成分流行情况。结果 除血糖外,不同体重组代谢综合征各成分差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）,各成分异常率肥胖组显著高于超重组和正常组（P值均〈0.01）。不同体重组各成分异常率不同,以高血压和中心型肥胖最常见。超重和肥胖组已有40%以上个体有至少1项代谢综合征成分异常,肥胖组代谢综合征检出率为14.55%。结论 BMI升高后,代谢综合征及各成份异常显著增加。应预防和控制体重,控制BMI升高。     

超重肥胖对儿童青少年运动素质和生活质量的影响

目的 了解儿童青少年超重、肥胖发生情况及其对运动素质和生活质量的影响,为采取有效措施提高儿童青少年体质健康与生活质量水平提供理论依据.方法 分层整群抽取哈尔滨、武汉、湘潭、广州4地区4 104名7 ～18岁儿童,比较肥胖、超重的检出率在性别及年龄上的分布差异,并进一步分析超重组、肥胖组儿童青少年和正常组儿童青少年在运动素质和生活质量上的差异.结果 各学段男生肥胖和超重检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),且儿童青少年肥胖、超重检出率有随年龄上升而下降的趋势;超重组、肥胖组儿童青少年运动素质水平较体重正常组差,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);超重、肥胖儿童青少年与体重正常儿童青少年相比,生活质量水平受损不明显(P值均＞0.05).结论 儿童青少年超重、肥胖的发生在性别及年龄上具有差异.超重、肥胖的出现会对身心健康产生一系列的影响.     

我国学龄儿童青少年血压与超重和肥胖的相关性研究

目的阐明儿童青少年时期高血压与超重和肥胖的相关性，为成年期疾病的早期预防提供相关依据。方法利用全国学生体质健康监测网络2004年监测结果，应用相关和偏相关分析的统计方法对146211名7～17岁儿童青少年的血压和体重指数的分布进行分析。结果各年龄组SBP和DBP均值均呈体重正常组〈超重组〈肥胖组的趋势；男生体重正常组高血压患病率为1．6％，超重组为4．2％，肥胖组为9．9％，女生高血压患病率也为体重正常组〈超重组〈肥胖组，差异均有统计学意义。对BMI与SBP及DBP进行相关分析，BMI与SBP的相关系数为0．392，BMI与DBP的相关系数为0．305（P〈0．05），与SBP和DBP的偏相关系数分别为0．240和0．171（P〈0．05）。同时，对各省城乡儿童青少年的血压偏高患病率与超重肥胖患病率进行Spearman等级相关分析，各省城乡儿童青少年收缩压和舒张压都高的患病率与肥胖患病率都有显著相关。结论儿童青少年超重和肥胖与高血压有显著的相关性。预防儿童青少年高血压应从预防超重和肥胖做起。     

北京市农村社区居民体质指数分布现况及其与慢病的关系

目的探讨农村社区居民体质指数（BMI）的分布现况及其BMI与慢性非传染性疾病（简称慢病）的关系,从而为慢病的早期预防提供依据。方法采用普查的方法,使用统一调查问卷对9 988名调查对象进行面对面调查。所有资料使用Epi Data 3.2录入,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行分析。率的比较采用χ2检验,P〈0.01为差异有统计学意义。结果调查对象超重和肥胖的检出率年龄差异均有统计学意义（χ2=87.265,P〈0.001;χ2=10.590,P〈0.001）,40～59岁年龄组超重和肥胖检出率均显著高于其他两个年龄组（P〈0.001）;超重和肥胖的检出率性别差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.294,P=0.134;χ2=0.003,P=0.976）;超重和肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常等慢病的发生密切相关,随着BMI的增加,上述疾病的检出率呈现出上升的趋势。结论超重组和肥胖组的高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常等慢病的检出率明显高于BMI正常组,提示为早期预防慢病,应特别关注BMI≥24的人群。     

青春期早期学生营养状况调查分析

目的调查了解青春期早期学生超重肥胖及营养不良检出状况,为天津市东丽区开展中小学生健康保健提供科学依据。方法按照标准操作方法测量学生身高、体重数据,计算出身体质量指数(BMI)并作出营养状况评价,应用统计学软件进行分析并进行男女生超重肥胖及营养不良检出率的比较。结果学生总体"超重+肥胖"检出率为36.2%,男生超重、肥胖检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。学生总体"营养不良(轻度营养不良+中重度营养不良)"检出率为3.1%。男女生差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青春期早期学生"超重+肥胖"流行较严重且男生检出率高于女生,应提高重视,加强干预,帮助儿童青少年养成合理的膳食习惯和生活方式,科学合理控制青少年肥胖的发生。     

蚌埠市儿童青少年代谢综合征危险因素病例对照研究

目的 分析蚌埠市儿童青少年代谢综合征(MS)流行情况及其危险因素,为成年期疾病的早期预防提供依据.方法 根据蚌埠市2007年中小学生身高、体重体检结果进行体重正常、超重和肥胖学生的筛选,随机抽取921名7～18岁学生进行身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压测量,同时采集空腹时静脉血测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和空腹血糖(FPG)、尿酸(UA)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),并进行甲状腺B超检查.结果 3组学生MS检出率为肥胖组(28.4%)＞超重组(11.9%)＞正常体重组(1.7%),差异有统计学意义.除TC外,MS各危险因素及其他检测项目均数在MS组和非MS组之间差异均具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).MS各危险因素异常检出率在MS组与非MS组之间差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).MS各组分检出率以中心性肥胖最常见,其次为高三酰甘油和高血压.结论 随着儿童青少年体质量指数的增加,MS及各危险因素检出率显著增加.加强对儿童青少年MS指标监测已成为预防心血管疾病的必要措施.     

儿童青少年人体质量指数与脂肪肝的相关分析

目的了解7～18岁儿童青少年人体质量指数（BMI）与脂肪肝的关系，为中小学生肥胖的早期预防与干预提供科学依据。方法采取分层整群随机抽样法对北京市海淀区22所中小学校7～18岁儿童青少年2286名进行身高、体重测量及肝胆B型超声波等检查，按照中国肥胖问题工作组推荐的中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖分类标准将人群分为正常组，肥胖组及超重组，采用Person相关分析、t检验、Х^2检验等统计学方法对资料进行分析。结果在控制了年龄、性别的影响后，7～18岁儿童青少年的BMI与脂肪肝独立正相关（r=0．318，P〈0．01）；脂肪肝组体质量指数（BMI）垃著高于非脂肪肝组．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；正常组、超重组和肥胖组的脂肪肝患病率分别为7．2％，15．4％和34．1％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），结论儿童青少年的体质量指数（BMI）与脂肪肝显著正相关；预防儿童青少年超重、肥胖是预防脂肪肝及成年期疾病的重要手段．     

北京大学医学部离退休人员超重肥胖及相关疾病分析

目的分析不同体重与高血脂、脂肪肝及其相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法对北京大学医学部离退休人员762名进行健康体检,按体重指数(BMI)分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血脂、脂肪肝及其相关疾病检出率的差异。结果除糖尿病外,不同体重组的高血脂、脂肪肝和高血压检出率的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。除脂肪肝外,不同年龄组的超重、肥胖、高血脂、高血压及糖尿病检出率差异亦均有统计学意义。结论超重、肥胖与高血脂、脂肪肝、高血压和糖尿病存在相关关系,亟需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.