内蒙古自治区成人烟草流行现况调查

目的了解内蒙古自治区成人烟草流行情况,为下一步制定有针对性的控烟政策提供数据支持。方法采用分层多阶段整群概率抽样法,随机抽取96个村居委会的7200名15岁及以上常住人口进行问卷调查。结果内蒙古自治区15岁以上成人有效调查5130名,现在吸烟率为29%,其中男性吸烟率为50%;91.9%的吸烟者每日吸烟,94%的吸烟者吸机制卷烟,每日的吸烟量在半盒以上,14.6%的吸烟者尝试过戒烟,54.7%的吸烟者不想戒烟,以45岁以上、初中以下文化程度、从事农林牧渔业生产的中年男性为多,吸机制卷烟者买1盒烟(20支)平均花费(9.51±8.35)元,80%以上的被调查者在酒吧、KTV、夜总会、网吧、餐厅等公共场所看到有人吸烟,84.7%的工作场所室内有禁烟规定;分别有87.0%、79.3%的被调查者认为吸烟和二手烟会造成严重疾病,认为吸烟会造成中风、心脏病、肺癌、阴茎勃起障碍这4种疾病的知晓率为23.9%。结论内蒙古自治区存在成人吸烟率(尤其男性吸烟率)相对较高、烟草价格低,容易获得、公共场所二手烟暴露严重、控烟宣传不够精准等问题,控烟工作还须加强。     

2013年西安市居民烟草流行状况调查

目的 了解西安市居民的烟草流行状况,为进一步在全市开展控烟工作提供理论依据。 方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,在西安城区和农村抽取2 772名15～69岁的调查对象,于2013年10-12月采用《2012年全国居民健康素养监测调查问卷》进行入户问卷调查,调查内容包括基本信息、戒烟行为及认知、戒烟史、吸烟环境及对烟草危害认知。采用SPSS 19.0软件分析居民吸烟率、二手烟暴露率人群分布差异及吸烟者戒烟想法和戒烟方式等情况。 结果 西安市居民吸烟率为28.1％,城区、农村分别为24.8%和31.4%,男、女分别为50.6％、6.3％,城乡及性别分布差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);76.2%人群受二手烟危害,其中56.7%人几乎每天接触二手烟,不同社会特征人群除职业和年龄分类二手烟暴露率及暴露频率比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);吸烟人群中有戒烟意愿的仅占51.4%,拨打戒烟热线、咨询戒烟门诊为6.5%和10.4%。 结论 2013年西安市居民吸烟率较高,二手烟暴露严重,吸烟者有戒烟意愿者少,希望寻求专业戒烟帮助的更少,烟草流行情况不容乐观。     

福建省成人烟草流行现状分析

目的了解福建省居民烟草流行现况,为客观评价福建省的控烟工作效果和控烟政策的制定提供科学依据。方法采用分层多阶段PPS抽样方法,随机抽取120个村居委会的7200名15岁及以上常住人口进行问卷调查。结果全省共6001人参与完成调查,现在吸烟率为25.3%,其中男性吸烟率为48.9%,女性现在吸烟率为0.9%。其中仅有18.1%的现在吸烟者在过去12个月尝试过戒烟,13.6%的吸烟者在未来12个月有戒烟意愿。二手烟的暴露情况:有51.6%的人家中暴露于二手烟,在室内工作场所为52.0%。结论福建省成人烟草流行较为严重,男性吸烟率居高不下,男性人群仍是控烟的重点人群。吸烟者戒烟意愿较低,二手烟暴露仍然严重,居民对烟草危害认知还远远不够。     

天津市居民吸烟及戒烟状况调查分析

目的：了解天津市居民吸烟状况、戒烟想法及戒烟方法的应用,为有针对性地在居民中开展健康教育活动提供依据,同时为制定相关控烟政策提供基础数据。方法使用 PPS 法(按规模大小成比例的概率抽样)在每个区抽取3个街道,共计16个区。使用 PPS 在每个街道抽取2个居委会抽样单位,采用随机抽样方法在每个居委会抽取70个家庭户,每个家庭户采用 KISH 表抽取1名调查对象,每个居委会完成50份调查问卷。结果男性现在吸烟率为42.35%,女性现在吸烟率为10.32%,男性吸烟率高于女性(χ2=760.956,P <0.05),不同文化程度居民吸烟率差异有统计学意义(χ2=95.605,P <0.05)。男性与女性现在吸烟者戒烟意愿差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.959,P >0.05),不同吸烟量的现在吸烟者戒烟意愿差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.434,P <0.05),随着吸烟者吸烟量的增大,想戒烟的比例也在逐渐降低。89.18%现在吸烟者选择靠自己毅力戒烟,7.06%选择拨打戒烟热线。在过去12个月,有42.25%医护人员建议吸烟者戒烟。非吸烟者对主动吸烟及吸入二手烟的危害知晓率高于吸烟者,有戒烟想法的人主动吸烟及吸入二手烟的危害知晓率高于吸烟者。结论应积极开展控烟工作,有针对性地对男性、女性吸烟者开展控烟干预工作,加大戒烟门诊、戒烟热线的宣传,提高医务人员的戒烟知识和戒烟技巧,广泛宣传主动吸烟与被动吸烟的危害,同时政府部门加强控烟法律执行力度,保证人民群众不受二手烟的危害。     

山西省医生、教师和公务员3类人群吸烟状况调查

目的了解山西省医生、教师和公务员3类人群吸烟行为、烟草危害知识与态度,为制定控烟干预策略提供科学依据。方法采用面对面自填问卷调查的方法,对山西省11市13县(市、区)221个单位3042名医生、教师和公务员进行了调查。统计分析采用Epi Data 3.0软件进行数据录入,SPSS 17.0软件对数据资料进行统计分析。结果 3类人群吸烟率为16.44%,其中男性吸烟率(31.81%)明显高于女性吸烟率(0.34%),公务员吸烟率最高(20.94%),其次为教师(14.81%)和医生(13.54%);工作场所的室内指定吸烟区(67.65%)、洗手间(56.79%)、办公室(49.14%)、走廊(48.89%)、教室(6.31%)和家庭(43.43%)是二手烟暴露的主要地方;烟草危害认知度偏低(62.51%);曾有超过半数的吸烟者尝试过戒烟,但均未成功,其原因是缺乏戒烟服务。结论重点人群的控烟意识较差,工作场所控烟监管力度薄弱,戒烟服务机构数量和服务技能跟不上。需进一步加强重点人群控烟教育,倡导不吸烟、不敬烟、不送烟的文明社会风尚;促进减少二手烟暴露,规范戒烟门诊,提高戒烟服务能力。     

天津市15～69岁居民烟草依赖水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解天津市15～69岁人群的烟草依赖流行情况及其影响因素, 为制定有针对性的控烟干预政策及开展科学的戒烟干预服务提供依据。方法采用2018年天津市居民健康素养监测调查数据, 采用概率比例规模抽样, 使用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据清洗及统计学分析, 采用χ2检验、二元logistic回归进行影响因素分析。结果本研究共纳入15～69岁的研究对象14 641名, 经标化后, 吸烟率为25.5%, 其中男性吸烟率为45.5%, 女性吸烟率为5.2%。15～69岁人群中, 烟草依赖患病率为10.7%;现在吸烟者中, 烟草依赖的患病率为40.1%, 其中男女性烟草依赖患病率分别为40.0%和40.6%。经多因素logistic回归分析, 居住在农村、小学及以下文化程度、每天吸烟、吸第一支烟时年龄≤15岁、每日吸烟量≥21支、吸烟包年>20, 自报身体健康状况差的人群患烟草依赖的可能性更大(均P<0.05);年龄及烟龄对患有烟草依赖的可能性无影响(均P>0.05)。现在吸烟者中, 是否患有烟草依赖戒烟意愿差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 烟草依赖患病者有过尝试戒烟且...     

海南省某企业职工吸烟行为综合干预模式效果评价

[目的]评价控烟项目的干预效果,提高员工对吸烟健康危害的认知,降低吸烟率。[方法]采取整群分层随机抽样方法,通过车间、人员两级随机抽样,抽取某企业660名职工进行问卷调查,运用"讲座+咨询+一氧化碳检测+药物发放"模式对其进行为期6个月的干预,对干预前后吸烟情况、每日吸烟者醒后吸第一支烟的时间分布、戒烟意愿及戒烟帮助情况、烟草知识知晓情况等数据进行比对分析。[结果]干预前、后吸烟率为32.9%、28.0%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.406,P 0.05);戒烟率为14.3%、27.2%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=11.412,P 0.05)。干预前后年龄组为18~25岁、月收入在4 001~6 000元人群吸烟率均为最高。通过对干预前后130名每日吸烟者"早晨醒来后吸第一支烟"的时间分布研究发现,6个月(4—9月)强化干预后每日吸烟者每天早晨醒来后30 min内吸第一支烟的比例比干预前略高(51.5%、50.8%),而且5 min内吸第一支烟的比例较干预前也增加(14.6%,8.5%),说明对于每日吸烟者,短时间内烟草依赖干预效果不明显。但干预后现在吸烟者中尝试戒烟、考虑戒烟的比例(41.7%、48.5%)均高于干预前(22.9%、40.1%);干预后知晓海南省设置12320戒烟热线和综合性大医院设置戒烟门诊的人群比例(72.4%、73.0%)也分别比干预前大幅度增加(11.5%、12.5%)(P 0.001)。且干预后,职工对"低焦油卷烟的危害和一般卷烟差不多"的正确认知率(28.8%)明显高于干预前(18.7%);认为吸烟与中风、心脏病发作、阳痿有关者的比例明显升高,认为被动吸烟与成人心脏疾病、儿童肺部疾病和成人肺癌有关者的比例亦明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.001)。[结论]干预后6个月内海南某企业职工吸烟率下降,戒烟率上升。"讲座+咨询+一氧化碳检测+药物发放"的四联戒烟综合干预模式值得推广。     

甘肃省15~69岁常住居民吸烟和戒烟现状及其烟草危害知晓情况

目的了解甘肃省15~69岁常住居民吸烟和戒烟现状及其对烟草危害的知晓情况,为进一步做好烟草防控和戒烟宣传工作提供参考依据。方法于2015年11月—2016年2月采用多阶段随机抽样方法在甘肃省抽取21320名15~69岁常住居民进行面访调查。结果经加权调整后,甘肃省15~69岁常住居民的吸烟率为30.7%(95%CI=29.3%~31.5%),现在吸烟率为27.5%(95%CI=26.6%~28.7%),现在每日吸烟率为21.6%(95%CI=20.8%~22.7%),戒烟率为12.1%(95%CI=10.8%~13.2%);现在吸烟者中考虑1年内戒烟的居民仅占16.2%;甘肃省15~69岁常住居民对吸烟会导致中风、心脏病发作和阳痿的知晓率分别为28.2%、34.0%和18.2%,对"二手烟"会导致成人心脏病、儿童肺部疾病和肺癌的知晓率分别为34.5%、52.8%和54.9%。结论甘肃省15~69岁常住居民现在吸烟率较高,戒烟率较低,对烟草危害认识不足,现在吸烟者戒烟意愿不强。     

苏州市居民吸烟行为及卷烟零售价格上涨对其吸烟行为的影响

目的了解苏州市居民吸烟行为,分析烟草消费情况及烟草价格上涨对吸烟行为潜在影响。方法采用四阶段随机抽样方法,在苏州市6个城区30个街道/镇3 000户家庭选择2 972名18岁及以上居民进行问卷调查。结果 2 972名调查对象中,现在吸烟率为32.8%,其中55岁以上居民吸烟率最高(41.0%),居民年龄越大、平均月收入越高,其吸烟率也越高。过去一年中,吸烟者尝试戒烟率为28.9%,28.3%居民得到过医生或卫生保健人员的戒烟的建议,25.5%的吸烟者表示看到烟包上健康警示语会考虑戒烟。95%的吸烟者通过"自己购买"获得卷烟,33.5%吸烟者吸10~15元/包的卷烟,吸烟者购买卷烟每月最多花费1 855元,平均花费355元。卷烟价格提高较低的倍数即可促使大多数吸烟者减少吸烟量或更换便宜的卷烟牌子,而吸烟者戒烟行为的改变需要更大倍数的卷烟价格提高。结论苏州市居民吸烟率较高,烟草花费负担严重,应加大控烟力度,强化宣传和教育。同时应考虑中国烟草价格低、价格跨度大等现实问题,合理提高烟草销售价格,改变吸烟人群的吸烟行为,进而逐渐降低人群吸烟率。     

北京市出租车司机群体戒烟宣传工作模式效果探讨北大核心

目的探讨北京市通过在出租车司机群体中开展"免费戒烟活动",进而带动扩大戒烟服务宣传的工作效果,为进一步在全市开展戒烟服务宣传提供思路和依据。方法2018年10月在北京市4家有代表性的出租车公司,随机整群选取440名出租车司机作为调查对象,对烟草使用情况、烟草危害以及戒烟服务知晓情况进行问卷调查。采用SPSS 19.0进行χ~2检验。结果出租车司机的现在吸烟率为68.8%,17.3%的吸烟者有戒烟意愿。317名(72.0%)司机知晓免费戒烟活动。知晓戒烟活动的出租车司机认为"吸烟成瘾是1种疾病"(72.2%)、知晓戒烟门诊(62.5%)、知晓戒烟热线(34.1%)的比例均高于不知晓戒烟活动者(P<0.05)。知晓戒烟活动的人认为戒烟热线、戒烟药物等戒烟方法更加有效,与不知晓活动的司机间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论利用出租车司机人群对于"免费戒烟活动"的关注,加大戒烟知识和戒烟服务的宣传,在提高其戒烟知识水平以及对戒烟服务的了解方面有一定的效果。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.