宝山区群体儿童生长发育调查分析

[目的]了解宝山区群体儿童生长发育现状，探讨今后儿童保健工作的重点。[方法]对本地区2002年5月15日～6月30日期间104所幼儿园2～6岁20405名儿童，应用上海市市区0～6岁儿童体格发育评价标准和WHO0～6岁儿童身高、体重评价标准，进行生长发育对照分析。[结果]各年龄组男女儿童体重均超出上海市儿童评价标准，平均为0．61～0．68k，身高超出较少，平均为0．08～0．23cm，并反映上海市评价标准高于WHO标准。[结论]宝山区群体儿童生长发育良好。     

洛阳市3～6岁儿童膳食营养与发育水平

目的 了解洛阳市3～6岁儿童膳食营养与发育水平，为开展相关于预研究提供依据。方法 采用随机抽样方法对洛阳市2435名3～6岁儿童膳食营养状况与发育水平进行调查，应用营养分析软件(CDGSS)进行膳食营养分析。结果 膳食营养达到中国营养学会推荐的营养要求，但钙、锌和维生素B1维生素A不足，仅占《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(DRIs)的38．73％，58．78％和64．77％，59．18％，身高、体重平均值与NCHS／WHO标准比较，略低于WHO水平，儿童年龄别身高的：分为-0．23，年龄别体重的：分为-0．21，身高别体重的：分为-0.07,儿童发育迟缓率为9．3％，消瘦率为6．1％，体重不足率为5．7％。结论 洛阳市儿童营养状况得到了极大的改善．仍存在微量营养素缺乏的问题．且生长发育不良儿童仍占一定比例。     

程家桥社区中国籍与东亚藉幼儿生长发育的比较

目的为了更好的做好中外幼儿健康保健工作。方法以1995年上海市儿童（0～6岁）正常评判标准为依据，对本社区幼儿（中国籍与东亚藉）进行身高、体重比较分析。结果中国籍与东亚藉幼儿的体重、身高差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），中国籍幼儿与东亚藉幼儿的体重、身高在3岁年龄段的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），中国籍幼儿男、女的体重、身高均数的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论东亚籍与中国籍幼儿体重、身高生长发育有所不同。     

不同性质幼儿园儿童营养状况比较分析

目的 比较抚州市公立与私立幼儿园儿童生长发育与营养状况.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,选取公立幼儿园1 037名,私立幼儿园1 179名3～7岁幼儿作为研究对象,测量他们的身高、体重,以美国国家卫生统计中心参考值作为评价标准,采用Z评分法进行营养评价,高铁血红蛋白法测定血红蛋白含量.同时采用记帐法对幼儿园膳食进行统计.结果 公立幼儿园5岁组和6岁组儿童的平均身高、平均体重、年龄别体重与年龄别身高的Z评分高于同龄的私立幼儿园儿童,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),公立幼儿园儿童每日中餐人均蛋白质摄入量及脂肪所占比例明显高于私立幼儿园,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 我市私立幼儿园儿童营养不容乐观,卫生监督部门应加大对幼儿园食品卫生工作的监督力度.     

徐汇区田林街道托幼机构儿童生长发育分析

目的了解除汇区田林街道3～6岁托幼机构儿童生长发育状况。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法．选取2007年出林街道托幼机构7所共1214名3～6岁儿童体俭资料。以2005年上海市市区0～6岁儿童体格发育五项指标评价参考值作为评价标准。以年龄测体重。年龄测身高．身高测体重的百分位数评分法进行评价。结果本市户籍儿童比外来儿童肥胖的发病率明显增高,差异有统计学意义。结论加强本市户籍儿童肥胖的干预工作,降低肥胖率。     

郑州市某幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

为了解郑州市某幼儿园学龄前儿童营养状况，并为营养监测和改善提供基础资料。我们于１９９６年３月对该所幼儿园２６４名２～６岁儿童进行了为期５天的营养状况调查。结果表明：园中膳食每日营养素的平均摄入量钙、锌、核黄素、抗坏血酸存在不足。分别为平均供给量标准的２２．５％、５９．９％、５４．５％和７９．５％，其它营养素达８０％以上，同时测量了儿童的身高、体重，对年龄标准身高、年龄标准体重、身高标准体重三个反映营养状况的指标进行统计学分析，显示儿童明显营养不良、可疑营养不良、营养中等、超重以及肥胖儿所占比例分别为０．５２％、３５．４％、５６．３５％、３．３１％和４．４２％。血红蛋白测定儿童贫血患病率为５．３８％，尿核黄素／肌酐比值显示体内核黄素缺乏和不足者为６．８７％。     

安徽省巢湖农村地区3岁组儿童生长发育状况及其影响因素分析

目的探讨安徽省巢湖农村地区3周岁儿童生长发育状况及其影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样方法，以巢湖农村地区3周岁年龄组儿童作为调查对象。调查内容包括：儿童出生／喂养／患病情况、母亲孕期情况、家庭情况及主要照顾者的儿童喂养知识，同时测量儿童的身高、体重及皮脂厚度，并应用年龄别身高、年龄别体重、身高别体重等指标对其进行生长发育状况评价。结果共调查儿童418人，按年龄别身高评价生长发育迟缓儿童为4．3％、正常者为95．7％；按年龄别体重评价低体重儿童发生率为1．9％、超重儿童发生率为0．7％、正常体重者为97．4％；按身高别体重评价消瘦儿童发生率为0．5％、肥胖儿童发生率为14．9％，正常者为84．6％。对影响生长发育指标的因素进行多分类Logistic回归分析，结果性别为男、出生体重较重、父亲身体较高、饭前经常洗手的儿童，其生长发育指标Z评分高；而出生胎次靠后、家庭年收入高、母亲文化程度为文盲、母亲孕期服用保胎药、接触X线、家中分娩儿、主要照顾者为母亲、4个月内喂养方式为母乳和人工混合喂养、添加辅食时间〈3个月、经常吃营养补品、零食和挑食的儿童，其生长发育指标Z评分低。结论该地区3岁组儿童总体发育情况良好，但孕产期保健和儿童期保健仍有待加强。     

南山区5岁以下儿童营养状况调查

本文通过对南山区２６０７名０～５岁儿童进行了生长发育状况调查，采用了年龄别体重、年龄别身高作为评价指标，用标准差记分评价法与１９８５年我国九市男女身高、体重测量值为参照人群进行比较，以分析南山区儿童的生长发育状况。结果显示肥胖、中、重度低体重、发育迟缓３种表现生长偏离类型的检出率分别为１．３８％、２．８４％、３．４９％。０～１岁组的营养不良发生率高于其它年龄组；常住儿童肥胖发生率明显高于暂住儿童，达３．０３％，提示肥胖已日益成为儿童生长发育偏离的突出问题     

古美社区儿童肥胖和超重现状调查

目的了解本社区儿童单纯性肥胖及超重情况，为早期干预婴幼儿肥胖提供依据。方法根据身高标准体重法对2007年本社区12所幼儿园2372名儿童单纯性肥胖和超重的情况进行分析。结果2373名儿童中，肥胖儿童118名，总肥胖率4．97％。≤2岁、3～4岁、5～6岁3个年龄段组的肥胖率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），肥胖率随年龄的增长而增大。超重儿童388名，总超重率16．35％，各年龄段组间超重率差异无明显统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论随年龄的增大，本社区儿童肥胖率逐渐上升，5～6岁儿童肥胖率（9．35％）已超过全国水平（8．1％），肥胖的预防和控制已经刻不容缓。     

3～6岁儿童的奶类消费量与生长发育关系

目的探讨我国城乡3—6岁儿童奶类消费量与其生长发育的关系,为国家制定相关政策提供参考依据。方法研究数据来自于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查,比较城乡不同饮奶量3～6岁儿童的身高和体重,进行相关指标的统计学分析。结果城乡3—6岁儿童的饮奶率分别为46．9％和8．2％;城乡3～6岁儿童饮奶量平均为23．8g／d,城市儿童高于农村（P〈0．01）;在同一年龄组,城乡儿童饮奶组的身高均高于未饮奶组,4岁、5岁和6岁饮奶组儿童的身高和体重与未饮奶组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,并且与饮奶量有关。结论需要进一步提高3～6岁儿童的饮奶率和饮奶量,以改善儿童的生长发育状况。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.