上海市社区居民代谢相关慢性病组合与非酒精性脂肪肝患病关联分析

目的了解上海市社区居民与非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患病率相关的代谢性慢性病组合。方法使用上海郊区自然人群队列和生物样本库基线数据, 根据问卷调查、体格检查及血生化检测获得肥胖、高血压、高脂血症、痛风及糖尿病5种代谢相关慢性病患病情况, 根据B超及问卷调查诊断NAFLD, 运用多因素logistic回归模型分析合并不同数量及类型的31种代谢相关慢性病组合与NAFLD患病的关联。结果 65 477名研究对象年龄M(Q1, Q3)为60(51, 66)岁, 男性占40.6%。NAFLD总患病率为38.2%, 无5种代谢相关慢性病中任1种者NAFLD患病率为12.0%。总人群(OR=37.94, 95%CI:31.02～46.41)、女性(OR=36.99, 95%CI:28.78～47.54)及≥60岁组(OR=36.19, 95%CI:28.25～46.36)与NAFLD患病关联最强的慢性病组合均为肥胖+高血压+高脂血症+痛风+糖尿病, 男性(OR=50.70, 95%CI:24.62～104.40)及<60岁组(OR=49.58, 95%CI:24.22～101.47)与NAFL...     

贵州省少数民族成人代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解贵州省少数民族30～79岁人群代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状及影响因素。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样的方法抽取贵州省侗族、布依族及苗族成人共10 110名；采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验、χ²检验描述贵州省少数民族人群代谢健康型肥胖的流行现状，采用多因素logistic回归模型分析探讨影响因素。结果 贵州省少数民族人群代谢健康型肥胖的总体患病率及95%CI为9.1%(8.6%～9.7%)，在肥胖人群中的患病率及95%CI为38.8%(36.9%～40.8%)。MHO的患病率存在一定民族差异(χ²=100.983, P<0.001)；且随着年龄的增加而降低(χ²趋势=59.897, P趋势<0.001)，女性高于男性(χ²=22.158, P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示女性(OR=1.429, 95%CI:1.133～1.803)、布依族(OR=1.475, 95%CI:1.182～1.841)、苗族(OR=1.448, 95%CI:1.177～1...     

重庆市黔江地区胆结石患病率及其影响因素分析

目的 评估黔江地区胆结石患病率及影响因素，为胆结石防治策略提供科学依据。方法 回顾性收集重庆市黔江中心医院2014—2019年期间参加体检的23 724名人群基本信息和体检数据，分析胆结石患病率在不同年龄、性别、种族等人群特征分布情况，并利用单因素和多因素logistic回归模型分析胆结石患病风险相关因素。结果 研究对象中166人被诊断为胆结石，患病率0.70%(95%CI:0.59%～0.81%)。亚组分析结果显示，男性和女性胆结石患病率分别为0.68%(95%CI:0.52%～0.83%)和0.72%(95%CI:0.57%～0.86%)，二者差异未达到显著水平(χ²=0.140; P=0.708)。不同民族之间胆结石患病率无显著差异(汉族0.70%vs土家族0.73%vs苗族0.59%vs其他民族1.04%;χ²=1.394; P=0.634)。多因素logistic回归分析显示肾结石(OR=8.185; 95%CI:2.808～23.858)、高血压(OR=1.774; 95%CI:1.260～2.498)、高龄(OR=2.803; ...     

新乡市健康体检人群慢性肾脏病患病及知晓情况调查

目的 调查河南省新乡市健康体检人群慢性肾脏病（CKD）患病现状以及影响因素,并了解CKD患者自身疾病知晓情况。方法 于2022年3—9月对新乡市某三甲医院体检中心进行健康体检的当地成年居民为研究对象,对其进行问卷调查、体格检查以及肾功能筛查,对筛查阳性异常者进行3个月跟踪随访,完成复查判断是否为CKD。采用描述流行病学分析方法分析CKD患病情况,并利用logistic回归模型分析CKD患病的影响因素。结果 共纳入6 103名健康体检者,其中男性2 974名（48.73%）,女性3 129名（51.27%）;年龄18～87岁。诊断为CKD病例624例,CKD患病率为10.22%。其中CKD 1期216例（34.62%）、CKD 2期224例（35.90%）、CKD 3期167例（26.76%）、CKD 4期17例（2.72%）,未检出CKD 5期病例。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示女性（OR=1.387）、年龄（OR=1.844）、高血压（OR=2.622）、合并糖尿病（OR=2.246）、高脂血症（OR=2.192）、高尿酸症（OR=3.102）和贫血（OR=2.077）是影响...     

北京市成年居民二手烟暴露与血脂异常的关系研究

目的了解北京市成年人二手烟暴露和血脂异常的关系, 为开展相关干预提供科学依据。方法本研究利用北京市2017年成人慢性病及其危险因素监测的数据。采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法在全市范围内抽取调查对象13 240人。监测内容包括问卷调查、体格测量、采集空腹静脉血进行相关生化指标测定。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行χ2检验及多因素logistic回归分析。结果每天暴露于二手烟者总血脂异常患病率(39.27%)、高TG血症患病率(22.61%)、高LDL-C血症患病率(6.03%)均为最高, 在男性调查对象中, 每天暴露于二手烟者的总血脂异常患病率(44.42%)、高TG血症患病率(26.12%)最高。调整混杂因素后的多因素logistic回归分析显示, 与无二手烟暴露相比, 暴露频率为平均1～3 d/周的人群总血脂异常患病风险最高(OR=1.276, 95%CI:1.023～1.591)。高TG血症中, 每天暴露二手烟人群患病风险最高(OR=1.356, 95%CI:1.107～1.661)。在男性中, 二手烟暴露频率为平均1～3 d/周者患总血脂异常的风险较高(OR=1.366, 95%CI:...     

武汉市江夏区农村成年人缺铁性贫血患病状况及影响因素分析

目的了解武汉市江夏区农村成年人贫血患病状况及影响因素,制定有效的干预措施。方法采用整群分层随机抽样法调查3 934名20岁以上的成年人,采用统一的方法进行问卷调查和实验室检查。应用非条件Logistic回归对贫血的影响因素进行分析。结果武汉市江夏区农村成年人血红蛋白检测平均值为(131.2±33.3)g/L,其中男性平均值为(136.5±34.7)g/L,女性为(128.7±32.7)g/L,共检出贫血患者891人,贫血患病率为23.00%,男性为17.30%,女性为24.40%,女性显著高于男性(χ2=15.23,P=0.001);居民血红蛋白水平有随年龄增大而降低的趋势,男性在70~岁年龄组贫血患病率最高(30.48%),而女性在20~岁年龄组贫血患病率最高(29.63%),70~岁年龄组次之(28.95%),非条件Logistic回归分析显示:年龄大(OR=1.37,95%CI:1.15~1.63)和女性(OR=3.14,95%CI:1.26~7.81)是贫血发生的危险因素,经济水平好(OR=0.60,95%CI:0.37~0.97)是贫血发生的保护因素。结论江夏区农村成年人贫血患病率较高,性别、年龄、经济水平对成人贫血率有明显的影响,对高危人群应采取综合措施预防贫血的发生。     

妇女围受孕期服用营养补充剂与孕早期贫血的关系

目的 了解北京市通州区妇女孕早期贫血患病率,评价围受孕期服用单纯叶酸片(PFA)或含叶酸的多种微量营养素补充剂(MMFA)与孕早期贫血的关系。方法 以2013—2018年37 034例在通州区妇幼保健院分娩妇女的孕期保健和孕早期血常规化验数据为基础进行研究,采用Logistic回归模型分析围受孕期PFA或MMFA服用情况与孕早期贫血的关系。结果 妇女孕早期贫血患病率为1.8%,以轻度及小细胞低色素性贫血为主。与服用PFA妇女相比,服用MMFA者孕早期患贫血(aOR=0.79, 95%CI:0.66～0.95)和小细胞低色素性贫血风险(aOR=0.69, 95%CI:0.53～0.91)均更低。在服用MMFA的妇女中,孕前开始服用者较孕后开始服用者总贫血和小细胞低色素性贫血风险低,aOR分别为0.69(95%CI:0.53～0.90)和0.47(95%CI:0.30～0.75),且高频服用MMFA者较未服用者总贫血和小细胞低色素性贫血风险低,aOR分别为0.59(95%CI:0.41～0.86)和0.42(95%CI:0.23～0.76)。在服用MMFA的妇女中,孕前开始服用者血清铁水平...     

湖南省2018年4个县区≥40岁人群骨质疏松症流行病学与影响因素

目的 了解湖南省2018年4个县区≥40岁人群中骨质疏松症及骨量低下的检出率与分布特征及骨质疏松症患病危险因素,为防控以及相应卫生资源配置提供数据支持。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法进行抽样,对研究对象进行问卷调查并对骨密度、身高、体重和腰围进行测量。采用率、构成比、均数等指标进行统计描述,率的比较采用Rao-Scott χ²检验。采用SAS 9.4软件的多因素Survey logistic回归分析模型进行危险因素分析。结果 共调查≥40岁人群1 597人,其中男性704人(44.08%),女性893人(55.92%)。骨质疏松症患病率为15.37%(95%CI:12.08～18.65),女性(26.95%)高于男性(4.55%)(Rao-Scott χ²=54.34,P<0.001)。患病率随年龄增长而增加(Rao-Scott χ²=131.00,P<0.001)。骨量低下检出率为53.33%(95%CI:49.61～57.04,P<0.001),男、女性骨量低下检出率分别为54.28%和52.01...     

教育程度和吸烟交互作用与高血压的相关研究

目的探究教育程度和吸烟状态交互作用对高血压患病的影响。方法采用概率比例抽样方法,于2012年对江苏省昆山市≥18岁居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后进行统计分析,采用多因素logistic回归探究高血压病与诸因素的关联强度及交互作用。结果共调查38 425人,检出高血压患者8 239例。通过复杂加权后,高血压患病率(95%CI)为17.2%(16.8%~17.6%),男性为17.2%(16.6%~17.7%),女性为17.3%(16.7%~17.8%)。检出吸烟者9 657例,吸烟率(95%CI)为23.21%(22.74%~23.66%),男性为46.65%(45.85%~47.45%),女性为1.4%(1.2%~1.6%)。调整混杂因素后,较低的教育程度(OR=1.25,95%CI:1.13~1.38)、吸烟(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.11~1.34)与高血压患病率间存在统计学关联;吸烟状态和教育程度交互作用与高血压患病率间有统计学关联(χ2=5.048,P=0.025)。结论吸烟及教育程度均与高血压患病有关,文化程度较低伴吸烟者高血压患病率较高。     

抗病毒治疗男男性行为人群HIV感染者对“检测不到等于无传染性”理念的认知调查

目的了解深圳市抗病毒治疗MSM HIV感染者(MSM感染者)对"检测不到等于无传染性"("U=U")理念的认知状况, 并分析影响其认知的因素, 为制定针对该理念的宣传和倡导策略提供依据。方法结合HIV感染者日常随访, 在深圳市通过方便抽样招募抗病毒治疗MSM感染者为研究对象, 开展横断面调查, 估算样本量为475例。利用调查问卷收集研究对象的社会人口学、性行为、抗病毒治疗、病毒载量检测信息, 以及对"U=U"理念的认知情况等内容, 并采用logistic回归模型分析影响研究对象接受"U=U"理念的相关因素。结果共490例抗病毒治疗MSM感染者, 其中知晓"U=U"理念的占60.2%(295/490), 接受"U=U"理念的占50.6%(248/490)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 大专及以上文化程度(aOR=1.76, 95%CI:1.12～2.75)的研究对象更可能接受"U=U"理念;无本地户籍(aOR=0.51, 95%CI:0.29～0.92)、最近1次病毒载量检测结果>0拷贝数/ml(aOR=0.61, 95%CI:0.38～0.98)和不知晓"U=U"理念...     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.