早产儿青春期智力发育影响因素分析

目的了解早产儿青春期智力发育的影响因素,为采取相应干预措施提供依据。方法运用中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表（WISC-RC）对99名早产初中生进行智力测试,运用多元回归模型（stepwise法）分析智商的影响因素。结果单因素分析显示,影响早产儿初中阶段智力发育的因素包括是否为独生子女、年龄;家庭环境因素有父母亲文化程度、职业、母亲年龄、家庭收入、家庭类型、父母亲的教育态度和方法;母亲孕期因素有孕早期阴道出血、孕中晚期阴道出血、胎膜早破、分娩方式。多元回归分析结果显示,早产儿智力发育的主要影响因素有母亲年龄、父亲文化程度、是否独生子女,父母教育子女方式和分娩方式。结论应积极改善家庭环境,采取科学的教育方式,促进早产儿青春期的智力发育。     

早产与足月产儿青春期体格和性发育水平比较

目的 比较早产与足月产儿青春期体格发育和性发育水平，分析早产对青春期体格和性发育的影响。方法 对99名早产与99名足月产的12～15岁初中生进行身高、体重测定，同时评定第二性征发育水平，询问首次遗精和月经初潮的年龄。结果 2组青少年的身高、体重发育水平差异无统计学意义；早产男童的阴毛发育水平落后于足月产儿，首次遗精年龄大于足月产儿；早产女生的乳房发育水平落后于早产儿，月经初潮年龄大于足月产儿。结论 早产儿青春期虽然在体格发育方面赶上足月产儿，但性发育水平仍落后于足月产的同龄青少年。     

发育性协调障碍儿童智力结构特点分析

目的研究发育性运动协调障碍儿童智力发育水平及特点,为早期干预提供方法和依据。方法在知情同意、自愿参加的原则下,在昆山市区随机抽取幼儿园儿童共1 867人,以美国精神病诊断手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)为诊断标准,确诊发育性协调障碍(developmental coordination disorder,DCD)者共112名,患病率为6.0%;其中59名儿童自愿参加智力测试,另随机选取同年龄同性别的正常儿童59例为对照组,均进行韦氏智力测试。结果 DCD组儿童的总智商得分、操作智商得分、动物房、图画补缺、迷津、几何图形、木块图案等项目得分均显著低于正常组儿童,差异有统计学意义(P均0.01);DCD组儿童与正常组儿童语言智商得分比较,差异无统计学意义。DCD组智力不平衡的比例显著高于对照组儿童,差异有统计学意义(P均0.01)。结论患有DCD学龄前儿童的操作智商低于正常儿童,但语言智商与正常儿童差异无统计学意义,在训练和教育中应有针对性的进行干预。     

早产儿初中阶段行为问题研究

目的分析早产儿初中阶段行为问题的发生情况及其影响因素,以便采取相应的干预措施,提高早产儿青春期的心理健康水平。方法整群抽取蚌埠市1所重点中学、3所普通中学的初一和初二年级学生3559人,以Conners儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)调查并评定学生的行为问题,以自编的问卷调查早产儿父母的人口统计学变量、儿童出生情况(包括早产史)、母亲妊娠史等。共调查早产儿257名,足月产对照2903名,对两组行为问题的检出情况进行比较,并进行影响因素的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果早产儿在初中阶段品行问题和焦虑的检出率较足月产对照儿童高。单因素分析显示,影响儿童行为问题的因素有母亲职业、家庭类型、家庭气氛、教育子女方、父母教育子女态度、父母教育方式、母亲怀该儿童时的孕次、母亲孕期服用保胎药、儿童出生时窒息情况和儿童是否为独生子女。除儿童是否为独生子女外,其他因素均与对照组相似。多元Logistic回归分析显示,儿童出生时窒息和母亲孕期服用保胎药为行为问题产生的危险因素,母亲职业为教师、医务人员、技术人员、机关人员的和父母亲教育态度一致是早产儿童初中阶段行为问题的保护因素。结论早产会对初中阶段儿童的行为问题产生不利影响,需针对影响早产儿行为问题的因素早期采取干预措施,以减少早产儿青春期行为问题的发生。     

早期生物和环境因素对早产儿智力发育的影响研究

目的为了探讨早期生物和环境因素对早产儿智力发育的影响。方法 对２８３名３－８岁的早产儿进行智力发育追踪调查，随机选择２８３名足月正常体重儿做对照，结果早产儿组智商（ＩＱ）值明显低于足月儿组，统计学存在显著差异。在孕周〈３０周早产儿中ＩＱ〈７０者占８０％，孕周３０－３２周中占４３．７％；出生体重〈１５００ｇ的早产儿ＩＱ〈７０者占４０．７％，影响早产智力发育的我元逐步回归表明；出生孕、体重、早期教育、     

早产、低出生体重儿神经心理行为发育的监测

目的 探索早产、低出生体重儿神经心理行为发育,以早期干预,改善预后。方法 以西安市莲湖区和碑林区14所社区卫生服务中心为项目点,调查项目点内2011年10月1日-2013年9月30出生的所有常住早产儿、低出生体重儿共303人。根据知情同意将144名早产、低出生体重儿(144/303)设为研究组、随机选取52名同期出生、同社区居住的正常足月儿为对照组,比较两组脑瘫、运动发育落后、孤独症谱系障碍的发生率,对比两组婴幼儿智力发育水平。结果 研究组144例GESLL测评(GESLL)异常54例,孤独症谱系障碍筛查阳性10例,脑瘫(痉挛型)2例,运动发育落后11例。对照组52例GESLL测评异常3例,1例诊断为运动发育落后,无脑瘫及孤独症谱系障碍病例。两组GESELL各能区分值比较:研究组各能区分值明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 早产、低出生体重儿有高风险出现神经心理行为发育障碍,加强发育早期的监测对预防神经心理行为发育障碍具有重要意义。     

儿科保健对早产儿智力和体格发育的影响分析

目的:分析并评估儿科保健对于早产儿智力及体格发育的影响。方法:选择2013年8月-2014年7月于我院成功分娩的早产儿40例为对照组(常规育儿指导),另选择2014年8月-2015年7月分娩成功的早产儿40例为观察组(育儿指导基础上予以保健干预),对比两组发育情况。结果:观察组患者的精神发育指数、运动发育指数、身高、体重分别为(92.48±4.59)、(94.57±5.32)、(69.43±6.24)cm、(8.76±2.59)kg,均显著高于对照组水平(t=13.84,15.28,13.75,15.92;P0.05)。结论:早产儿接受儿科保健后,有利于早产儿的神经系统发育和体格发育情况,降低残障儿童发生率,具备推广价值。     

早产儿早期神经运动发育纵向随访

目的 探讨早产对婴幼儿智力、运动发育及视觉认知能力的影响,为开展早产儿早期干预提供依据。方法 采用纵向随访方法,选取曾在本院新生儿科住院的55例早产儿(其中:极早产儿 25例,中晚期早产儿30例)作为研究组,40例正常足月儿作为对照组,应用Bayley-Ⅱ婴幼儿发育量表在12月龄、18月龄、24月龄和36月龄时进行评估,用智力发育指数(Mental Developmental Index,MDI)、运动发育指数(Psychomotor Developmental Index,PDI)和视觉项目通过率表示。结果 极早产儿各校正月龄MDI、PDI均较正常足月儿落后(P＜0.05);中晚期早产儿仅在校正12月龄和24月龄MDI得分与对照组存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),各校正月龄PDI得分与对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。极早产儿组视觉项目通过率为46.3%,中晚期早产儿为61.5%,对照组为74.4%。 结论 早产对婴幼儿的智力、运动及视觉认知发育存在显著负面影响,在极早产儿中尤为明显,应尽早实施早期干预,促进早产儿发育。     

郑州市区小学生智力水平调查及其影响因素分析

应用《瑞文测验》对郑州市区9～11岁小学生1200名进行了智力调查。结果表明该区儿童平均智商水平为108．8±14．1智商呈轻度偏态分布．证明郑州市学龄儿童的智力发育正常。结果还提示影响儿童智力发育的因素除碘缺乏外，还与年龄、学习成绩及父母的文化程度和职业有关。     

学龄前儿童血红蛋白浓度与智力发育水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨学龄前儿童血红蛋白(Hb)浓度与智力发育水平之间的相关性.方法 研究对象为河北、江苏、浙江3省21个市县1993-1996年出生的7331名儿童.平均54月龄时测量Hb浓度;平均68月龄时使用中国-韦氏幼儿智力量表进行智力测试.分析Hb浓度与全量表智商、语言智商和操作智商得分之间的关系.结果 贫血组与非贫血组儿童的语言智商得分分别为91.6±18.0、92.3±17.5(P=0.144),操作智商得分分别为102.2±15.6、103.1±15.0(P=0.055),全量表智商得分分别为96.4±17.1、97.3±16.4(P=0.079).调整儿童性别、智力测量时月龄、地区、产次以及母亲智商、文化程度、职业等因素之后,贫血组儿童发生低语言智商、操作智商、全量表智商得分的风险是非贫血儿童的1.3倍(OR=1.3,95%CI:1.1～1.6)、1.3倍(OR=1.3,95%CI:1.1～1.5)和1.4倍(OR=1.4,95%CI:1.2～1.6).按照每20个百分位间隔将lib浓度分成5组分析,Hb浓度偏低组(Hb＜110 g/l)、中等浓度组(117 g/L≤Hb＜122 g/L)、偏高组(Hb≥130 g/L)儿童的语言智商得分分别为90.6±18.1、94.0±17.6、91.0±16.4;操作智商得分分别为102.2±15.7、104.6±14.8、100.5±14.9,全量表智商得分分别为95.9±17.3、99.0±16.4、95.2±15.6;Hb浓度偏低或偏高组儿童的智力得分均低于Hb水平中等组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).调整混杂因素后,Hb浓度偏低组儿童发生语言智商、操作智商、全量表智商得分较低的风险是Hb浓度中等浓度组儿童的1.4倍(OR=1.4,95%CI:1.1～1.7)、1.4倍(OR=1.4,95%CI:1.1～1.8)和1.5倍(OR=1.5,95%CI:1.2～1.8).未见Hb浓度偏高组儿童发生低智商得分的风险高于Hb水平中等组.结论 儿童低Hb浓度可能对智力发育有不利影响.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.