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1.
目的 分析河南省艾滋病感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy,ART)10年生存状况及影响长期生存的因素。方法 利用国家艾滋病抗病毒治疗数据库,收集河南省2003-2005年接受ART的HIV/AIDS基本情况和治疗随访信息,采用寿命表法和Cox比例风险模型分析生存状况和影响长期生存的危险因素,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。结果 2003-2005年开始ART的2 448例HIV/AIDS中,男性占53.5%(1 309/2 448),女性占46.5%(1 139/2 448),40~59岁占70.1%(1 715/2 448),以血液传播为主,占95.5%(2 337/2 448);ART后随访10年,死于艾滋病及相关疾病719例,死亡率为3.78/100人年(719/19 010人年);患者第1、3、5、10年累计生存率为0.94、0.86、0.78、0.69。相对于年龄<40岁组,40~、50~、60~和≥70岁组HR值(95% CI)分别为1.417(0.903~2.222)、1.834(1.174~2.866)、2.422(1.539~3.810)和3.424(2.053~5.709);相对于基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)>350个/μl,CD4<50、50~199、200~350个/μl的HR值(95% CI)值分别为7.105(5.449~9.264)、4.175(3.249~5.366)和2.214(1.691~2.900);男性相对于女性HR=1.480(95% CI:1.273~1.172)、没有更换二线治疗HR=11.923(95% CI:9.410~15.104)。结论 河南省早期HIV/AIDS接受ART 10年后的累计生存率为0.69,男性、年龄较大、基线CD4水平低、未及时更换二线抗病毒药物为影响其长期生存的危险因素。  相似文献   

2.
目的 了解山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的生存状况及影响因素。方法 运用Kaplan-Meier(K-M)法及累积发生函数(CIF)估算2003-2015年山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生率、部分分布比例风险回归模型(F-G模型)分析生存状况及影响因素。结果 竞争风险存在时,K-M法计算艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率高于CIF。CIF估算5 593例治疗HIV/AIDS随访1、3、5、10年艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率分别为3.08%、4.21%、5.37%和7.59%。大专及以上文化程度(HR=0.40,95% CI:0.24~0.65)HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生危险较低,现住址在鲁西地区(HR=1.33,95% CI:1.01~1.89)、医疗机构检测发现(HR=1.39,95% CI:1.06~1.80)、治疗基线方案含NVP(HR=1.36,95% CI:1.03~1.88)、治疗基线临床症状Ⅲ/Ⅳ期(HR=2.61,95% CI:1.94~3.53)、诊断1年后接受随访(HR=2.02,95% CI:1.30~3.15)、诊断基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)≤ 200个/μl(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.59)、治疗基线CD4 ≤ 350个/μl(HR=5.48,95% CI:2.32~12.72)的HIV/AIDS发生艾滋病相关死亡风险高。结论 竞争风险存在时,K-M法高估艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率,优选竞争风险模型进行生存分析;早诊断、及时随访、早治疗可降低HIV/AIDS艾滋病相关死亡。  相似文献   

3.
目的 了解河南省HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)确诊AIDS后生存状况及其影响因素。方法 从国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统下载河南省相关数据库,筛选出2008-2015年间确诊为AIDS且≥15岁患者,进行回顾性研究。结果 纳入25 525例研究对象,观察期内病死率为24.9%,其中接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)为14.4%。治疗比例从2008年的72.1%上升到2015年的92.8%,同期病死率从21.2%下降到4.1%,其中接受HAART者从9.2%下降到2.6%。多因素分析显示,确诊AIDS时CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<50个/μl的患者死亡风险大(aHR=2.45);接受HAART的患者死亡风险低(aHR=0.13)。在接受HAART患者中,有复方磺胺甲恶唑(TMP-SMZ)服用史的患者死亡风险低(aHR=0.76);确诊AIDS时CD4计数50~个/μl组和<50个/μl组死亡风险高(aHR值分别为1.26和1.97);基线CD4计数50~个/μl、<50个/μl组死亡风险高(aHR值分别为1.44和1.84)。结论 抗病毒治疗是影响HIV/AIDS生存时间的重要因素,加强HIV/AIDS的CD4检测,尽早纳入HAART,同时及时开展TMP-SMZ预防治疗,是减少患者AIDS相关疾病死亡的有效途径。  相似文献   

4.
目的 分析1995-2015年北京市HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)诊断后生存时间及影响因素。方法 运用回顾性队列研究方法,对1995-2015年中国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中报告的12 874例HIV/AIDS的数据资料进行分析,应用寿命表法计算生存率,采用Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的相关因素。结果 12 874例HIV/AIDS中,303例(2.4%)死于艾滋病及相关疾病,接受抗病毒治疗9 346例(72.6%)。平均生存时间为226.5个月(95% CI:223.0~230.1),1、5、10、15年生存率分别为98.2%、96.4%、93.2%、91.9%。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,艾滋病死亡风险较高的因素包括诊断时为艾滋病患者(比HIV感染者,HR=1.439,95% CI:1.041~1.989);异性传播(比同性传播,HR=1.646,95% CI:1.184~2.289);现有或曾有配偶(比未婚,HR=2.186,95% CI:1.510~3.164);诊断时年龄≥ 60岁(比≤ 30岁,HR=6.608,95% CI:3.546~12.316);诊断后首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)<350个/μl(比≥ 350个/μl,HR=8.711,95% CI:5.757~13.181);未抗病毒治疗(比抗病毒治疗,HR=18.223,95% CI:13.317~24.937)。结论 1995-2015年北京市HIV/AIDS诊断后的平均生存时间为226.5个月。诊断为HIV感染、同性传播、未婚、≤ 30岁、首次CD4 ≥ 350个/μl、接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS生存时间较长。相反,诊断为AIDS、异性传播、现有或曾有配偶、年龄≥ 60岁、CD4<350个/μl、未抗病毒治疗的死亡风险较高。  相似文献   

5.
目的 了解河南省驻马店市单阳家庭中接受抗病毒治疗原阳者的生存状况及其影响因素。方法 采用2008-2014年开展的开放式、前瞻性队列研究,每年随访一次,收集当地单阳家庭治疗原阳者的人口学特征、CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)、病毒载量、艾滋病相关症状、治疗启动日期、治疗机构级别、治疗方案等信息,以及随访期间的死亡结局,用寿命表法计算生存率,Cox比例风险模型分析死亡率的影响因素。结果 2008-2014年间接受过抗病毒治疗的4 196例原阳者中,350例发生死亡,死亡率为1.88/100人年(95%CI:1.86/100人年~1.90/100人年)。随访第1~7年的生存率依次为99.64%、97.70%、95.62%、93.54%、91.25%、86.86%和82.36%。年龄在≥50岁(HR=3.48,95%CI:2.67~4.55)、初中及以上文化程度(HR=0.75,95%CI:0.56~1.00)、基线CD4水平在350个/μl以上(HR=0.55,95%CI:0.42~0.72)、基线病毒载量水平在400拷贝/ml以上者(HR=1.71,95%CI:1.32~2.22)和既往启动治疗者(HR=0.65,95%CI:0.41~1.05)是单阳家庭治疗原阳者生存状况的影响因素。结论 驻马店市单阳家庭治疗原阳者的死亡率较低,整体治疗效果较好;在治疗条件下,需进一步识别并控制影响治疗者生存的关键因素,提高治疗的及时性和依从性,使治疗者维持在较高的免疫水平,尤其要关注早期治疗、长期治疗者可能发生的耐药、治疗失败等不良事件。  相似文献   

6.
目的 了解1995-2018年贵州省HIV/AIDS生存时间及影响因素。方法 采用回顾性队列研究的方法,从"艾滋病防治基本信息系统"中下载1995-2018年贵州省报告的所有现住址为贵州省的HIV/AIDS报告卡。进行统计分析,运用寿命表法计算生存率、Kaplan-Meier法计算生存时间、Cox比例风险模型分析HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结果 纳入研究对象HIV/AIDS 53 232例,死亡率为8.53/100人年(14 210/166 679.18);生存时间中位数为10.20(95%CI:9.91~10.48)年,第1、5、10、20年的累积生存概率分别为0.85、0.68、0.51、0.36、0.19;多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,男性(与女性相比,aHR=0.757,95%CI:0.727~0.788)、未接受过抗病毒治疗(与接受过抗病毒治疗相比,aHR=0.173,95%CI:0.165~0.181)、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)<200个/μl(与首次CD4 ≥ 200个/μl者相比,aHR=0.410,95%CI:0.387~0.435)、≥ 45岁 (与<45岁者相比,aHR=1.506,95%CI:1.193~1.901)、文盲(与高中及以上学历者相比,aHR=0.904,95%CI:0.832~0.982)、未婚(与离异或丧偶者相比, aHR=0.896,95%CI:0.848~0.946)、异性性传播(与同性性传播者相比,aHR=0.555,95%CI:0.487~0.632)、苗族等少数民族(与汉族相比,aHR=1.185,95%CI:1.114~1.262)、农民/民工(与家政/待业者相比, aHR=0.874,95%CI:0.834~0.916)均是影响病例生存时间的因素。结论 贵州省HIV/AIDS死亡率较高,近年来并未出现明显的下降趋势,男性、≥ 45岁、文化程度较低、少数民族、首次CD4检测<200个/μl等是影响HIV/AIDS生存时间的因素。应该针对具有这些特征的病例加强治疗和随访管理,以提高其生存质量。  相似文献   

7.
目的 分析山东省HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的影响因素,为降低死亡风险及延长生存时间提供参考。方法 研究对象为2017-2021年山东省HIV感染者,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析艾滋病相关死亡及确证1年内死亡的影响因素。结果 2017-2021年山东省报告的14 700例HIV感染者中,发生艾滋病相关死亡351例,占2.4%(351/14 700)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的危险因素包括文化程度为初、高中/中专(aHR=1.37,95%CI:1.01~1.84)、样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.61,95%CI:1.22~2.12)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=9.86,95%CI:6.86~14.19)、未检测基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)(aHR=3.93,95%CI:2.69~5.75)、抗病毒治疗(ART)时间<6个月(aHR=3.46,95%CI:2.42~4.93)和未ART(aHR=1.45,95%CI:1.02~2.07)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=3.51,95%CI:2.18~5.65)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=10.58,95%CI:6.15~18.19)、末次病毒载量(VL)值为50~999拷贝数/ml、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=2.59,95%CI:1.07~6.26;aHR=9.50,95%CI:5.60~16.12;aHR=15.33,95%CI:8.91~26.36);HIV感染者确证1年内发生艾滋病相关死亡风险较高的因素包括样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.68,95%CI:1.19~2.36)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=10.60,95%CI:7.13~15.75)、基线CD4未检测(aHR=3.71,95%CI:2.34~5.90)、ART时间<6个月(aHR=4.30,95%CI:2.85~6.49)和未ART(aHR=2.05,95%CI:1.35~3.13)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=5.45,95%CI:2.04~14.60)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=20.95,95%CI:7.69~57.04)、末次VL值为50~999、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=15.21,95%CI:2.54~91.21;aHR=42.93,95%CI:9.64~191.20;aHR=61.35,95%CI:13.85~271.77)。结论 扩大检测覆盖面,促进早发现和早治疗,加强对HIV感染者的定期随访和检测,掌握病程进展并进行精准管理和治疗,对降低HIV感染者病死率和延长生存时间有重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
目的 了解不同性别抗病毒治疗者死亡率及其影响因素,为提高抗病毒治疗效果提供思路和方法。方法 以新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)2004年7月至2013年6月进行高效抗反转录病毒治疗的男性8 061例,女性6 001例为研究对象。数据来源于国家“艾滋病综合防治信息系统”中“抗病毒治疗信息系统”。采用回顾性研究方法,分析不同性别抗病毒治疗者死亡率和累积生存率,采用Cox回归模型分析死亡的影响因素。结果 HIV传播途径男性以静脉注射吸毒为主,女性以性途径为主。男性抗病毒治疗者年龄偏大,基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平偏低;整体死亡率高于女性,治疗早期死亡率高达10.87/100人年,两年后降至7.00/100人年以下。女性治疗早期死亡率为4.77/100人年,两年后降至3.00/100人年。Cox回归分析结果显示:死亡率的影响因素为基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平和感染途径。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(cell/μl)< 200者(对照为≥350),男性的HR=4.08(95%CI:2.96~5.62),女性的HR=5.11(95%CI:3.16~8.35)。静脉注射吸毒者(对照为性途径感染),男性的HR=1.99(95%CI:1.66~2.40),女性的HR=1.77(95%CI:1.24~2.52)。累积生存率分析结果显示:常规治疗组经性途径感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为81%与87%,经静脉吸毒感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为66%与75%,性别差异有统计学意义。早治疗组经性途径感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为97%与98%,经静脉吸毒感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为86%与97%,无性别差异。结论 新疆男性抗病毒治疗者较高的死亡率,源于该群体较低的基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平及较高的经静脉注射吸毒感染比例。另外,男性主动服药意愿偏弱及服药依从性偏低为深层次影响因素。  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解2005-2015年天津市开始接受抗病毒治疗(ART)的HIV/AIDS生存状况及影响因素。方法 利用中国艾滋病基本信息系统收集2005-2015年天津市开始接受ART的HIV/AIDS病例的数据资料,对数据资料进行回顾性队列研究,应用寿命表法计算生存率,Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果 共纳入研究对象2 057例,其中艾滋病相关死亡病例51例,研究对象接受ART后1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为98.4%、97.8%、97.4%、95.8%。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,相比于年龄<30岁组,30~、40~和≥ 50岁组的aHR值(95% CI)分别为4.506(1.226~9.059)、5.944(1.479~13.892)和15.958(5.309~27.206);相比于ART过程无失访者,有失访者的aHR=5.645(95% CI:3.124~10.200);相对于其他机构发现者,发现机构为医院的aHR=3.823(95% CI:1.423~10.274);相比于ART前未感染HBV/HCV者,感染HBV/HCV者的aHR=2.580(95% CI:1.210~5.502);相比于ART时临床分期Ⅰ/Ⅱ期者,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期者的aHR=3.947(95% CI:2.167~7.188);相比于初中及以下文化程度者,高中及以上文化程度者的aHR=0.440(95% CI:0.238~0.810);相比于样本来源为术前检测者,样本来源为专题调查与检测咨询的HR值(95% CI)分别为0.111(0.027~0.456)和0.182(0.049~0.674)。结论 2005-2015年天津市ART的HIV/AIDS生存率较高。ART时年龄较大、ART过程有失访、发现机构为医院、ART时感染HBV/HCV、临床分期为Ⅲ/Ⅳ期是HIV/AIDS生存的危险因素,高中及以上文化程度、样本来源为专题调查与检测咨询是HIV/AIDS生存的保护因素。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析全国2010年新报告HIV感染者/AIDS病例(HIV/AIDS)生存时间及影响因素。方法 使用艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统截至2015年12月31日的病例报告历史卡片和随访定时数据库,筛选出2010年新报告HIV/AIDS并整理出随访结局数据,以寿命表法计算其生存率,采用Kaplan-Meier法拟合不同状态下的生存曲线,Cox比例风险模型分析HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结果 40 335例HIV/AIDS中,11 975例因艾滋病及相关疾病死亡;截至观察终点时,中位生存时间为63.1(95%CI:63.0~63.2)个月,1年和5年生存率分别为81.2%和69.9%;多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,艾滋病死亡的风险随年龄增加而增加,25~34、35~44、45~54和≥55岁组因艾滋病死亡的风险分别是15~24岁组的1.41倍(95%CI:1.29~1.54)、1.90倍(95%CI:1.74~2.07)、2.24倍(95%CI:2.04~2.46)和2.81倍(95%CI:2.57~3.08);HIV/AIDS首次检测CD4T淋巴细胞(CD4)值≥500个/μl是CD4值<200个/μl 的0.12倍(95%CI:0.11~0.13);接受抗病毒治疗者是未接受治疗者的0.11倍(95%CI:0.10~0.12)。结论 确诊时年龄、确诊时CD4值水平、是否接受抗病毒治疗是HIV/AIDS生存时间的主要影响因素,应及早进行艾滋病检测、接受抗病毒治疗,以延长HIV/AIDS生存时间。  相似文献   

11.
This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.  相似文献   

12.
Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.  相似文献   

13.
Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.  相似文献   

15.
Wolf G 《Nutrition reviews》2005,63(3):97-100
A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.  相似文献   

16.
Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.  相似文献   

17.
To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.  相似文献   

18.
Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.  相似文献   

20.
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