安徽省成年居民慢性肾病患病流行现状及相关因素研究

目的 利用2018年安徽省中国成人慢性病与营养监测数据,比较不同特征成年居民慢性肾病（CKD）患病率,并分析其相关因素。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选取≥18岁居民进行询问调查、身体测量和实验室检测。使用复杂加权方法估算不同特征居民的CKD患病率,CKD患病及其相关因素的多因素分析采用复杂抽样数据logistic回归模型。结果 共纳入7 181人,成年居民CKD患病率为11.06%,女性CKD患病率（12.49%）高于男性（9.59%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。居民CKD进展的中、高和极高风险程度比例分别为8.66%、2.02%和0.38%。多因素分析结果显示,年龄（OR=1.03,95%CI：1.00~1.05）和BMI（OR=1.05,95%CI：1.01~1.09）增加、女性（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.22~1.55）、高血压（OR=2.50,95%CI：1.76~3.56）、糖尿病（OR=2.28,95%CI：1.51~3.43）、血脂异常（OR=1.26,95%CI：1.11~1.43）和高尿酸血症（OR=2.16,95%CI：1.68~2.78）均为CKD的危险因素。结论 安徽省成年居民CKD患病率较高,CKD与年龄、性别、BMI、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症相关,应当注重相关危险因素的管控,包括超重/肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症,预防CKD及其并发症。     

成年人睡眠时间与脑卒中患病关系的研究

目的 探讨成年人睡眠时间与脑卒中患病的关系。方法 使用“中国慢性病前瞻性研究”(CKB)浙江省桐乡市项目点57 704名30～79岁常住居民有效基线调查数据,使用多重logistic回归分析通过调整可能的混杂因素研究睡眠时间和脑卒中患病的关系。结果 调查对象中男性和女性的平均年龄分别为(53.15±10.20)岁和(51.72±9.69)岁,14.43%的男性和15.30%的女性报告睡眠时间≤6 h/d,5.39%的男性和5.95%的女性报告睡眠时间≥10 h/d。男性脑卒中患病率为0.92%,女性为0.44%,均随睡眠时间呈“U”形的分布。在调整年龄、社会经济状况、行为习惯和健康状态的因素后,与7 h/d睡眠时间相比,睡眠时间≥10 h/d与男女性脑卒中患病均存在关联,OR值分别为2.11(95%CI:1.32～3.37)和2.13(95%CI:1.24～3.65),睡眠时间不足与脑卒中之间未见统计学关联。此外,女性睡眠时经常打鼾也与脑卒中的患病相关(OR=1.63,95%CI:1.11～2.40)。结论 睡眠时间过长与脑卒中患病存在关联,女性睡眠时经常打鼾能够增加脑卒中的患病风险。     

社区糖尿病患者的周围血管病变患病率及其影响因素研究

目的 了解社区管理2型糖尿病患者的周围血管病变（PAD）流行现况及影响因素。方法 本研究基于中国糖尿病足预防模式项目基线调查,采用二阶段整群随机抽样的方法抽取武汉市江岸区和江苏省常熟市社区管理的2型糖尿病患者2 528名,进行问卷调查、体格检查及血糖检测。采用非条件多因素logistic模型进行影响因素分析。结果 糖尿病患者的PAD患病率为11.2%,<55、55~、65~、≥75岁年龄组的患病率分别为7.8%、6.0%、12.9%、22.5%。多因素分析结果显示,与<55岁年龄组糖尿病患者相比,55~、65~、≥75岁年龄组PAD患病的OR值分别为0.74（95%CI：0.43~1.28）、1.72（95%CI：1.05~2.81）、3.56（95%CI：2.07~6.11）;与小学及以下文化程度糖尿病患者相比,初中、高中/中专/技校、大专及以上文化程度PAD患病的OR值分别为1.37（95%CI：0.97~1.94）、2.48（95%CI：1.73~3.55）、1.99（95%CI：1.26~3.13）;现在吸烟（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.02~2.17）、现在饮酒（OR=0.45,95%CI：0.28~0.71）、餐后2 h血糖控制未达标（OR=1.72,95%CI：1.22~2.43）、心肌梗死或心绞痛史（OR=2.32,95%CI：1.50~3.61）均是糖尿病PAD的影响因素。结论 社区管理糖尿病患者的PAD患病率较高,有必要在基层医疗卫生机构开展PAD常规筛查,及早发现,早期预防,减少糖尿病足的发生。     

中国成年人糖尿病前期发病状况及其影响因素研究

目的 了解我国成年人糖尿病前期的发病状况及其影响因素。方法 基于2010年中国慢性病及其危险因素监测调查数据,从中抽取10省份,再从每省份中选择2个监测点作为随访点,于2016-2017年进行随访调查。采用非条件logistic回归模型分析糖尿病前期的影响因素。结果 本研究纳入5 578人,随访期间糖耐量受损（IGT）发生612人（男性268人,女性344人）,总计随访37 364.82人年,IGT发病率为16.4/1 000人年;空腹血糖受损（IFG）发生290人（男性128人,女性162人）,总计随访39 731.31人年,IFG发病率为7.3/1 000人年。多因素非条件logistic回归模型纳入年龄、城乡、糖尿病家族史、BMI、中心性肥胖、血脂异常、高血压以及身体活动水平,结果显示,年龄≥50岁（OR=1.60,95%CI： 1.32~1.95）、城市居民（OR=1.41,95%CI： 1.16~1.71）、肥胖（OR=1.56,95%CI： 1.12~2.19）、血脂异常（OR=1.52,95%CI： 1.25~1.83）、高血压（OR=1.32,95%CI： 1.07~1.61）以及身体活动不足（OR=1.25,95%CI： 1.04~1.50）是IGT发病的危险因素;年龄≥50岁（OR=1.31,95%CI： 1.01~1.70）、糖尿病家族史（OR=1.71,95%CI： 1.13~2.60）、超重（OR=1.41,95%CI： 1.04~1.92）、肥胖（OR=2.09,95%CI： 1.38~3.17）以及高血压（OR=1.53,95%CI： 1.18~2.00）是IFG发病的危险因素。结论 相比IFG,IGT发病率较高。年龄≥50岁者、超重/肥胖人群、高血压患者、血脂异常者、身体活动不足者以及有糖尿病家族史者易发生糖尿病前期。     

吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期流行特征的影响因素分析

目的 了解吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的流行特征的影响因素,为制定相关预防与控制策略及措施提供参考依据。方法 本研究以2017-2018年吉林省心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目为基础,纳入吉林省6个项目点35~75岁常住居民11 903人为研究对象,进行体格检查、实验室检测和问卷调查。采用χ²检验、趋势χ²检验、F检验计算不同特征人群和健康指标的中心性肥胖及其前期情况,其影响因素采用多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果 吉林省居民中心性肥胖率为33.35%（3 970/11 903）,标化率为31.73%,中心性肥胖前期率为28.79%（3 427/11 903）,标化率为28.86%。多因素分析结果显示,农村居民（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.78~2.23）、女性（OR=1.76,95%CI：1.57~1.97）、65~75岁组（OR=1.21,95%CI：1.03~1.45）、高中/中专文化程度（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.17~1.63）、家庭年收入>10万元（OR=1.65,95%CI：1.20~2.26）、超重（OR=9.27,95%CI：8.26~10.41）、肥胖（OR=82.82,95%CI：62.63~109.52）、正常高值血压（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.27~1.74）、高血压（OR=1.70,95%CI：1.42~2.04）、糖尿病（OR=2.30,95%CI：1.94~2.73）、血脂异常（OR=1.33,95%CI：1.18~1.50）与中心性肥胖及其前期发生风险呈正相关。结论 吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期率均处于较高水平,农村居民、女性、年龄大、高中/中专文化程度、高收入、超重、肥胖、正常高值血压、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常是吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的危险因素。     

吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中联合效应的研究

目的 探讨吸烟和糖尿病与脑卒中的关系,分析两者对脑卒中的交互作用。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,通过调查问卷收集脑卒中患者及对照者的研究信息。以2013年徐州市慢性病危险因素调查发现的918例脑卒中患者作为病例组,同期参加慢性病危险因素调查相同例数的健康者作为对照组。采用非条件logistic回归模型分析吸烟和糖尿病与脑卒中的关系,通过Bootstrap法计算相对超额危险度比（RERI）、归因比（AP）和交互作用指数（S）以评价吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中的相加交互作用。结果 吸烟与脑卒中有关联（OR=1.63,95%CI：1.33~2.00）;糖尿病与脑卒中也有关联（OR=2.75,95%CI：2.03~3.73）;吸烟和糖尿病同时存在时,与脑卒中关联增大（OR=8.94,95%CI：3.77~21.19）。吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中的相加交互作用：S=3.65（95%CI：1.68~7.94）,RERI=5.77（95%CI：0.49~11.04）,AP=0.65（95%CI：0.42~0.87）。结论 吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中具有交互作用,两因素同时存在时,对脑卒中的危害大于单因素的作用。     

睡眠与冠心病的孟德尔随机化因果关联研究

目的 对睡眠与冠心病之间的因果关联进行研究与探讨。方法 研究包含5个睡眠相关性状[睡眠时间(连续变量)、长睡眠时间(二分类变量)、短睡眠时间(二分类变量)、早睡早起睡眠习惯、经常性失眠]的全基因组关联分析(GWAS)数据集与1个冠心病GWAS数据集。应用非独立工具变量异质性检测方法评估并排除无效工具变量,利用基于广义的汇总数据孟德尔随机化方法估计睡眠与冠心病之间的因果效应, 应用Bonferroni法校正检验的显著性水平。结果 睡眠时间与冠心病具有显著的因果关联 (OR=0.755,95%CI:0.658~0.867,P=6.68E-05)。短睡眠时间(OR=4.251,95%CI:2.396~7.541,P=7.51E-07)以及经常性失眠 (OR=1.814,95%CI:1.346~2.446,P=9.25E-05)均会显著增加冠心病患病风险。而长睡眠时间以及早睡早起睡眠习惯与冠心病的因果关联不显著。结论 睡眠时间以及经常性失眠与冠心病存在因果关联。     

自报牙龈出血与高血压患病关联的研究

目的 探讨自报牙龈出血与高血压患病的关联。方法 对中国慢性病前瞻性研究浙江省桐乡市项目点基线数据进行横断面分析,剔除调查时自报曾被医生诊断患有恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑卒中和糖尿病患者,以及不刷牙的调查对象后,纳入分析30~79岁48 625人。采用logistic回归模型分析自报牙龈出血与高血压患病之间的比值比（OR）。结果 调查对象年龄（51.2±9.2）岁,女性占59.2%。42.9%（20 879人）患有高血压。自报牙龈经常出血的人群比例为6.56%（95%CI：6.38%~6.75%）,其中男性为4.36%（95%CI：4.12%~4.60%）,女性为8.08%（95%CI：7.82%~8.35%）,性别差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。在调整了人口社会学因素,行为生活方式、睡眠时间、BMI、腰围和打鼾等多种危险因素后,和从不/很少牙龈出血的男性相比,有时牙龈出血和经常牙龈出血的男性高血压患病的OR值（95%CI）分别为1.04（0.96~1.12）和1.18（1.02~1.37）,差异有统计学意义（趋势性P=0.038）。在女性中,相应的高血压患病的OR值（95%CI）分别为0.96（0.91~1.02）和0.95（0.86~1.05）,差异无统计学意义（趋势性P=0.344）。结论 男性自报牙龈经常出血与高血压患病显著相关。     

杭州市城区成年人互联网使用与健康生活方式的关联研究

目的 探讨城市社区成年人互联网使用与健康生活方式的关系。方法 2022年5-8月采用整群随机抽样和Kish抽样方法在杭州市城区抽取18~64岁常住居民开展面对面问卷调查。互联网使用包括过去7 d的互联网使用时间和12种互联网使用内容,通过因子分析和K-均值聚类法归纳为3种互联网使用类型即工作学习型、全面覆盖型和视频游戏型。健康生活方式定义为积极体力活动、健康膳食习惯、不吸烟、不饮酒、正常体重、正常腰围。采用二分类logistic回归模型和多分类logistic回归模型分析互联网使用与健康生活方式之间的关联性。结果 共纳入1 624名研究对象。调整潜在的混杂因素后,互联网使用时间较长者（≥8.5 h/d）与较短者（<2.5 h/d）相比,具有正常体重（OR=0.59,95%CI：0.41~0.85）和5~6种健康生活方式（OR=0.55,95%CI：0.32~0.96）的可能更低。对于不同类型的互联网使用分析发现,与工作学习型相比,全面覆盖型具有健康膳食习惯（OR=0.63,95%CI：0.46~0.86）、不饮酒（OR=0.68,95%CI：0.47~0.99）、正常腰围（OR=0.59,95%CI：0.42~0.84）和5~6种健康生活方式（OR=0.40,95%CI：0.23~0.69）的可能更低,视频游戏型具有积极体力活动（OR=0.73,95%CI：0.55~0.97）和健康膳食习惯（OR=0.79,95%CI：0.62~0.99）的可能更低。结论 互联网使用时间过长（≥8.5 h/d）、全面覆盖型和视频游戏型与不健康生活方式存在关联。     

天津市中老年社区居民性活跃现状及相关因素分析

目的 了解天津市中老年社区居民性活跃现状及其相关因素。方法 2020年6月至2022年12月，通过多阶段抽样方法，对天津市≥50岁中老年社区居民开展横断面调查。样本量估计数为735名。通过调查员面对面收集问卷，包括社会人口学特征、健康特征以及性生活方式有关特征等相关信息。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析性活跃状态的相关因素。结果 共纳入776名研究对象（男性和女性分别为510名和266名），年龄以50~59岁（45.9%）为主。总体性活跃率为45.6%。年龄更大（60~69岁：aOR=0.67，95%CI：0.45~0.99；≥70岁：aOR=0.12，95%CI：0.07~0.21）、男性（aOR=1.93，95%CI：1.32~2.82）、城镇居民（aOR=0.18，95%CI：0.12~0.28）、同居/已婚（aOR=2.80，95%CI：1.41~5.58）、独居（aOR=0.51，95%CI：0.27~0.96）、爬楼或行走困难（aOR=0.55，95%CI：0.31~0.97）、现患慢性病（1种：aOR=0.55，95%CI：0.36~0.85；≥2种：aOR=0.53，95%CI：0.33~0.84）与性活跃状态有关。结论 相当比例的中老年社区居民仍然保持性活跃。身体健康状况与中老年社区居民的性活跃状态存在关联。应将性健康服务纳入中老年社区居民卫生保健服务范围，加强社区卫生服务人员的性健康相关服务意识和技能。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.