某大型电子企业健康促进综合干预策略及效果评估

目的对某大型电子企业实施工作场所健康促进综合性干预并对其整体效果进行评估。方法采取"参与式"促进策略,通过组织领导干预、经费支持干预、传播教育干预、行为干预等进行全方位干预;而后,采用问卷调查、现场考评等方式进行效果评估。结果干预前后工作场所有毒有害因素检测总合格率由干预前的96.3%提高到干预后的100.0%,在合理饮食、健康状况、体育锻炼、控制体重等方面改善率分别为69.1%、60.3%、59.9%、59.1%,62.5%以上的员工反映健康促进对精神面貌、工作状态、工作满意度、生活方式改善、健康状况改善有积极影响;对《职业病防治法》、职业病预防措施、慢性病预防知识知晓率分别从51.70%、33.20%、38.44%提高到74.21%、93.00%、53.52%;出勤率由78.12%上升至80.32%,两周就诊率由7.58%下降至5.76%,体检参检率由92%上升至97%;45项整体评估指标中,39项符合,5项基本符合,仅1项不符合。结论开展工作场所强化"参与式"健康促进活动,可以全面提升企业职业卫生管理水平,使员工健康素养提高,健康状况改善,提示此种综合性干预措施行之有效。     

某股份公司健康促进及干预效果分析

目的调查某股份公司健康促进及干预效果,探讨工业企业作业场所健康促进与健康教育的模式。方法采取问卷调查、访谈、召开座谈会、查阅资料等方式,对健康促进组织策略及运行过程进行评价,对目标人群相关知、信、行改变情况进行评估,对作业场所防护设施改进及现场环境监测等方法进行调查。结果目标人群对作业场所职业病危害基本知识的掌握程度有所提高,对职业病的知晓率由干预前的82．97％提高到干预后的96．49％,对尘肺病的危害性知晓率由干预前的90．81％提高到干预后的95．95％;通过工艺改造,现场环境中的粉尘、噪声和有害气体的浓度逐年下降。结论健康促进对提高有害作业岗位工人自我防护意识,养成良好的卫生习惯和减少有害因素危害的发生有十分重要的意义,企业作业场所健康促进模式可行,健康促进近期效果是明显的,工矿企业作业场所健康促进模式具有可持续发展性和可推广性。     

工作场所健康促进试点项目干预策略探索

目的 分析全国工作场所健康促进试点项目有效干预策略,为积极推进我国开展工作场所健康促进工作提供可借鉴的方法与模式.方法 收集、分析全国工作场所健康促进试点工作相关资料,对相关专家、企业管理者及员工进行定性访谈,对项目的干预策略进行分析与评估.结果 全国工作场所健康促进试点项目在我国工作场所健康促进领域进行了有益的探索和实践,总结了以建立工作网络和协作机制为前提、以专业职防机构技术支持为基础、以PDCA循环理念作为主线来运行项目和持续改进的工作模式作为工作场所健康促进试点项目的总体策略.管理层承诺与支持、整合、员工参与、职业病防治专业机构全程技术服务支持和建立鼓励机制是有效的干预策略.试点地区和试点企业围绕干预策略,结合本地区、本企业和员工的特点和实际需求,开展了各具特色的干预活动.结论 全国工作场所健康促进试点项目所总结的有效干预策略科学、可行,其工作模式和基于实践与证据基础的有效干预策略值得广泛推广.     

某汽车制造企业员工健康促进干预效果评价

目的 为建立适合汽车制造企业工作场所健康促进(WHP)模式,对某汽车制造企业员工健康促进及干预效果进行评价研究。 方法 于2016年3月,选择该企业接触有毒有害因素的500名在编员工作为研究对象,通过信息传播、技能培训、组织改变等进行干预;对研究对象进行干预前后的问卷调查,主要包括企业和员工的基本情况、职业卫生情况、职业卫生知识认知情况、一般健康知识认知情况、生活方式和健康知识需求等。 结果 干预前后员工在每天工作时间、对现有劳动条件满意度和企业设置职业病危害因素警示标识或警示说明情况以及作业岗位佩戴个人防护用品的分布差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前后员工对《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》了解程度分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),一般了解的员工由干预前的34.5%增加到66.6%;干预前后员工对职业病是可以预防的认知、对健康知识和高血压的认知以及希望企业提供个人职业病防护用品的认知分布差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前后员工的每周锻炼次数分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),锻炼者的比例由干预前的70.2%上升到82.0%;干预前后员工每周早餐次数的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),不吃早餐次数所占比例由9.5%下降到6.8%;饮食口味偏好分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),口味偏咸的员工由28.7%下降到22.0%。 结论 该汽车制造企业工作场所健康促进模式在改善工作场所环境以及提高企业员工的健康意识、行为和认识方面起积极作用。     

珠海市某小型企业实施职业健康促进干预前后效果评价

目的了解珠海市某小型企业员工的职业卫生状况,对其实施职业健康促进干预,并评价干预效果。方法 2018—2019年采取整群抽样方法选取珠海市某小型企业的160名从业人员作为研究对象,开展问卷调查并按照工作场所健康促进(WHP)理论和实践对其干预,干预后对83名调查对象进行第2次问卷调查,评估干预效果。结果干预后调查对象除对职业病基本概念以及用人单位责任的正确理解差异无统计学意义外(均P0.05),其他8个知识条目(职业病防治法、职业病可防可治、毒物进入人体的途径、职业病防护措施和待遇、职业紧张属于职业危害、职业病诊断机构、健康教育重要性、职业健康检查分类等)以及职业卫生知识的总得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);员工认为应佩戴个体防护用品的比率由干预前的89.4%显著提高到97.6%;员工通过职业病危害告知栏和职业危害警示标志/说明获得职业病危害因素认知的比率由干预前的60.0%和50.0%分别提高至77.1%和68.7%;干预后从业人员的职业紧张程度(8.4%)显著低于干预前(18.1%),干预前后在应付能力得分和工作满意度得分方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论工作场所健康促进干预能有效提升员工的职业卫生知识水平,有助于培养良好行为习惯并能降低员工的职业紧张程度,对于探索我国中小企业的健康干预模式有一定参考意义。     

北京市顺义区试点企业员工职业卫生知识认知与需求现状

目的了解北京市顺义区试点企业员工对职业卫生知识的认知和需求情况,为有针对性开展职业健康教育、促进干预活动提供依据。方法选择试点企业6个车间的全部员工188人进行问卷调查。结果39.4％的员工不知道《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,员工对职业病预防措施的认知正确率为1.1％,63.8％的员工能够正确回答职业病的定义;员工对“职业病危害因素种类及对人体危害”的知识需求率达73.4％。结论该区试点企业员工对职业卫生知识的认知率较低,但对职业卫生知识等相关内容的需求较高,应继续加强企业员工职业健康教育与健康促进。     

某中小型电子企业工作场所健康促进需求评估调查

目的了解某中小型电子企业职业卫生状况和员工的职业卫生与健康知识水平、行为情况及其影响因素,为对企业实施工作场所健康促进综合干预提供基础。方法采用整群抽样的方法,在某中小型电子企业中抽取2个班次的员工（包括生产工人和管理人员）共100人进行调查。用自制的需求评估问卷对调查对象进行面对面调查,问卷内容包括职业卫生相关知识知晓情况、行为生活习惯、McLean职业紧张调查表、Goldberg普通健康调查表和相关需求等。结果需求评估结果显示,调查对象中有13.0%未与企业签订劳动合同,14.0%未参加工伤保险,精神卫生异常率为26.0%。每天工作时间〉8h的员工占38.0%,37.0%的员工不知道《职业病防治法》。分别有96.0%、94.0%的员工希望了解作业场所存在的职业病危害因素和希望获得个体职业病防护用品。结论该企业管理者的法律意识不强,员工职业卫生知识欠缺,职业卫生服务及相关知识需求较高;需要通过工作场所健康促进的综合性干预措施来改善作业环境,提高职业卫生管理水平,增强员工健康意识。     

某供电企业员工职业卫生知识认知与需求情况

目的调查某供电企业员工对职业卫生知识的认知和需求情况,为有针对性地开展供电作业场所健康促进工作奠定基础。方法随机整群抽取某供电企业400名员工,以调查问卷的方式进行职业卫生相关问题调查。结果员工对《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》知晓率为75．2％;员工对自己所在岗位存在的职业病危害因素知晓率为59．0％;35．2％的员工提出了防止职业病危害的建议措施;员工对职业病及工作相关疾病症状及防治知识的需求率为53．7％。结论员工对职业卫生知识认知度较高,但对职业病及其防治措施知识仍有较大的需求。供电企业应针对员工需求开展职业卫生相关领域知识培训,并进行健康促进干预。     

“五理”学说在私营企业健康促进中的运用

目的探索国学文化在我国私营企业健康促进中的运用及效果。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,应用调查表,抽取某私营企业132名员工进行基线调查。针对评估结果,结合访谈法,按照儒家"五理"学说,制定综合干预计划并实施,3年后采用问卷调查及现场考评等方式进行效果评估。结果员工相关健康知识总体知晓率、健康信念持有率及健康行为形成率从76.89%、78.54%、51.79%提高到85.19%、82.83%、59.85%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);企业员工离职率远低于同类企业均值。员工对健康促进工作总体满意率为80.74%;45项整体评估指标中,36项符合,7项基本符合,2项不符合。结论将"五理"学说运用到我国私营企业开展健康促进,可有效改善员工健康状况、提高企业生产力。     

某制药企业工作场所健康促进综合性干预效果评估

某制药企业通过采取管理干预、生活行为干预、作业行为干预等综合措施,工作场所存在的职业病危害因素检测总合格率由干预前的92%提高到干预后的96%;职工对于职业卫生相关知识和一般健康知识的正确理解率明显提高,干预后,试点企业制定了一系列规章制度,完善了职业健康安全管理制度,组织健全,措施扎实,效果明显。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.