2019年至2020年某儿童医院ICU患儿营养状况调查及营养支持护理效果分析

目的 调查ICU患儿营养风险发生情况及营养支持护理的效果.方法 选取2019年1月至2020年12月我院ICU收治的1156例患儿,入院后48 h内进行营养风险评估,比较不同临床特征患儿的营养风险发生率,比较不同营养支持护理方式患儿的感染发生率、临床结局、ICU滞留时间以及总住院时间.结果 不同疾病类型患儿的营养风险发...     

贲门癌病人行空肠间置术后早期肠内营养的价值

目的:观察早期肠内营养(EN)对贲门癌病人行空肠间置术的治疗作用。方法:将62例病人分为早期EN组与PN组,对两组病人的术后临床指标和营养指标进行比较。结果:无论是病人主诉和术后并发症的发生率等临床观察指标,还是营养指标,EN组均优于PN组。结论:贲门癌病人行空肠间置术后行早期肠内营养,能促进病人胃肠功能恢复,改善病人营养状况,降低术后并发症的发生率。     

Nutrition support in the critical care setting: current practice in canadian ICUs‐‐opportunities for improvement?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this project was to describe current nutrition support practice in the critical care setting and to identify interventions to target for quality improvement initiatives. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional national survey of dietitians working in intensive care units (ICUs) across Canada to document various aspects of nutrition support practice. RESULTS: Of the 79 dietitians sent study materials, 66 responded (83%). Sixteen of 66 sites (24.2%) reported the presence of a nutrition support team, and 35 of 66 (53%) used a standard enteral feeding protocol. Dietitians retrospectively abstracted data from charts of all patients in the ICU on April 18, 2001. Of 702 patients, 313 (44.6%) received enteral nutrition only, 50 (7.1%) received parenteral nutrition only, 60 (8.5%) received both, and 279 (39.7%) received no form of nutrition support. Enteral nutrition was initiated on 1.6 days (median) after admission to ICU; 10.7% of patients were initiated on day 1. Of those receiving any form of nutrition support, on average, patients received 58% of their prescribed amounts of calories and protein over the first 12 days in the ICU. Of all days on enteral feeds, patients received feeds into the small bowel on 381 of 2321 (16.4%) days. The mean head of the bed elevation for all patients was 30 degrees. Controlling for differences in patient characteristics, site factors contributing the most successful application of nutrition support included the amount of funded dietitians per ICU bed, size of ICU, and the fact that the ICU was located in an academic setting. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of critically ill patients did not receive any form of nutrition support for the study period. Those that did receive nutrition support did not meet their prescribed energy or protein needs, especially earlier in the course of their illness. Significant opportunities to improve provision of nutrition support to critically ill patients exist.     

早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者临床预后的随机对照研究

[目的]了解早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者预后的影响。[方法]采用随机对照试验设计。纳入符合重症急性胰腺炎诊断标准的患者40例。分为研究组和对照组。研究组由鼻空肠营养管给以氨基酸型肠内营养,对照组经锁骨下中心静脉置管输注输入肠外营养。两组均达到非蛋白热卡(20±2)kcal/kgd-1,氮0.2g/kgd-1(氨基酸1.5g/kg)的喂养目标。营养支持在患者入组后12h内开始。[结果]研究组20例患者入组,19例完成研究;对照组20例,均完成研究。两组患者之间的住院期间死亡率比较,未发现差异有统计学意义,但在完成研究的患者间的分析,发现研究组死亡率有下降趋势。患者的胰腺感染发生率和手术率,研究组显著低于对照组。研究组的住院时间[(24.1±5.3)dvs.(34.5±9.3)d,t=-2.615,P﹤0.0001)],住ICU时间[(14.6±8.7)dvs.(25.7±11.9)d,t=-4.197,P﹤0.01]显著少于对照组。[结论]早期肠内营养可显著改善重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床结局。     

Nutritional status of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: comparison of different types of nutritional support

Malnutrition is a common problem in hospitalized patients. Early assessment of nutritional status may help in identifying patients for whom nutritional interventions are needed. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the nutritional status of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients who were receiving nutritional support. Forty-nine patients were divided into either enteral nutrition, total parenteral nutrition or combined (enteral plus total parenteral nutrition) groups. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements, and medical status (APACHE II score) were assessed at the 1st day and 14th day of admission in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Taichung Veteran General Hospital. The length of ventilator dependency was significantly positively correlated with calorie and carbohydrate intake in the pooled group. Patients receiving enteral and combined nutrition showed significantly lower anthropometric measurements at the 14th day after admission. Patients in all groups had abnormal mean biochemical values at the 1st day of admission. Subjects in the combined group showed a significant increase in prealbumin and the Maastricht Index levels after 14 days. Patients in all three groups were malnourished when admitted to the ICU. Patients showed a slightly improvement of nutritional status after receiving nutritional support for 14 days.     

Early nutrition support in the intensive care unit: a US perspective

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early nutrition support, defined as within the first 24-48 h of ICU care, is recommended by clinical practice guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evidence-based US perspective on early nutrition support in critical illness, explain its mechanism of action, and describe its implementation using combined enteral and parenteral nutrition support. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent American and Canadian guidelines recommend starting enteral nutrition within the first 24-48 h of ICU care. This is mainly due to accrued 'energy debt' from underfeeding in certain patients. This energy debt leads to increased risks of complications and longer lengths of stay. Strong clinical evidence, however, in the form of prospective, randomized, controlled intervention studies of early nutrition support in the setting of routine intensive insulin therapy, is lacking. SUMMARY: Early enteral nutrition should be first-line therapy in the ICU. If a caloric goal of 20-25 kcal/kg/day is not possible, then combined enteral and parenteral nutrition should be started. In the new age of intensive insulin therapy, parenteral nutrition has not been shown to confer significant additional infective risk. There are many unanswered questions, but a proactive posture for metabolic support in the ICU is advocated.     

Nutrition support in intensive care units in England: a snapshot of present practice

Nutrition support is an important part of care management in critically ill patients, not only to prevent and treat malnutrition but also it has a significant impact on recovery from illness and overall outcome. There is little information available about present nutritional support practice for patients in intensive care units (ICU) in the UK. This survey was designed to evaluate the present nutrition support practice in ICU and high dependency units (HDU) in England. Data were gathered by a 72?h phone survey from 245 ICU and HDU in 196 hospitals in England. A questionnaire was completed over the telephone, including general information, nutrition support and teams involved in the nutrition management in the ICU. Of 1286 total patients in the ICU, 703 (54·6?%) were receiving nasogastric feeding, two (1·5?%) were receiving feeding via a percutaneous endoscopically placed gastrostomy tube and two (1·5?%) were receiving nasojejunal feeding. One hundred and forty-seven (11·4?%) patients were on parenteral feeding during the study period. A nutrition support team was not available in 158 (83·1?%) ICU and there was no dietitian or specialist nutrition nurse to cover ICU in nine (4·7?%) hospitals. In conclusion, the present survey reported an increased trend in usage of enteral feeding in ICU in England, and a reduction in the use of parenteral nutrition compared with previous surveys. However, we are still far from integrating nutrition into care management in the ICU.     

肠内和肠外营养支持在危重病中的应用

目的:研究ICU危重病人肠内和肠外营养支持效果.方法:对ICU中56例危重病人的营养支持情况进行对比分析,其中肠内营养支持组32例,肠外营养支持组24例.结果:本组病人52例康复,4例死于原发病.经肠内营养支持后,血清前清蛋白明显升高(P＜0.01),血清清蛋白和血红蛋白亦有升高(P＜0.05);而肠外营养支持后,各指标差异无显著性意义.两组对比,肠内营养支持组病人血清前清蛋白和清蛋白均高于肠外营养支持组(P＜0.05),上臂肌围和肱三头肌皮皱厚度无显著差异.结论:ICU危重病人救治中,应根据疾病的不同情况,选择合适的营养支持方式,肠内营养有更好的代谢效应及营养效果.     

Severity of illness influences the efficacy of enteral feeding route on clinical outcomes in patients with critical illness

BackgroundFew trials have studied the influence of illness severity on clinical outcomes of different tube-feeding routes. Whether gastric or postpyloric feeding route is more beneficial to patients receiving enteral nutrition remains controversial.ObjectiveTo test whether illness severity influences the efficacy of enteral feeding route on clinical outcomes in patients with critical illness.DesignA 2-year prospective, randomized, clinical study was conducted to assess the differences between the nasogastric (NG) and nasoduodenal (ND) tube feedings on clinical outcomes.Participants/settingOne hundred one medical adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients requiring enteral nutrition were enrolled in this study.InterventionPatients were randomly assigned to the NG (n=51) or ND (n=50) feeding route during a 21-day study period. Illness severity was dichotomized as “less severe” and “more severe,” with the cutoff set at Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 20.Main outcome measuresDaily energy and protein intake, feeding complications (eg, gastric retention/vomiting/diarrhea/gastrointestinal bleeding), length of ICU stay, hospital mortality, nitrogen balance, albumin, and prealbumin.Statistical analyses performedTwo-tailed Student t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze significant differences between variables in the study groups. Multiple regression was used to assess the effects of illness severity and enteral feeding routes on clinical outcomes.ResultsAmong less severely ill patients, no differences existed between the NG and ND groups in daily energy and protein intake, feeding complications, length of ICU stay, and nitrogen balance. Among more severely ill patients, the NG group experienced lower energy and protein intake, more tube feeding complications, longer ICU stay, and poorer nitrogen balance than the ND group.ConclusionsTo optimize nutritional support and taking medical resources into account, the gastric feeding route is recommended for less severely ill patients and the postpyloric feeding route for more severely ill patients.     

Use of subjective global assessment and clinical outcomes in critically ill geriatric patients receiving nutrition support

The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of malnutrition and evaluate the nutrition status and clinical outcome in hospitalized patients aged 65 years and older receiving enteral‐parenteral nutrition. This retrospective study was carried out at Ba?kent University Hospital, Adana, Turkey. A total of 119 patients older than 65 years were recruited. Patients were classified into 3 groups: protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM), moderate PEM, and well nourished according to subjective global assessment (SGA) at admission. All patients were fed by enteral or parenteral route. Acute physiological and chronic health evaluation (APACHE‐2) and simplified acute physiology (SAPS 2) scores were recorded in patients followed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Nutrition status was assessed with biochemical (serum albumin, serum prealbumin) parameters. These results were compared with mortality rate and length of hospital stay (LOS). The subjects' mean (±SD) age was 73.1 ± 5.4 years. Using SGA, 5.9% (n = 7) of the patients were classified as severely PEM, 27.7% (n = 33) were classified as moderately PEM, and 66.4% (n = 79) were classified as well nourished. Some 73.1% (n = 87) of the patients were followed in the ICU. Among all patients, 42.9% (n = 51) were fed by a combined enteral‐parenteral route, 31.1% (n = 37) by an enteral route, 18.5% (n = 22) by a parenteral route, and 7.6% (n = 9) by an oral route. The average length of stay for the patients was 18.9 ± 13.7 days. The mortality rate was 44.5% (n = 53). The mortality rate was 43% (n = 34) in well‐nourished patients (n = 79), 48.5% (n = 16) in moderately PEM patients (n = 33), and 42.9% (n = 3) in severely PEM patients (n = 7) (P = .86). The authors observed no difference between well‐nourished and malnourished patients with regard to the serum protein values on admission, LOS, and mortality rate. In this study, malnutrition as defined by SGA did not influence the mortality rate of critically ill geriatric patients receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition. Furthermore, no factor was found to be a good predictor of survival.     

早期肠内营养和肠外营养支持重型颅脑损伤的效果观察

目的探讨早期营养支持对重型颅脑损伤患者营养状况的效果影响。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月～2008年10月间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者38例,随机分为肠内营养加肠外营养支持组(观察组)19例和全肠外营养支持组(对照组)19例。观察组早期肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)和肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)结合,10天后转为全肠道营养,对照组10天内行全肠外营养支持,观察血糖、血浆白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,并发症发生率及预后。结果观察组能获得充足的能量和蛋白质合成物,1周时的血糖控制程度、血浆白蛋白及外周血淋巴细胞总数优于对照组(P<0.05),观察组并发症少于对照组。观察组10天后病死率为(15.79%)明显低于对照组(31.58%)。结论重型颅脑损伤行早期肠内营养和肠外营养结合符合病人的病理、生理要求,能使该类病人营养状况和生存率提高。     

胃癌术后肠内营养与肠外营养的护理分析

目的：探讨胃癌术后肠内营养与肠外营养的护理。方法：研究我院2014年3月至2015年12月期间随机抽取的胃癌术后患者80例,分为对照组与观察组各40例,其中对照组运用肠外营养支持护理,观察组运用肠内营养支持护理,分析两组患者营养支持护理效果差异。结果：在护理前后各蛋白指数上,观察组改善幅度高于对照组,p<0.05;在术后感染率显著并发症发生率上,观察组低于对照组,p<0.05;在肛门排气与住院时长上,观察组短于对照组,p<0.05。结论：胃癌术后通过肠内营养支持护理可以有效的提升患者恢复效果,加快术后恢复,减少术后并发症。     

American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Presidential Address: food for thought: it's more than nutrition

Three issues were highlighted in the 30(th) Presidential Address to the society: (1) A.S.P.E.N.'s unique interdisciplinary structure; (2) support of the A.S.P.E.N. Rhoads Research Foundation; and (3) the meaning of food from the perspective of the patient who is receiving life-sustaining home enteral or parenteral nutrition. A.S.P.E.N., founded as a multidisciplinary society in the 1970s has evolved into an interdisciplinary society with an expanded and diverse membership of health care professionals and scientists with overlapping interests in clinical nutrition and metabolism. A.S.P.E.N. envisions an environment in which every patient receives safe, efficacious, and high quality patient care. The society is committed to advancing the science and practice of nutrition support therapy. In support of this direction, the A.S.P.E.N. Rhoads Research Foundation exists to fund research grants, promote evidence-based practice, and foster training and mentorship in nutrition and metabolic research. The scientific advances and technologic innovations that have enabled our profession to provide enteral and parenteral nutrition to patients has caused practitioners to forget that the meaning of food extends beyond nutrient value. Some individuals receiving long term enteral nutrition or home parenteral nutrition have expressed feelings of anger, anxiety, and depression resulting from the inability to eat normally, from losses of independence, and control of body functions. The ritual of eating may be altered when the enteral or intravenous feedings provide nourishment and, for some, the loss of the eating function is a distressing experience, especially given the cultural focus on social gatherings and meals. The emotional meaning attributed to food, and changes in food preferences and eating behaviors, may become a source of conflict for individuals who have substantial dietary restrictions, or for those individuals dependent on enteral or parenteral nutrition therapy. The value of food intake on social patterns, self-esteem, pleasure, and enjoyment, may impact quality of life. While nutrition support can provide the basic need for nutrients, its impact on human needs associated with food requires further investigation.     

ASPEN‐FELANPE Clinical Guidelines

Background: The management of patients with enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) requires an interdisciplinary approach and poses a significant challenge to physicians, wound/stoma care specialists, dietitians, pharmacists, and other nutrition clinicians. Guidelines for optimizing nutrition status in these patients are often vague, based on limited and dated clinical studies, and typically rely on individual institutional or clinician experience. Specific nutrient requirements, appropriate route of feeding, role of immune‐enhancing formulas, and use of somatostatin analogues in the management of patients with ECF are not well defined. The purpose of this clinical guideline is to develop recommendations for the nutrition care of adult patients with ECF. Methods: A systematic review of the best available evidence to answer a series of questions regarding clinical management of adults with ECF was undertaken and evaluated using concepts adopted from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group. An anonymous consensus process was used to develop the clinical guideline recommendations prior to peer review and approval by the ASPEN Board of Directors and by FELANPE. Questions: In adult patients with enterocutaneous fistula: (1) What factors best describe nutrition status? (2) What is the preferred route of nutrition therapy (oral diet, enteral nutrition, or parenteral nutrition)? (3) What protein and energy intake provide best clinical outcomes? (4) Is fistuloclysis associated with better outcomes than standard care? (5) Are immune‐enhancing formulas associated with better outcomes than standard formulas? (6) Does the use of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue provide better outcomes than standard medical therapy? (7) When is home parenteral nutrition support indicated?     

肠内与肠外两种营养支持疗法在重症监护病房危重症患者综合治疗中的应用比较

目的 比较肠内与肠外两种营养支持疗法在重症监护病房（ICU）危重症患者综合治疗中的疗效.方法 选择ICU危重症患者114例,按随机数字表法分为肠内营养组（57例）和肠外营养组（57例）,治疗2周后比较两组血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、前清蛋白等营养指标及并发症发生情况.结果 两组患者治疗2周后各营养指标均有所升高,且肠内营养组比肠外营养组升高更明显[血红蛋白：（120.47±22.46） g/L比（114.83±23.86） g/L,总蛋白：（78.21±8.42） g/L比（70.48±8.21） g/L,白蛋白：（38.21±5.03） g/L比（33.87±5.62） g/L,前清蛋白：（245.57±44.61） mg/L比（182.24±42.73） mg/L],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.肠内营养组腹胀腹泻、呕吐恶心、感染、肝肾功能损伤发生率均明显低于肠外营养组[14.04％（8/57）比26.32％ （15/57）,12.28％（7/57）比17.54％（10/57）,3.51％（2/57）比8.77％（5/57）,1.75％（1/57）比5.26％ （3/57）],差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 营养支持对于危重症患者的营养状况和机体免疫力都有提升作用,且肠内营养效果更加明显,可更好地提高预后,可能成为危重症患者更佳的营养支持疗法.     

Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Parenteral Nutrition in Older Patients: A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial

Background: Many patients who cannot tolerate adequate enteral nutrition could benefit from parenteral nutrition support but fail to receive it due to difficult intravenous (IV) access. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) administration of parenteral nutrition with the peripheral IV route. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective randomized multicenter study of 121 older hospitalized patients. The primary outcome was the composite end point of major local side effects, defined as local edema, blistering, erythema, phlebitis, cellulitis, unbearable pain, or route failure requiring a switch in route. Secondary outcomes were nutrition parameters, biochemical parameters, clinical outcomes, and safety. Results: The SC route (n = 59) was noninferior to the IV route (n = 61) for major local side effects. Major local side effects trended higher in the IV group (P = .059). Local edema was more common in the SC group (P < .05), while route failure was more common in the IV group (P < .001). Nutrition and biochemical parameters, safety, and clinical outcomes were similar between groups. Conclusions: The SC route of nutrient administration was better tolerated than the peripheral IV route. SC administration of parenteral nutrition represents a safe alternative to IV nutrition.     

Home artificial nutritional support: the value of the British Artificial Nutrition Survey

The British Artificial Nutrition Survey (BANS) was established in 1996 by the British Association for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition to audit and research nutritional care in hospital and the community, with the overall aim of improving the quality of nutritional support in patients with disease-related malnutrition. In this article the following information emerging from BANS is presented: growth and prevalence of artificial nutrition (enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition), clinical outcome of a wide range of diagnoses receiving artificial nutrition in the community, an economic perspective on home artificial nutrition, and some ethical issues. This information is used to illustrate how BANS can be of value in a wide range of health care activities, including health planning, health economics, clinical practice and patient care.     

早期肠内营养和肠外营养支持重型颅脑损伤的效果观察

目的探讨早期营养支持对重型颅脑损伤患者营养状况的效果影响。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月-2008年10月间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者38例,随机分为肠内营养加肠外营养支持组（观察组）19例和全肠外营养支持组（对照组）19例。观察组早期肠内营养（enteral nutrition,EN）和肠外营养（parenterl nutrition,PN）结合,10天后转为全肠道营养,对照组10天内行全肠外营养支持,观察血糖、血浆白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,并发症发生率及预后。结果观察组能获得充足的能量和蛋白质合成物,1周时的血糖控制程度、血浆白蛋白及外周血淋巴细胞总数优于对照组（P〈0．05）,观察组并发症少于对照组。观察组10天后病死率为（15．79％）明显低于对照组（31．58％）。结论重型颅脑损伤行早期肠内营养和肠外营养结合符合病人的病理、生理要求,能使该类病人营养状况和生存率提高。     

Nutrition support in the critically ill: a physician survey

Background: Current clinical practice guidelines delineate optimal nutrition management in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient. In light of these existing data, the authors identify current physician perceptions of nutrition in critical illness, preferences relating to initiation of feeding, and management practices specific to nutrition after initiation of feeding in the ICU patient. Methods: The authors electronically distributed a 12‐question survey to attending physicians, fellows, and residents who routinely admit patients to medical and surgical ICUs. Results: On a scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = low, 5 = high), the attending physician's mean rating for importance of nutrition in the ICU was 4.60, the rating for comfort level with the nutrition support at the authors' institution was 3.70, and the rating for the physician's own understanding of nutrition support in critically ill patients was 3.33. Attending physicians, fellows, and residents reported waiting an average of 2.43, 1.79, and 2.63 days, respectively, before addressing nutrition status in an ICU patient. Fifty‐two percent of attending physicians chose parenteral nutrition as the preferred route of nutrition support in a patient with necrotizing pancreatitis. If a patient experiences enteral feeding intolerance, physicians most commonly would stop tube feeds. There was no significant difference in responses to any of the survey questions between attending physicians, fellows, and residents. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a substantial discordance in physician perceptions and practice patterns regarding initiation and management of nutrition in ICU patients, indicating an urgent need for nutrition‐related education at all levels of training.