南京高校教职工近10年恶性肿瘤发病情况研究

目的了解南京高校教职工恶性肿瘤发病情况,为该特定人群恶性肿瘤发病规律和防治研究提供线索。方法收集南京2所高校2003—2012年恶性肿瘤发病情况的监测数据,病例按照国际疾病分类（ICD-10）进行编码,分析恶性肿瘤的发病率、年龄及时间趋势、肿瘤种类构成情况。结果近10年期间,2所高校恶性肿瘤总的平均年发病率为424．49／10万;A高校年发病率为452．98／10万,B高校年发病率为387．15／10万,差异有统计学意义X^2=3．710,p〈0．05）。A高校男性恶性肿瘤年发病率明显高于女性,差异有统计学意义（X^2=25．08,p〈0．01）;B高校男、女性之间恶性肿瘤年发病率比较,差异无统计学意义（X^2=3．54,p〉0．05）。2所高校发病率居前4位的恶性肿瘤为肺癌、肠癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌。2003年2所高校教职工发病率为284．96／10万,2012年上升至550．26／10万。结论近年来恶性肿瘤发病率呈上升趋势,已对高校教职工的健康造成严重危害,应针对肺癌、肠癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌等主要肿瘤进行综合防治。     

广东省中山市1970-1999年儿童恶性肿瘤发病率分析

目的 描述广东省中山市儿童恶性肿瘤发病趋势。方法 对中山市儿童恶性肿瘤进行流行病学描述性分析。结果 1970—1999年中山市儿童恶性肿瘤年平均发病率为5．833／10万(标准化率为2．517／10万)，其中男性为6．401／10万，女性为5．203／10万(标准化率分别为1．446／10万和1．072／10万)；发病率最高的前10位肿瘤是：白血病，淋巴瘤，脑肿瘤，肝癌，骨癌，视网膜母细胞瘤，软组织恶性肿瘤，生殖系统恶性肿瘤，胃肠道恶性肿瘤，肾母细胞瘤；男女顺位不完全相同，男性恶性肿瘤发病率总体上高于女性，男：女为1．35：1，视网膜母细胞瘤和软组织恶性肿瘤是女性高于男性；本地区儿童鼻咽癌的发病率较成人低。淋巴瘤的发病呈下降趋势，总的恶性肿瘤发病趋势是上世纪80年代较70年代明显增高，90年代又有所下降。结论 儿童恶性肿瘤在各个地区、种族、年龄别和性别的发病率差别较大，同时在每一种肿瘤发病中各有其特点。     

某煤矿恶性肿瘤发病情况调查

[目的]了解某煤矿恶性肿瘤发病情况。[方法]采用流行病学现况调查的方法，分析某煤矿1992～2006年因恶性肿瘤住院的临床资料。[结果]恶性肿瘤年均粗发病率为22．22／10万，其中，男性35．221／10万、女性8．51／10万，前10位的恶性肿瘤依次为肝癌、肺癌、鼻咽癌、肠癌、胃癌、食管癌、白血病、乳腺癌、骨肉瘤、胆管癌。[结论]肝癌、肺癌是该矿的主要恶性肿瘤，在防治上要高度重视。     

2005-2011年滕州市居民恶性肿瘤发病状况分析

[目的]了解滕州市居民恶性肿瘤发病状况,为开展恶性肿瘤综合防治提供依据。[方法]对滕州市2005～2011年恶性肿瘤发病资料进行分析。[结果]2005～2011年滕卅l市恶性肿瘤年均发病率为127．91／10万。2005～2011年恶性肿瘤发病率分别为91．63／10万、100．99／10万、125．67／i0万、130．17／i0万、126．83／10万、13i．93／10万、184．23／10万。恶性肿瘤年均发病率,男性为146．08／10万,女性为107．96／10万（P〈0．01）;〈20岁为4．10／10万,20～39岁为18．96／10万,40～59岁为197．15／10万,≥60岁为744．86／10万（P〈0．0i）;城区为97．47／10万,农村为135．22／10万（P〈O．01）。2005-2011年年均发病率最高的前5位恶性肿瘤,全部居民依次为肺癌、食管癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、肝癌。其中,男性依次是肺癌、食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、结肠癌,女性依次是肺癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、子宫癌、胃癌。[结论]滕州市恶性肿瘤发病率一般,但食管癌发病率较其他地区要高,发病率居前的是肺癌、食管癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、肝癌。     

中山市1970～1999年皮肤恶性肿瘤发病动态分析

目的 探讨1970～1999年中山市皮肤恶性肿瘤发病状况及趋势，为中山市皮肤恶性肿瘤防治提供科学依据。方法 对中山市1970～1999年肿瘤登记资料中的皮肤恶性肿瘤发病资料进行发病粗率、中国与世界标化发病率、发病趋势等指标的分析。结果 1970～1999年中山市皮肤恶性肿瘤新发病例共600例，总发病粗率为1．85／10万，中国与世界标化发病率分别为1．51／10万、2．02／10万；1970～1999年男、女世界标化年发病率分别为0．73／10万～4．22／10万、0．49／10万～4．17／10万之间；病理类型以基底细胞癌最常见(占42．3％)，其次为鳞状细胞癌(占30．5％)。结论 中山市皮肤恶性肿瘤总的发病率相对稳定，但仍应加强皮肤癌的防治。     

闽西矿区水体污染与胃癌发生的相关研究

目的：了解闽西地区相关流域水体污染情况,观察服用矿区暴露饮用水是否会增加闽西地区居民胃癌的发病率。方法：调查闽西地区相关流域水体污染情况,以及调查2005—2009年闽西地区居民饮用本地区饮用水后胃癌的发病率情况。结果：闽西虽然地处戴云山脉西北山区,矿产资源丰富,矿山生产活动频繁,以及地质暴露辐射较多,但是却未对闽西相关流域水体造成相关污染。2005-2009年,闽西地区男性胃癌发病1040例,发病率为15．98／10万,低于2006年全国肿瘤登记地区男性胃癌发病标化率25．46／10万（u=14．75,P〈0．05）;女性胃癌发病672例,发病率为11．36／10万,低于2006年全国肿瘤登记地区女性胃癌发病标化率15．50／10万（u=11．291,P〈0．05）;男女合并胃癌发病1712例,发病率为13．74／10万,低于2006年全国肿瘤登记地区男女合并胃癌发病标化率18．06／10万（u=9．07,P〈0．05）。结论：经过调查2005—2009年闽西地区常住人口的胃癌发病率,目前关于服用矿区暴露饮用水可以增加闽西地区居民胃癌的发病率证据不足。     

嘉兴市2010—2012年恶性肿瘤发病监测结果分析

目的探讨嘉兴地区居民恶性肿瘤发病特征及变化,为预防和控制提供依据。方法采用国际疾病分类法进行编码,用粗发病率、标化发病率和构成比等指标对居民恶性肿瘤发病进行分析。结果近三年恶性肿瘤总发病率为319．95／10万,标化发病率为186．64／10万。其中男性发病率为361．17／10万,标化发病率为196．95／10万;女性发病率为279．61／10万,标化发病率为173．81／10万,男性高于女性,男女之比为1．26：1。发病随年龄增长而上升,45岁以上发病明显增多,75～84岁为发病高峰。发病前5位依次为肺癌、肠癌、肝癌、胃癌和乳腺癌;男女发病顺位不同,男性肺癌明显高于女性。结论嘉兴市居民恶性肿瘤发病处于较高水平,以肺癌及消化系统肿瘤为主,应针对性地开展防控,加强恶性肿瘤发病研究和一、二级预防,降低发病率。     

杭州市儿童恶性肿瘤的发病特征研究

目的 通过分析0～14岁杭州市儿童恶性肿瘤的发病率,为儿童恶性肿瘤的预防控制提供依据.方法 收集杭州市2009-2011年儿童恶性肿瘤的发病资料,分析其流行特征.结果 杭州市2009-2011年儿童恶性肿瘤平均发病率为17.47/10万,标化发病率为18.35/10万.其中男童发病率19.71/10万,高于女童15.09/10万(P＜0.05);城市儿童发病率22.96/10万,高于农村儿童16.96/10万(P＜0.01);0岁组发病率34.51/万为最高,随年龄增加,发病率呈降低趋势;白血病和中枢神经系统肿瘤占58.22%.结论 杭州市儿童恶性肿瘤发病率处于国内较高水平,白血病和中枢神经系统肿瘤是儿童最常见的恶性肿瘤.     

遭遇胃癌，希望仍然在——专家谈胃癌的预防与治疗

胃癌是源自胃粘膜上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤．占胃恶性肿瘤的95％。胃癌在我国发病率很高．死亡率占恶性肿瘤的第一位．全国胃癌平均死亡率高达20／10万,男性高于女性，男、女约2：1。发病年龄在40岁以上增加，高峰为50岁～60岁，世界胃癌的年发病率为17.6／10万,日本，丹麦等国发病率高,而美国及澳洲则较低．在我国以山东．浙江、上海．福建等沿海地区为高发区.     

启东市1972～2000年癌症发病登记资料分析

目的 了解启东市1972～2000年癌症发病的流行趋势，为疾病控制与肿瘤防制提供依据。方法 采用启东癌症登记处发病登记报告资料计算发病率，用1964年全国标准人口构成及1960年世界标准人口构成计算年龄调整发病率(标化发病率)，了解恶性肿瘤发病的人群分布特点及流行趋势。结果 启东市1972～2000年恶性肿瘤发病登记55496例，其中男性35404例，女性20092例。发病有上升趋势，但标化后发病趋势稳定。29年恶性肿瘤粗发病率(CR)平均为170．74／10万，中国人口构成标化率(CASR)为118．77／10万，世界人口标化率(WASR)为169．13／10万。其中男性恶性肿瘤发病率为220．47／10万(CASR：150．68／10万，WASR：234．50／10万)、女性发病率为122．18／10万(CASR：84．70／10万，WASR：112．47／10万)。居前5位的恶性肿瘤依次为肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、食管癌及直肠癌，共占全部肿瘤的75．69％。男、女顺位与此相同，但女性第4位肿瘤为乳腺癌。近年来肺癌发病率已超过胃癌、仅次于肝癌成为启东的第2位主要癌症。结论 恶性肿瘤是启东居民的第2位主要死因，肝癌等消化道肿瘤及肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤，其粗率的升高可能与人口的老龄化有关。应当加强对肿瘤等慢性病的预防。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.