无创正压通气治疗COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭32例的临床分析

目的通过监测患者动脉血气(pH、PaO2、PaCO2)的变化,评价无创正压通气治疗COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法63例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(31例),在常规综合治疗的基础上治疗组应用BiPAP呼吸机进行通气治疗,对照组给与呼吸兴奋剂,观察治疗前、治疗2d后的血气PH、PaCO2、PaO2指标变化。结果治疗后2d治疗组血气指标PaO2明显上升,PaCO2明显下降,与对照组比较有显著性差异。结论无创性正压通气治疗COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭32例的临床分析

目的 通过监测患者动脉血气pH、PaO2、PaCO2)的变化,评价无创正压通气治疗COPD Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效.方法　63例COPD Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(31例),在常规综合治疗的基础上治疗组应用BiPAP呼吸机进行通气治疗,对照组给与呼吸兴奋剂,观察治疗前、治疗2 d后的血气PH、PaCO2、PaO2指标变化.结果 治疗后2 d治疗组血气指标PaO2 明显上升,Pa CO2明显下降,与对照组比较有显著性差异.结论 无创性正压通气治疗COPD Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者疗效显著.     

应用BiPAP治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床分析

目的观察双水平无创正压机械通气（BIPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床治疗效果。方法选择32例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者进行规律性无创双水平气道正压机械通气辅助治疗,每日上机2次,每次2h。比较上机前、上机2h、24h后动脉血气中pH值、动脉氧分压（Pa02）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）及呼吸频率（RR）、心率（HR）、临床症状变化情况。结果BiPAP治疗24h后HR,RR,PaO2,PaCO2,pH值明显改善,临床症状明星改善,有效率为81．2％（26／32）。结论无创双水平气道正压机械通气辅助治疗COPD具有显著的临床治疗效果。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的研究无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法将2003年2月-2006年2月长沙市第四医院呼吸内科住院的48例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为标准治疗组24例(常规抗感染、支气管扩张剂、祛痰药、激素、氧疗、纠正酸碱失衡的治疗)和NIPPV治疗组24例(标准治疗的治疗基础上,采用美国伟康公司经鼻(面)罩双水平气道正压BiPAPVERSION型呼吸机进行辅助通气)。观察患者PH、PaO2、PaCO2、心率、呼吸频率的变化,比较住院时间、气管插管率、病死率。结果治疗24h后,NIPPV治疗组和标准治疗组PH、PaO2、PaCO2、心率、呼吸频率均有明显改善,并且NIPPV治疗组明显优于标准治疗组(P<0.05)。NIPPV治疗组住院时间、气管插管率、病死率较标准治疗组均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论NIPPV可加速改善COPD急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的PH、PaO2、PaCO2、心率、呼吸频率,可明显缩短住院时间,降低气管插管率、病死率。     

双水平无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的：分析双水平无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并呼吸衰竭的临床治疗作用。方法：80例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为一般常规治疗组（40例）和BiPAP呼吸机治疗组（40例）。监测治疗前、后2h、8h及48h动脉血气变化。观察患者SpO2、心率及并发症的发生情况。结果：常规治疗组治疗48h后PaO2有显著上升；pH值PaCO2改善不明显；BiPAP呼吸机无创通气组的动脉血pH值、PaO2、PaCO2、心率有明显改善。结论：双水平无创正压通气能明显改善COPD有并呼吸衰竭患者的呼吸衰竭及全身情况。     

无创正压通气治疗矽肺合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的观察双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）对矽肺合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将52例矽肺合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组（27例）和对照组（25例）,比较两组治疗前后血气分析指标、心率、呼吸频率及血压变化。结果治疗组和对照组治疗结束时PaO2升高,心率及呼吸频率减慢,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义。治疗组与对照组相比PaO2升高、心率及呼吸频率下降差异有统计学意义。结论双水平无创正压通气治疗矽肺合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭更有效提高PaO2,降低呼吸频率及心率。并治疗组降低PaCO2更明显,但未造成过度通气。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效观察

目的 观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效.方法 46例COPD并发Ⅱ型呼衰患者随机分为BiPAP呼吸机通气组和对照组各23例,通气组除常规治疗外加用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗,对照组则给予鼻导管持续低流量吸氧及常规药物治疗,治疗6 h与3 d后,再测定并比较两组的神志、心率、呼吸频率、血气等指标.结果 无创通气后心率、呼吸频率、pH、PaO2、PaCO2均明显改善,差异均有显著性(P<0.01).结论 BiPAP呼吸机经口鼻面罩无创通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭具有肯定的疗效.     

双水平无创正压通气治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床分析

[目的]探讨双水平无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。[方法]选择2009年1月～2010年6月住院治疗的AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者56例,将所有患者随机分为观察组及对照组,每组28例。观察组采用双水平无创正压呼吸机通气治疗,对照组给予常规治疗,观察其治疗前及治疗后血气变化,并对结果进行对比分析。结果治疗后,观察组有效率为89.29%,显著高于对照组的71.43%(P﹤0.05)。两组在治疗有效率间的差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。治疗前两组患者的PaO2、PaCO2水平相当,两组间的差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。经治疗后,两组的PaO2、PaCO2均有不同程度的改善,观察组显著优于对照组(P﹤0.05)。观察组的呼吸频率和心率均低于对照组(P﹤0.05)。两组在收缩压及舒张压的差异无统计学意义。[结论]应用双水平无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭效果肯定,能够明显改善患者通气功能,值得在临床上推广应用。     

BiPAP无创正压通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理体会

目的总结应用BiPAP行无创正压通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效及护理体会。方法对52例COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者采用鼻罩式双水平气道正压BiPAP呼吸机治疗,同时采取相关的护理对策。结果 45例患者症状、体征明显改善,5例患者病情加重,行气管插管后进行有创通气治疗,2例因多器官功能衰竭而死亡。治疗后45例患者动脉血气pH、PaO2、PaCO2均有显著改善。结论采用无创正压通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭具有无创、安全、有效的优点,值得临床推广使用。     

BiPAP无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床分析

目的探讨双相正压(BiPAP)无创通气对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并失代偿期Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将COPD合并失代偿期Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机平行分为治疗组和对照组,各84例。对照组给予抗感染、支气管扩张剂、止咳化痰、雾化吸入及支持治疗,治疗组在以上治疗的基础上给予BiPAP无创机械通气。结果无创机械通气对提高PaO2和降低PaCO2与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论双水平气道正压(BiPAP)无创机械通气对COPD合并失代偿期Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的治疗效果好,可减少气管插管和气管切开的使用,减少患者痛苦,缩短住院时间。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.