富血小板血浆在生殖医学领域应用的研究进展

富血小板血浆(PRP)是一种高浓度血小板血浆，被应用于临床多个学科，本文旨在总结和评价PRP在生殖医学领域的作用，包括薄型子宫内膜、反复着床失败(RIF)、慢性子宫内膜炎和卵巢功能低下等方面，期望为PRP在生殖领域的临床治疗及未来的科学研究提供参考。     

富血小板血浆治疗薄型子宫内膜的作用机制

薄型子宫内膜可导致临床妊娠率和活产率降低,目前尚无改善薄型子宫内膜患者子宫内膜厚度的最佳方案。富血小板血浆（platelet-rich plasma,PRP）灌注治疗作为改善子宫内膜厚度的一种新型的治疗方法,在治疗薄型子宫内膜的确切作用较为复杂。PRP所含有的血小板浓度高于全血中通常所含的血小板浓度,而使用高浓度血小板的基本原理和治疗潜力是基于它们可以提供超生理剂量的必需生长因子,以提供再生刺激,促进具有低愈合潜力的组织修复。现基于目前国内外PRP治疗薄型子宫内膜的研究进展,探讨PRP内生长因子促细胞增殖、迁移及通过核因子κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）信号通路调节子宫内膜细胞增殖和凋亡的作用,为进一步研究PRP治疗的分子基础及确切的作用机制提供参考。     

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统的临床应用

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system,LNG-IUS)是一种新型的宫内避孕系统,每天向宫腔内释放一定量的左炔诺孕酮发挥作用。随着对LNG-IUS的应用发现其不但具有长期、高效的避孕作用,在非避孕领域中也具有新功能,尤其在子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌病、痛经、子宫内膜增生等妇科疾病的治疗中,具有重要意义。     

子宫内膜微创术对不孕患者生殖内分泌、子宫内膜容受性的影响

目的分析子宫内膜微创术对不孕患者生殖内分泌、子宫内膜容受性的影响,为不孕症的治疗提供理论依据。方法选取2015年12月-2016年12月乐清市人民医院收治的120例子宫内膜异位症导致的不孕患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和研究组,对照组仅采用宫腔内人工授精,研究组采用子宫内膜微创术及人工授精。比较两组治疗前后内分泌指标、子宫内膜指标、子宫内膜形态学分型及子宫内膜血流分型和内膜分型改善情况。结果治疗后,两组雌二醇(E2)水平显著高于治疗前,研究组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗前后黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、孕酮(P)水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前子宫内膜厚度、RI、PI比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗后子宫内膜厚度大于治疗前,RI、PI显著低于治疗前,且研究组改善效果优于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组子宫内膜形态学分型佳型比例显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前能量多普勒血流显像(PDI)血流分型、内膜分型比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组治疗后子宫内膜回声分型以A型、B型为主,PDI血流分型以Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型为主,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不孕患者经子宫内膜微创术治疗后,生殖内分泌水平、子宫内膜容受性改善显著,值得临床推广应用。     

薄型子宫内膜的病理生理特征和治疗的研究进展

良好的子宫内膜容受性对成功妊娠至关重要,子宫内膜过薄会导致内膜容受性受损,造成不良妊娠结局。如何治疗薄型子宫内膜、改善内膜容受性、提高胚胎种植率是生殖领域亟需解决的问题。研究薄型子宫内膜的病理生理特征能使临床治疗更具针对性。上皮细胞和巨噬细胞等增殖受损、卵巢类固醇激素及其受体表达减少、细胞外基质过度沉积和细胞衰老等共同参与了薄型子宫内膜的发生和发展。临床治疗薄型子宫内膜的方式较多,如使用雌激素、阿司匹林、他莫昔芬等辅助药物,盆底神经肌肉电刺激,干细胞移植,宫腔灌注粒细胞集落刺激因子和富血小板血浆等,但仍有部分顽固性难治性薄型子宫内膜患者对这些治疗方式反应不佳。现对薄型子宫内膜的病理生理特征及临床治疗进展进行综述。     

腹腔镜应用于子宫内膜异位症及不孕症的诊断价值疗效分析

目的 观察在治疗子宫内膜异位症和不孕症方面运用腹腔镜诊疗的价值及疗效.方法 对随机抽取的100例患者进行病理检查和腹腔镜检查,详细记录子宫内膜异位症的分布情况、术后妊娠以及治疗效果等.结果 100例随机抽取的患者中,通过腹腔镜检测出患有子宫内膜异位症的患者为86例(86%),其统计结果与病理检查相比较差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)病理诊断中总的符合率与腹腔镜的比较中,存在的差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05).结论 在妇科疾病中,各期子宫内膜异位症及由盆腔因素引起的不孕症,都可通过腹腔镜进行诊断治疗,腹腔镜手术治疗不仅可以减轻并解除病痛,而且可以起到从根本上消除病灶的作用.     

干细胞治疗薄型子宫内膜的研究进展

在辅助生殖技术中,子宫内膜厚度可以反映内膜功能状态,薄型子宫内膜是指子宫内膜厚度不足以获得胚胎着床及临床妊娠。虽然临床对薄型子宫内膜治疗的方式较多,但总体治疗效果欠佳。干细胞因具有多向分化和自我更新的潜能而展现出广阔的发展前景,包括胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞和诱导多能干细胞,随着对干细胞研究的深入,目前有研究诱导干细胞向子宫内膜细胞定向分化并增生,以促进子宫内膜生长,进而用于治疗薄型子宫内膜。现主要就骨髓间质干细胞(BMSCs)、子宫内膜干细胞(EDSCs)、人胚胎干细胞(h ESCs)及人脐带华通胶间充质干细胞(WJ-MSCs)在薄型子宫内膜治疗的研究进展以及这4种细胞用于临床治疗的优缺点进行综述。     

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗妇科疾病作用探讨

目的探讨左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗妇科疾病作用效果。方法选择2017年1月-2021年1月本院收治的80例妇科疾病患者开展研究,所有患者均采用左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗,统计不同类型妇科疾病患者的治疗效果。结果所有妇科疾病患者经治疗后的第1个月、3个月、6个月的痛经评分降低、子宫体积缩小、月经量减少、CA125水平降低,血红蛋白水平升高同治疗前对比,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);随访观察半年,发现用药期间,不良反应发生率为6.25%,不良反应发生概率较低,且经针对性治疗干预后患者均好转。结论对于子宫腺肌瘤、子宫内膜增生、月经过多、子宫内膜息肉等妇科疾病中,采用左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统实施治疗,获得疗效较好,能显著降低患者的疼痛症状,减少月经量,缩小子宫体积缩,值得推荐。     

子宫内膜异位症患者子宫内膜组织中PDGF和OPN表达的变化及其相关性

目的探讨子宫内膜异位症(EMs)患者子宫内膜组织中血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)的表达变化及其相互关系。方法选取舟山市妇女儿童医院收集的88例EMs患者在位内膜、异位内膜组织,因盆腔器官脱垂等其他类型疾病获取的正常子宫内膜组织60例作为对照组;采用免疫组化染色技术检测两组标本中的PDGF、OPN表达水平,采用Spearman秩相关分析法分析二者表达的相关性。结果EMs组在位内膜、异位内膜组织中的OPN阳性表达率均高于对照组(P<0.05),异位内膜组织中的OPN阳性表达率高于在位内膜(P<0.05);EMs组在位内膜、异位内膜组织中的PDGF阳性表达率均高于对照组(P<0.05),异位内膜组织中的PDGF阳性表达率高于在位内膜(P<0.05);EMs组在位内膜组织中OPN与PDGF表达无明显的相关性(r=0.189,P=0.077);EMs组异位内膜组织中OPN与PDGF表达呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.560,P=0.000)。结论EMs患者子宫内膜组织中PDGF、OPN呈异常高表达,在异位内膜组织中二者表达具有一定的协同作用。     

基质细胞衰老在子宫内膜蜕膜化及容受性建立中的作用机制

胚胎着床过程复杂而精密。胚胎质量、子宫内膜容受性以及两者的同步发育是决定胚胎着床的关键因素。蜕膜化是子宫内膜基质细胞转变为分泌型的蜕膜基质细胞的过程, 与子宫内膜容受性密切相关。异常蜕膜化可导致胚胎着床失败或不良妊娠结局。最新研究表明子宫内膜蜕膜化中存在子宫内膜基质细胞衰老的现象, 一定程度的基质细胞衰老促进蜕膜化和容受性建立, 而过度或不足的基质细胞衰老则可能导致蜕膜化异常和容受性受损。本文旨在对基质细胞衰老在子宫内膜蜕膜化及容受性建立中的作用进行综述, 以期为容受性相关疾病的发病机制和治疗提供新的启示。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.