环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物降解技术研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)是重要的工业原材料,用于多种合成工艺中,但其能产生类似雌激素样作用,对人类健康和环境造成严重危害,因而研究PAEs降解技术,控制其在环境中的污染浓度具有非常重要的意义。该文综述了近年来PAEs降解技术的进展情况,详细讨论和比较了生物降解、物理吸附、高级氧化技术的优缺点,并指出光催化氧化技术是今后邻苯二甲酸酯降解的发展趋势。     

食品及塑料食品包装袋中邻苯二甲酸酯类的HPLC-MS／MS法测定结果分析

目的对市售食品和食品包装袋中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的污染情况进行调查,对调查结果进行分析。方法采用统计学方法随机抽取市场上485份食品样品和102份食品包装材料,将食物按种类和包装方式等分类后进行测定,采用高效液相色谱一串联质谱联用法测定,对调查结果进行统计学处理和分析。结果485份不同种类食品样品中普遍检出PAEs,检出率达53．2％,含量范围在0．01～13960mg／kg之间,5种PAEs在食品中的含量DEHP〉DBP〉DEP〉DOP〉DMP;塑料袋包装食品中PAEs含量明显高于非塑料包装食品;102份塑料包装材料中PAEs检出率为31．4％,含量以DE-HP和DBP为主。Spearman相关分析显示,食品中DBP、DOP和DEHP含量与包装材料的含量呈正相关,其中DBP和DEHP相关系数在0．989,DMP和DEP相关关系不显著（P〉0．05）。油脂含量高的食品中PAEs含量也高。结论食品中PAEs的污染主要来源于食品包装材料。高温和高油脂含量是加剧塑料包装材料中PAEs溶出到食品中的一个重要因素。调查结果显示,食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的污染比较严重,应引起有关部门的重视。     

UV/H_2O_2联用技术降解水中PAEs的动力学研究

针对水体中较高含量的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染,采用UV/H_2O_2联用技术降解PAEs,考察H_2O_2浓度、PAEs初始浓度及反应体系中pH等因素对PAEs降解效果的影响。结果表明:UV/H_2O_2对DMP、DEP的处理效果要优于UV、H_2O_2单一处理。且PAEs的降解效率随反应体系中H_2O_2浓度增大而升高,随着PAEs初始浓度的增加而降低,不同pH对于光降解PAEs产生的影响不大。在优化实验条件下,采用UV/H_2O_2降解DMP、DEP,当PAEs初始浓度为5mg/L、H_2O_2投加量为330mg/L时,DMP和DEP的降解率可分别达到80.7%和84%。     

负载型P-TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其对水中邻苯二甲酸酯的降解作用

目的以电气石微球为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺杂磷的纳米二氧化钛光催化材料水中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)进行降解。方法用X射线衍射对负载型P-TiO_2光催化剂进行分析。以6种PAEs为降解对象,考察热处理温度、磷掺杂量及反应温度对TiO_2光催化活性的影响。结果 P掺杂量为6%,500℃烧结4个小时光催化活性最佳。结论负载型P-TiO_2对水中6种PAEs具有较好的光催化降解效果。     

食品及包装材料邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物检测方法研究进展

本文介绍食品及食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(Phthalic acid esters,PAEs)检测方法的研究进展,对食品及食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测技术作了综述,并提出检测中存在的问题和研究前景。     

食品级塑料包装袋中16种塑化剂的3种前处理方法研究

目的建立气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定市售聚乙烯食品级塑料包装袋中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法,并对正己烷浸泡、正己烷超声提取、水浸泡液正己烷萃取3种不同的前处理方式进行比较。方法通过正己烷浸泡、正己烷超声提取、水浸泡液正己烷萃取3种不同的前处理方式同时对56份样品进行处理,比较3种前处理的结果。结果 16种塑化剂线性范围均为0.0~10.0 mg/L,相关系数在0.995 6~0.999 9之间。3种前处理方法的加标回收率在80.06%~119.05%之间,相对标准偏差在0.13%~7.38%范围内。结论 3种前处理分析测定结果表明,正己烷浸泡法和水浸泡液正己烷萃取法的检出限更低,也更容易检出PAEs类物质,检出率较正己烷超声提取法有明显差异。     

邻苯二甲酸酯及Wnt通路影响配子及胚胎发育的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）作为添加剂被广泛应用于食品、建材、医疗等各行各业中。由于PAEs难以形成强力的共价键,PAEs会不断泄露到环境中并通过人们的饮食、日常生活用品接触等在人体中蓄积。作为环境内分泌干扰物中的一大类,PAEs会造成影响深远的生殖内分泌干扰效应,对配子及胚胎发育产生影响。而Wnt家族基因及其产物可通过多环节、多作用位点影响基因表达或促进细胞增殖,从而诱导组织分化来调控生长发育。综述PAEs的生化性质和污染途径以及PAEs的内分泌干扰机制,并综述Wnt及其他可能介导PAEs对配子及胚胎发育造成影响的信号通路或机制。     

环境介质中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的环境行为及生态风险研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)化合物广泛存在于环境中,已被列入我国优先控制的污染物;作为一种内分泌干扰物,其在环境中的富集过程、迁移转化行为直接影响其对生物体的毒性大小,且其潜在生态风险与人群健康密切相关。该文综述了环境介质中PAEs的环境行为,并通过分析理化特性、暴露途径及接触水平对PAEs迁移转化的影响,重点探讨了PAEs在室内外空气、水中迁移转化过程及规律,并进一步综述了其生态风险和管控分析,以期为有效评估PAEs污染水平及防控措施提供科学依据。     

邻苯二甲酸酯的神经毒性作用研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalates,PAEs)是塑胶工业中最为常用的增塑剂和软化剂。该物质可通过食品包装材料直接迁移到食品中,也可通过含有该物质的塑料制品迁移到环境中,对空气、水、土壤和食品造成污染而危害人类的健康。PAEs具有雌激素效应,对神经系统具有毒性作用。笔者就PAEs的神经毒性作用及其机制的研究进展作一综述,为今后对该物质的毒理学研究提供参考。     

水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物预富集技术研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs),又称酞酸酯,是邻苯二甲酸形成酯的统称,当被用作塑料增塑剂时,一般指的是邻苯二甲酸与4～15个碳的醇形成的酯。水中PAEs主要来源有生产和使用PAEs工业排放的废水,农用塑料薄膜、塑料垃圾等经雨水冲洗和土壤浸润,PAEs进入大气经干沉降和雨水淋洗等[1]。目前,针对水中     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.