宁夏固原市原州区城市家庭主妇膳食营养知信行(K-A-P)现况调查

目的了解宁夏固原市城市家庭主妇(男)营养知识(K)、态度(A)、行为(P)水平及其主要影响因素,为贫困地区营养健康教育提供依据。方法①根据居民小区的地理分布,采用整群随即抽样的方法,对520名固原市原州区城市家庭主妇(男)进行入户访谈式问卷调查。②利用SPSS软件对调查数据进行分析处理。结果①家庭主妇(男)营养知识总知晓率为60.2%;对中国居民膳食指南及膳食宝塔内容的知晓率不到20%;对慢性病与膳食的关系的知晓率不到50%。②不同文化程度调查对象的膳食营养知识的知晓率差异有统计学意义(P0.001),受教育程度越高,营养知识知晓率越高。③家庭主妇对营养知识及合理的饮食习惯的态度的认可率为71.9%,不注意营养和食品安全信息者比例较高(占54.2%)。④居民饮食和烹调习惯离中国居民膳食宝塔所建议的要求差距较大。结论宁夏固原地区城市家庭主妇合理营养的知识水平亟待提高,饮食习惯亟待改善。     

膳食营养知识干预对家庭主妇知信行(K-A-P)的影响

目的 提高城市家庭主妇膳食营养知信行水平,探索其营养干预措施.方法 ①根据居民小区的地理分布,采用整群随即抽样的方法,对520名固原市原州区城市家庭主妇进行入户访谈式问卷调查.②对调查对象采取综合营养干预措施1个月后,重复进行营养知-信-行问卷调查.结果 ①干预后营养与食品卫生知识总知晓率提高了13.0％;提高最多的为对中国居民膳食指南和膳食宝塔的内容知晓率,对食物营养价值和营养素相关知识及疾病与膳食的关系的知晓率上升10％左右.②干预后调查对象在主动获取有关食物的营养和卫生安全方面知识的态度有了较大提高,对食物安全方面的要求较对食物的营养态度方面改变更大.③烹调习惯和饮食行为也有不同程度的改变.结论 本次对城市家庭主妇营养干预在知识和态度方面效果较显著,在行为改变方面不明显,在借鉴此方法进行营养知识健康教育的同时,尚需加强行为干预.     

南京市消费者膳食指南相关营养知识知晓率调查

[目的]了解南京市消费者对2007年版《中国居民膳食指南》相关营养知识的知晓情况,为在南京市进行膳食指南宣教与效果评价提供依据。[方法]采用自制的调查问卷,以某大型连锁超市为平台,对537名消费者进行2007年版《中国居民膳食指南》及相关营养知识、态度和行为的调查。[结果]南京市超市消费者营养知识总体知晓率为50%左右,36%的被访者听说过中国居民膳食指南,34.3%的被访者听说过中国居民平衡膳食宝塔。被访者文化程度越高,营养知识的知晓率越高。[结论]消费者营养知识总体知晓率较低,获取相关知识的态度较为积极。在进行营养知识教育和中国居民膳食指南宣传时,应重点加强对文化程度较低群体的宣教工作。     

宝山区社区居民合理营养知信行现状调查分析

目的了解社区居民合理营养的知、信、行水平以及接受信息的渠道,以便为合理营养健康教育提供依据。方法采用问卷调查方法,随机抽取1458名居民就有关合理营养知、信、行方面的问题进行调查。结果社区居民合理营养知识的总知晓率为65.7%;对中国居民膳食指南相关知识的知晓率为75.3%;对中国居民平衡膳食宝塔相关知识的知晓率为46.5%。居民合理营养知识的知晓率受年龄、文化程度和职业的影响(P<0.01)。除烹调蔬菜习惯正确率达到92.6%外,其他都低于50%。居民饮食习惯离中国居民膳食宝塔所建议的要求差距较大。社区居民接受合理营养知识的主要传媒是广播电视、宣传版面或黑板报、宣传小册子。结论宝山区社区居民合理营养的知识水平及饮食习惯有待改善,应采取综合性传播策略以加强营养健康教育与健康促进工作。     

宁波市两社区老年人慢性病与营养知识、态度、行为调查

目的 了解宁波市城市社区老年人群惠慢性病及膳食营养知识的现状,探索社区老年人营养干预的有效途径和方法方法采用调查问卷的方法,对宁波市两社区196名55～70岁的老年人进行随机抽样调查,包括老年人的社会人口学特征慢性病患病情况、营养知识、态度以及日常饮食习惯和行为等方面的内容.结果 宁波市城市社区老年人患有1种或1种以上慢性病占74.5%;中国膳食宝塔知晓率仅为19.4%;营养的主要食物来源以及膳食和疾病关系的应答正确率分别为62.2%和 62.8%;愿意接受营养知识的方式为报刊杂志(46.9%)、电话(31.1%)、社区医生和讲座(19.9%)等.结论 宁波市城市社区老年人对一般的健康知识知晓率尚可,但对一些专业性较强的营养知识和慢性病的相关防治知识缺乏,因此,在城市社区中开展老年人营养教育和指导十分必要和迫切,需要持之以恒深入开展.     

安阳市居民合理膳食指导工作初探

[目的]改善辖区居民膳食结构,倡导平衡膳食。[方法]以《中国居民膳食指南》和"膳食营养宝塔"为教材举办现场膳食指导培训班,开展营养教育。[结果]受教育的辖区居民营养知识水平明显提高。[结论]膳食指导培训班是普及居民营养教育有效途径之一。     

营养教育对医学生营养知识态度行为的影响

目的探讨营养教育对医学院学生营养知识、态度、行为的影响。方法随机抽取新乡医学院大学本科三年级13个班的学生,以集体授课方式进行营养教育,教育前后分别进行营养知识、态度、行为问卷调查。结果营养教育前后,营养知识、态度得分及总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),中国居民平衡膳食宝塔知晓率及营养知识水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);营养教育后更多调查对象希望从多种途径获得营养知识,并愿意改变不良饮食习惯(P<0.05);教育后摄入适量动物内脏的人数增加,摄入不健康食品减少(P<0.05),其他行为教育前后无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论通过营养教育可提高医学生的营养知识水平,并使其愿意改变不良的饮食习惯,营养行为也有一定的转变。     

2014-2015年郑州市居民膳食指南知晓率调查

目的了解郑州市居民对中国居民膳食指南相关营养知识知晓情况,为郑州市进行膳食指南宣教提供依据。方法 2014-2015年,通过对郑州市城市和农村居民共计15 952名进行《中国居民膳食指南》知晓率进行调查。结果知道膳食指南4 817人,占30.2%,能说出指南内容3 500人,占21.9%。,女性膳食指南知晓率高于男性,城市居民高于农村居民,文化程度越高,膳食指南知晓率越高。结论郑州市居民膳食指南知晓率较低,且了解程度不深。     

云南某农村肥胖和高尿酸血症与膳食习惯相关性分析

[目的]了解云南某农村居民肥胖及高尿酸血症的患病情况,同时用中国居民膳食宝塔(2016)中推荐的各类食物摄入量对被调查对象的膳食习惯进行评价,分析肥胖和高尿酸血症与膳食习惯的关系,为下一步慢性非传染性疾病的防治和营养干预方案设计提供理论依据。[方法]采用横断面研究的方法,选取云南某农村513名18岁以上居民作为研究对象。采用符合当地食物特征的食物频率表进行膳食习惯调查,测量身高、体重,计算体质指数(BMI)和抽取调查对象清晨空腹静脉血进行尿酸测定。采用Logistic回归分析肥胖和高尿酸血症与膳食习惯的关系。[结果]和中国居民膳食宝塔(2016)相比,调查对象食物摄入普遍达不到中国居民平衡膳食宝塔(2016)的推荐摄入量;肥胖率为4.1%,尿酸水平异常率为20.7%;肥胖和高尿酸血症人群各类食物的摄入量与正常人群相比存在差异,但大部分差异无统计学意义(P 0.05); Logistic回归分析各类食物对45岁以下和45岁以上年龄组肥胖和高尿酸水平的影响因素显示:蔬菜摄入量不符合中国居民平衡膳食宝塔(2016)的人群患肥胖的危险是符合标准人群的0.269倍、患高尿酸血症的危险是符合标准人群的6.324倍;水果摄入量不符合膳食指南标准的人群患高尿酸血症的危险是符合标准人群的0.475倍。[结论]云南省某农村居民不同种类的食物摄入量与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔(2016)存在较大差异,可看出当地居民对中国居民平衡膳食宝塔知晓率较低。加强农村居民合理膳食等相关宣传教育,建立健康膳食习惯对于预防慢性非传染性疾病具有非常重要的意义。     

2005年唐河县城区部分肥胖人群营养知识与态度调查

[目的]为进一步开展肥胖人群营养知识宣传教育提供科学依据。[方法]2005年8~11月,在唐河县人民医院对接受健康体检的226名城区肥胖者进行调查。[结果]调查226人,知道或听说过中国居民膳食指南、中国居民膳食宝塔、肥胖人膳食指导原则的分别占17.26%、10.18%、25.66%;60.62%的认识到需要增加膳食纤维的摄入量,减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入量,1/3左右认识到需要补充维生素及微量元素。营养知识掌握好的占11.50%,掌握较差的占88.50%。营养知识得分与文化程度呈正相关(P<0.01)。[结论]城区肥胖人群营养知识比较缺乏,应对肥胖人群开展营养知识的宣传教育。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.