头颈部放射性口腔黏膜炎患者营养状况与生活质量相关性研究

目的 探讨头颈部肿瘤放射性口腔黏膜炎的患者营养状况与生活质量的相关性。 方法 采用一般资料问卷、癌症患者生活质量量表（QLQ-C30）、患者主管整体评定量表（PG-SGA）、美国国家癌症研究所常见毒性反应标准（NCI-CTCAE）量表对80例头颈部放射性口腔黏膜炎患者进行调查。结果 80例符合入选标准的患者，其中男51例，女29例。年龄19~80（58.21±11.84）岁。PG-SGA评价结果：A级患者为12例，B级患者为35例，C级患者为 33例。躯体功能、角色功能、认知功能、社会功能、总体健康状况及疲倦、疼痛、便秘、腹泻等症状与营养状况存在明显相关性（P＜0.05），情绪功能、恶心呕吐、气促、失眠、食欲丧失、经济困难与营养状况无明显相关性（P>0.05）。 结论 头颈部放射性口腔黏膜炎患者存在着不同程度的营养不良，其营养状况与生活质量呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）。因此，改善头颈部放射性口腔黏膜炎患者的营养状况可大幅度提高患者的生活质量，改善临床治疗结局，为今后制定护理干预措施提供参考依据。     

蛋白质摄入量对头颈部肿瘤放化疗期间人体成分及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨蛋白质摄入量对头颈部肿瘤患者放化疗期间营养状况、人体成分及生活质量的影响。方法83例头颈 部肿瘤患者均采用患者主观整体评估方法对放疗前后的营养状态进行评估以及营养干预（饮食指导、ONS、PN）,按实际蛋白质摄入量0.8g/(kg·d)为界分为A组[≥0.8g/(kg·d)]和B组[＜0.8g/(kg.d)],采用生物电阻抗法观察两组患者放疗前后的人体成分变化及肿瘤患者生命质量测定表（EORCT QLQ-C30）观察两组患者放疗前后生活质量的变化。结果 两组患者放疗前营养不良发生率无统计学差异（P≥0.5）,放疗结束后A组营养不良发生率、握力前后变化值明显低于B组,差异有统计学差异,P＜0.05;体成分变化方面,A组在体重变化、体重变化百分比、BMI变化、体脂变化百分比、去脂体重变化、肌肉质量变化、去脂体重指数变化方面均明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;两组患者放疗前生活质量评分没有统计学差异,放疗结束后A组在疲劳、失眠、食欲丧失、疼痛、总体生活质量变化方面均优于B组,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05。结论 应对头颈部肿瘤患者放疗期间进行全程的营养干预,重视头颈部肿瘤患者放化疗期间蛋白质、能量的摄入,可改善患者的营养状态及体力,对体成分变化、提高患者的生活质量有益处。     

肿瘤患者营养状况、疼痛程度及生命质量的相关性研究

目的 探讨肿瘤患者营养状况、疼痛程度及与生命质量的关系。方法 2017年1月至2020年1月在解放军东部战区 总医院就诊的50例肿瘤患者纳入本研究,应用数字分级评分法（NRS）、患者主观整体营养状况量表（PG⁃SGA）及生命质量核心 问卷（EORTC QLQ⁃C30）对患者进行评估,分析疼痛程度、营养状况与生命质量三者之间的关系。结果 肿瘤患者疼痛发生率 为60%,重度营养不良发生率为46%,其中营养不良患者的疼痛发生率明显高于营养正常的患者（P<0.01）;躯体功能、情绪功 能、总体健康状况与疼痛程度呈负相关（P<0.05）,便秘和气促与疼痛程度呈正相关（P<0.05）;营养状况得分与生活质量评分中 躯体功能、角色功能、情绪功能、总体健康状况呈负相关（P<0.05）,与疲劳、疼痛、食欲丧失呈正相关（P<0.01）。结论 肿瘤患者 疼痛发生率和营养不良发生率高,严重影响患者的生命质量,在临床治疗工作中需加以重视。     

盐酸吗啡缓释片直肠给药治疗头颈部肿瘤放射性黏膜损伤所致口腔疼痛的临床观察

目的 观察盐酸吗啡缓释片直肠给药治疗头颈部肿瘤放射性黏膜损伤所致口腔疼痛临床疗效.方法 选取行放射治疗的头颈部肿瘤患者共50例,随机分为观察组和对照组各25例,两组均行全程IMRT放疗,给予营养支持等处理,观察组加用盐酸吗啡缓释片直肠给药,比较两组患者疼痛评分变化、营养状况评分变化等情况.结果 放疗结束后,观察组患者NRS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组放疗后的体质量评分、进食评分、症状评分、活动和身体功能评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(JP＜0.05).结论 通过盐酸吗啡缓释片直肠给药治疗头颈部肿瘤放射性口腔黏膜损伤所致疼痛,临床易于操作,可以明显地减轻放射性口腔黏膜损伤所致疼痛,改善患者的营养状况,对于提高患者生活质量和临床疗效具有十分重要的意义.     

头颈部肿瘤放疗后口腔干燥症的预防和治疗

头颈部肿瘤是常见的恶性肿瘤之一，放射治疗能保留患者的容貌和功能，又能取得良好的疗效，故在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中起了极大的作用。特别是鼻咽癌方面，放疗是迄今为止最有效的治疗，早期鼻咽癌放疗后5年存活率可达80％左右，提高疗效同时提高生活质量已成为当今头颈部肿瘤放疗后所关注的问题。永久性口腔干燥是头颈部肿瘤放疗中和放疗后常见的并发症，常常严重影响患者的生活质量（影响食欲，吞咽困难甚至说话功能）。本文对预防口腔干燥作一综述。     

全胸腹腔镜下食管癌根治食管胃颈部机械吻合术后患者生活质量分析

目的探讨全胸腹腔镜下食管癌根治食管胃颈部机械吻合术对食管癌患者术后生活质量的影响。方法选取78例食管癌患者为研究对象,按入组先后顺序平均分成2组,每组39例。对照组传统开胸手术治疗,研究组全胸腹腔镜下食管癌根治术联合食管胃颈部机械吻合术治疗,观察治疗后在生活质量指标、远期生活质量和住院时间等指标比较。结果治疗后研究组在躯体、角色、情绪、认知、社会功能和症状子量表包括疲倦、恶心与呕吐、疼痛、呼吸困难、失眠、食欲丧失、便秘、腹泻、经济困难以及吞咽困难、进食、反流、疼痛、咽口水、梗阻、口干、食欲减退、咳嗽、言语上均显著优于对照组,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05);研究组远期生活质量吻合口瘘、反流、胸胃综合征、胃瘫、吻合口狭窄发生率分别为28.2%、15.38%、10.26%、12.82%、12.82%,显著低于对照组的58.97%、35.9%、30.77%、35.9%、46.15%,比较差异显著(P<0.05);研究组在术中出血量、创口直径、住院时间上显著优于对照组(P<0.05),而在清扫淋巴结数、手术时间上比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论全胸腹腔镜下食管癌根治食管胃颈部机械吻合术治疗食管癌能提高患者术后生活质量,且并发症低,创伤小。     

能量摄入对头颈癌放化疗患者营养状况和生活质量的影响

目的 探讨能量摄入量对头颈癌患者放化疗期间营养状况、体成分及生活质量的影响。方法 选取符合入选标准 的头颈癌患者 90 例,分别在放化疗前和放疗结束 2 个时段对患者进行调查,调查内容包括：营养评估、膳食调查、体成分 测量以及生活质量四个部分。临床营养师通过 24 小时膳食调查获得患者的能量摄入量,包括膳食能量摄入以及 ONS,同 时采用 Harris-Benedict 公式获得患者的能量需要量,从而计算患者的能量摄入量占需要量的比例,能量摄入占比＜ 70% 为 A 组,能量摄入占比≥ 70% 为 B 组。结果 两组患者的基线资料,包括年龄、性别、BMI、治疗前的营养状况、临床分期、 诊断、放疗剂量以及治疗方式等方面差异均无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）,两组具有可比性。放疗结束后,A 组患者营养不 良发生率明显高于 B 组,A 组患者营养不良发生率为 100%,B 组为 84.09%,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）;24 小时 膳食调查发现,A 组患者每天通过膳食和 ONS 摄入的能量分别为 864kcal 和 214kcal,明显低于 B 组,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。使用放疗前后体成分的变化值来表示能量摄入量对体成分的影响,发现 A 组患者 BMI、体重、肌肉、蛋白质、 骨骼肌和体脂百分比的变化均大于 B 组,两组除了蛋白质和骨骼肌的变化没有统计学意义外,其他指标差异均具有统计 学意义（P ＜ 0.05）;放疗前,两组患者生活质量评分没有明显的统计学差异;放疗结束后,A 组患者功能评分均比 B 组 偏低,而症状评分都偏高;在生活质量、认知功能、疼痛、疲倦、食欲丧失等方面两组间差异都具有统计学意义。结论 头 颈癌患者经放化疗后,营养状况、体成分及生活质量恶化,而在治疗前和治疗过程中保持能量摄入量占比≥ 70% 可以防止 进一步恶化。     

全程营养管理在胸部肿瘤患者术后放疗中的应用效果研究

目的∶探讨全程营养管理在胸部肿瘤术后放疗患者的应用效果。方法∶连续纳入某三甲肿瘤专科医院胸部肿瘤放疗科 2018 年2月至 2019 年3月收治的112 例胸部肿瘤术后行放疗的患者,其中试验组与对照组各56 例,对照组采用常规饮食护理,实验组在常规饮食护理基础上采用全程营养管理;比较两组患者放疗期间营养指标、放疗不良反应发生情况、生活质量评分变化情况。结果∶采用全程营养管理后,试验组患者体重、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清前白蛋白值、生活质量得分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组患者放疗不良反应发生率均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论∶全程营养管理能有效改善胸部肿瘤术后放疗患者营养状况,降低放疗不良反应发生率,提高生活质量。     

鼻咽癌患者放化疗期间的营养状况及其影响因素CSCD

目的探讨鼻咽癌患者放化疗期间的营养状况及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析140例初治鼻咽癌患者的临床资料,运用PG-SGA、体格测量、血液学指标、放化疗不良反应和生活质量评价,全面评估患者营养状况;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析鼻咽癌患者营养不良的主要影响因素。结果140例患者放化疗期间,重度营养不良发生率为80.7%;95.0%的患者出现体重下降,39.3%的患者体重下降≥10%;前白蛋白在放疗2周开始出现明显下降,放疗结束后患者贫血发生率高达54.3%;总体生活质量评分逐步下降,放疗结束后仅38.9分。临床分期、治疗期间体重下降、前白蛋白、贫血、口腔黏膜炎、总体生活质量、经济困难是鼻咽癌患者营养不良的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论鼻咽癌患者放化疗期间营养不良发生率高;临床分期、治疗期间体重下降、贫血、口腔黏膜炎、经济困难是鼻咽癌患者营养不良的独立危险因素,前白蛋白、总体生活质量是鼻咽癌患者营养不良的独立保护性因素。     

维生素 B2 和康复新液改善头颈部肿瘤放疗患者口腔黏膜炎和营养状况

目的 分析维生素 B2 联合康复新液对头颈部肿瘤放疗患者的口腔黏膜炎和营养状况的影响。 方法 前瞻性选择 2020 年 1 月至 2022 年 1 月入南京医科大学第一附属医院确诊头颈部肿瘤患者共 108 例,均采用强调适形放疗技术,总治疗剂 量为 60~ 74 Gy,每天 1 次,每周 5 次,持续 6~ 7 周;可同时联合化疗。 所有患者均出现口腔黏膜炎,然后将其随机分为对照组 和试验组各 54 例,对照组仅采用维生素 B2 口服,试验组联合维生素 B2 和康复新液。 根据放射治疗肿瘤组(RTOG)标准评估 口腔黏膜炎的严重程度(Ⅲ/ Ⅳ级),采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS) 评分评估疼痛程度,营养指标包括体重丢失量、体质指数 (BMI)丢失量、白蛋白丢失量、前白蛋白丢失量、血红蛋白丢失量和总淋巴细胞计数丢失量,以及患者主观整体评估(PGSGA)评分,不良反应包括口干、恶心呕吐、血小板减少、中性粒细胞减少、神经毒性和肾毒性。 结果 试验组Ⅲ/ Ⅳ级口腔黏膜 炎的发生率比对照组明显下降,口腔黏膜炎的消失时间比对照组缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。 两组治疗后 2 h、4 h 和 6 h 疼痛 VAS 评分均比治疗前明显下降,但试验组比对照组进一步降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。 试验组治疗后 4 周和 7 周的体重丢失量、BMI 丢失量以及治疗 7 周的白蛋白丢失量均比对照组显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。 试验组治 疗后 7 周的 PG-SGA 评分显示,营养状况明显优于对照组(P<0. 05)。 两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。 结论 维生素 B2 联合康复新液能够显著改善头颈部肿瘤放疗患者的口腔黏膜炎和营养状况,减轻疼痛。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.