ROS1融合基因突变在非小细胞肺癌诊断与治疗中的研究进展

ROS1基因重排/融合在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）中的发生率约为1%~2%。ROS1基因融合靶向药物的问世，明显改善了ROS1融合晚期NSCLC患者的生存质量和总生存期，但大部分患者在持续用药后仍会出现获得性耐药。本文分别就ROS1融合基因的背景、检测方法、ROS1靶向治疗的临床疗效以及耐药后的策略和展望进行综述。      

非小细胞肺癌新靶点ROS1融合基因

非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC) 是造成人类死亡最多的恶性肿瘤之一,其五年生存率一直徘徊在20%以下。自肺癌领域首个分子靶向药物吉非替尼上市以来,靶向药物因其低毒、高效、便于给药的临床特点,己逐渐成为治疗NSCLC的重要选择之一。因此,筛选和证实肿瘤驱动基因已经成为未来靶向药物研发的重中之重。近来,越来越多的学者把焦点转移到ROS1融合基因上,并且已经有相关数据及研究表明ROS1融合基因被证实为NSCLC新的有潜力的治疗靶点,因此我们现就ROS1融合基因在NSCLC中的相关研究进展做一综述。     

克唑替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌研究进展北大核心CSCD

在精准医疗的医学背景下,随着大量分子靶向药物的出现,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗逐步走向个体化。EML4-ALK融合基因和口服多靶点(ALK/c-MET/ROS1等)抑制剂克唑替尼(Crizotinib)的发现,为晚期NSCLC的靶向治疗推开了另一扇大门。多项研究显示,克唑替尼一线、二线或多线治疗ALK或ROS1等基因阳性的NSCLC疗效显著、安全。然而,大多数患者在治疗10~12月后会对克唑替尼产生获得性耐药,耐药机制复杂多样,克服耐药问题是目前面临的巨大挑战。本文通过总结克唑替尼在NSCLC患者中的治疗靶点、疗效、耐药发生机制及耐药后治疗研究进展,旨在为克唑替尼的临床用药及耐药后治疗提供一定的临床指导。     

非小细胞肺癌治疗的新靶点：ROS1融合基因

随着对晚期非小细胞肺癌（Non—smallcelllungcancer,NSCLC）发病机制及其生物学行为研究的不断深入,针对本病相关靶点的分子靶向治疗已成为一种重要的手段。近年来在部分NSCLC中发现新的靶基因——ROS1。该融合基因常见于不吸娴的肺腺癌患者,并有其独特的病理学特征。ROS1抑制剂能够作用于该基因的下游信号传导通路,拈抗其促肿瘤生成活性。因此,ROSl融合基斟可能成为继EGFR及ALK—EMIA后NSCLC治疗的新靶点。本文主要介绍ROS1融合基因在NSCLC中的研究进展。     

克里唑替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究进展

目前在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗中,靶向药物治疗占有举足轻重的地位。继表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)之后,针对棘皮动物微管相关蛋白4-间变性淋巴瘤激酶(echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase,EML4-ALK)融合基因突变为靶点的克里唑替尼(crizotinib)成为了NSCLC靶向治疗领域的焦点。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期临床试验均已证实:crizotinib治疗EML4-ALK阳性晚期NSCLC患者有效,并能改善患者症状,毒副作用小,患者耐受性较好。近期发现crizotinib对ROS1受体酪氨酸激酶也具有抑制作用。Crizotinib在ROS1基因重排NSCLC中显示出了非常明显的抗肿瘤活性。与其它TKIs一样,crizotinib也存在耐药现象,其耐药机制待进一步研究。现就crizotinib作用机制、药代动力学及治疗晚期NSCLC的临床研究进展做一综述。     

疫情之下晚期肺癌的靶向治疗

在疫情期间,肿瘤患者是免疫力低下的弱势群体,面临着疾病与疫情的双重考验。那么具有敏感突变的晚期肺腺癌患者,应该如何治疗?晚期肺腺癌基因检测结果解读目前晚期肺腺癌有靶向治疗药物的基因突变包括EGFR突变、ALK融合、ROS1融合、BRAF突变、NTRK融合、C-MET扩增、C-MET14外显子跳跃突变,而KRAS突变是目前已知靶向治疗耐药的标志。     

ALK融合基因阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗进展

近十年来，晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）在治疗方面出现重大的模式转变。关键致癌性突变（如驱动基因突变和染色体重排）的存在，使得靶向治疗相比传统的细胞毒性化学疗法显示出更高的敏感性。2007年间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase，ALK）基因与棘皮动物微管相关蛋白样-4（echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-4，EML4）基因融合突变首次在NSCLC患者中被发现。随后研究证实，ALK-EML4融合突变阳性的NSCLC（ALK+NSCLC）显示出对克唑替尼治疗的敏感性。随着后续一系列靶向治疗新药的研发，将ALK+NSCLC靶向治疗推向高潮。本综述回顾ALK+NSCLC的分子生物学发病机制、流行病学特征及检测方法，汇总其抑制剂的重要临床试验结果，并解读ALK+NSCLC抑制剂耐药机制及合并脑转移的最新研究进展。     

非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗的耐药特点及应对策略

分子靶向治疗在驱动基因阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者中已经获得显著的疗效,但靶向治疗后期发生的耐药问题也成为了非小细胞肺癌进一步治疗的难题。现有分子靶向治疗中已知多种肿瘤驱动基因靶点,常见的有EGFR、ALK、ROS1、HER-2、BRAF、MET等。本文将对上述基因突变靶点抑制剂的耐药特点及耐药后的进一步治疗进行综述。     

新型驱动基因融合阳性非小细胞肺癌脑转移的研究进展北大核心

肺癌是我国最常见且死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,随着表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)及活性氧1(ROS1)等驱动基因及其相应分子靶向药物的出现,晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗和预后发生了革命性变化。此外,一些少见新型驱动基因融合,包括神经调节蛋白1(NRG1)、神经营养酪氨酸受体激酶(NTRK)和转染重排因子(RET),正逐渐发展成为全身性治疗选择。然而,这些罕见新型融合驱动基因在NSCLC脑转移中的作用机制,以及优化控制和预防脑转移的意义人们所知甚少。因此,本文就近几年罕见驱动基因融合在NSCLC脑转移中的研究进行综述。     

神经营养因子受体酪氨酸激酶基因融合在非小细胞肺癌诊疗中的研究进展

精准的分子靶向治疗能够显著改善晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的预后,并已成为敏感驱动基因阳性晚期NSCLC的一线标准治疗.近年来,罕见基因突变的靶向治疗成为研究的热点.神经营养因子受体酪氨酸激酶(NTRK)基因融合突变在NSCLC患者中的发生率虽然不足1％,但该基因家族中任何一个基因与其他基因发生融合突变,均会导致肿瘤细胞的异常活化,从而驱动肿瘤的发生.靶向NTRK基因的药物原肌球蛋白受体激酶(TRK)抑制剂能够为NTRK阳性的多种实体瘤患者带来显著的临床获益,且安全性好.本文从NTRK基因、一代和二代TRK抑制剂的研究进展及未来可能的治疗模式进行综述.     

Acquired MET D1228N Mutations Mediate Crizotinib Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma with ROS1 Fusion: A Case Report

Patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) containing ROS1 fusions can have a marked response to the ROS1‐targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as crizotinib. Common resistance mechanisms of ROS1‐fusion targeted therapy are acquired mutations in ROS1. Along with the use of next‐generation sequencing in the clinical management of patients with NSCLC during sequential targeted therapy, many mechanisms of acquired resistance have been discovered in patients with activated tyrosine kinase receptors. Besides acquired resistance mutations, bypass mechanisms of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐TKI treatment are common in patients with EGFR mutations. Here we describe a patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with CD74‐ROS1 fusion who initially responded to crizotinib and then developed resistance by the acquired mutation of D1228N in the MET kinase domain, which showed short‐term disease control for cabozantinib.Key Points

• The D1228N point mutation of MET is an acquired mutation for crizotinib resistance.
• The patient obtained short‐term clinical benefit from cabozantinib therapy after resistance to crizotinib.
• The clinical use of next‐generation sequencing could maximize the benefits of precision medicine in patients with cancer.

     

Advances in Targeted Therapy Against Driver Mutations and Epigenetic Alterations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The incidence and mortality of lung cancer rank top three of all cancers worldwide. Accounting for 85% of the total number of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important factor endangering human health. Recently, targeted therapies against driver mutations and epigenetic alterations have made encouraging advances that benefit NSCLC patients. Druggable driver mutations, which mainly occur in EGFR, KRAS, MET, HER2, ALK, ROS1, RET and BRAF, have been identified in more than a quarter of NSCLC patients. A series of highly selective mutant targeting inhibitors, such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and KRAS inhibitors, have been well studied and applied in clinical treatments, which greatly promote the overall survival of NSCLC patients. However, drug resistance has become a major challenge for targeted treatment, and a variety of methods to overcome drug resistance are constantly being developed, including inhibitors against new mutants, combination therapy with other pathway inhibitors, etc. In addition, epigenetics-based therapy is emerging. Epigenetic regulators such as histone deacetylases and non-coding RNA play a crucial role in the development of cancer and drug resistance by affecting multiple signaling pathways. Epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies combined with targeted drugs show great clinical potential. Many agents targeting epigenetic changes are being investigated in preclinical studies, with some already under clinical trials. This article focuses on driver mutations and epigenetic alterations in association with relevant epidemiological data. We introduce the current status of targeted inhibitors and known drug resistance, review advances in major targeted therapies with recent data from preclinical and clinical trials, and discuss the possibility of combination therapy against driver mutations and epigenetic alterations in overcoming drug resistance.     

非小细胞肺癌热点靶向药物及耐药机制的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)已进入分子分型时代,对驱动基因及靶向用药的探索不断成熟。本文从肺癌常见驱动基因（以EGFR、ALK为主）靶向药物最新研究进展和耐药机制作以综述,以期为非小细胞肺癌患者在临床靶向用药方案选择上提供更好的参考。     

非小细胞肺癌分子靶向治疗及其耐药

以吉非替尼和厄洛替尼为代表的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌治疗中发挥重要作用,然而在临床前和临床研究中发现,许多患者对此类药物存在原发性耐药或获得性耐药,使其临床应用受到一定限制.目前许多研究致力于延缓、逆转耐药以及开发新的靶点,为非小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗提供了更多的可能.     

Image-guided thermal ablation for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is treated by various therapies such as surgical intervention, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Currently, molecular targeted therapy, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral Oncogene (KRAS) inhibitors, has received much attention and improved the prognosis of NSCLC. Nevertheless, the terminal point of molecular targeted drugs is resistance. Drug resistance has been classified into oligoprogression and extensive progression based on the tumor lesion progression after drug resistance. There is extensive research demonstrating that local therapy (surgical resection, radiotherapy, and thermal ablation) can prolong the survival of patients with drug resistance. This review is intended to determine the efficacy of image-guided thermal ablation in patients with NSCLC with EGFR mutation.