饮茶与膀胱癌关系的上海市区全人群病例对照研究

目的:研究饮茶与膀胱癌的关系。方法:1996年1月~1999年6月,在上海市区开展了一项基于全人群的膀胱癌病例-对照研究,共访问了608例膀胱癌病例和607例健康对照。采用非条件logistic回归模型计算比数比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)来衡量饮茶与膀胱癌的关系。结果:饮茶对非吸烟男性膀胱癌有保护作用,OR=0.58(95%CI:0.33~1.00);且随着饮茶量的增加,膀胱癌的危险性降低。以从不饮茶者为参比组,每月饮茶<150 g、150~200 g和>200 g者的OR值分别为0.92(95%CI:0.40~2.15)、0.42(95%CI:0.16~1.12)和0.52(95%CI:0.27~1.00),趋势检验有统计学意义(P=0.027),分析中调整了年龄、职业、饮酒、膀胱感染和体质指数等混杂因素。在男性吸烟者中,由于吸烟因素本身的作用较强,未见饮茶的保护作用。由于样本量限制,未观察到饮茶对女性的保护作用。结论:饮茶(特别是绿茶)有可能是非吸烟男性膀胱癌的保护因素。     

GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性和吸烟与膀胱癌关系的病例对照研究

目的:应用全人群为基础的病例对照研究探讨GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性和吸烟与膀胱癌危险性的关系。方法:采用多重PCR方法对404例正常对照和414例膀胱癌病例的基因组DNA进行GSTM1和GSTT1基因分型,应用非条件logistic回归分析方法进行统计分析。结果:与携带GSTM1( )基因型者比,GSTM1(-)基因型的男、女性患膀胱癌危险性分别为1.66(95%CI:1.18～2.33)和1.08(95%CI:0.59～1.98)。同样携带GSTM1(-)基因型,吸烟者比不吸烟者患膀胱癌的危险性更加明显。与不吸烟且携带GSTM1( )基因型男性比,GSTM1(-)基因型的目前吸烟者的OR值为2.99(95%CI:1.56～5.74),而携带GSTM1(-)基因型同时吸烟年限≥40年者OR为4.33(95%CI:2.14～8.73)。尽管女性吸烟例数较少,但携带GSTM1(-)基因型的吸烟女性患膀胱癌危险性显著高于不吸烟的GSTM1( )基因型者,OR值为6.72(95%CI:1.69～26.80)。与不吸烟且携带GSTT1( )基因型男性相比,携带GSTT1(-)基因型的吸烟者患男性膀胱癌危险的OR值为1.38(95%CI:0.79～2.42)。携带GSTT1(-)基因型的吸烟女性患膀胱癌危险性是不吸烟的GSTT1( )基因型者的3.04倍(95%CI:0.77～12.01)。结论:GSTM1(-)基因型能显著增加男性患膀胱癌的风险,该基因型与吸烟可能有一定的联合作用。GSTT1基因型可能与上海市区男、女性膀胱癌无关。     

吸烟和环境烟草烟雾暴露与膀胱癌关系的病例对照研究

目的研究分析吸烟及环境烟草烟雾暴露与膀胱癌的关系。方法自1996年1月~1999年6月,上海市区开展了一项大规模的基于全人群的膀胱癌病例对照研究,共访问到608例膀胱癌病例和607例健康人群对照。使用非条件logistic回归分析,调整可能的混杂因素,估计吸烟及环境烟草烟雾暴露对膀胱癌发生的比数比和95%可信区间。结果男性吸烟者患膀胱癌的危险性是不吸烟者的1.67倍(95%CI1.23~2.27),且随着每天吸烟量、累积吸烟量、吸烟年限和吸烟深度的增加而增加,吸烟开始年龄越小危险性越大;戒烟后膀胱癌危险性有所降低。吸烟也显著增加女性膀胱癌的危险性,调整OR为4.19(95%CI1.65~10.65)。吸烟者的调整人群归因危险度男性、女性分别为32.04%和15.61%。未发现环境烟草暴露增加非吸烟者膀胱癌的危险性。结论进一步证实吸烟是膀胱癌发生的重要危险因素。环境烟草烟雾暴露是否增加膀胱癌危险性尚难定论。     

乙醇和乙醛脱氢酶基因多态与男性结直肠癌的易感性

目的研究乙醇脱氢酶2(ADH2)和乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因多态及饮酒习惯与男性结直肠癌易感性的关系。方法在江苏省进行了一项病例-对照研究(结直肠癌患者190例,人群对照222名),调查研究对象的生活习惯,抽取静脉血,提取白细胞DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和变性高效液相色谱法(DHPLC)检测研究对象的ADH2Arg47His(G-A)和ALDH2Glu487Lys(G-A)的基因型。结果①ADH2A/A和ALDH2G/G基因型显著增加结直肠癌的易感性。在调整了年龄和吸烟状况后,ADH2A/A基因型者与携带G等位基因者相比,发生结直肠癌的危险性上升到1.61(95%CI:1.09~2.38);ALDH2G/G基因型者与携带A等位基因者相比,发生结直肠癌的危险性上升到1.79(95%CI:1.19~2.69)。②与ADH2G和ALDH2A等位基因携带者相比,同时携带ADH2A/A和ALDH2G/G基因型者发生结直肠癌的OR值上升到3.05(95%CI:1.67~5.57);与不饮酒的ADH2G等位基因携带者相比,拥有ADH2A/A基因型的饮酒者的OR值上升到3.44(95%CI:1.84~6.42);与不饮酒的ALDH2A等位基因携带者相比,拥有AL-DH2G/G基因型的饮酒者的OR值上升到2.70(95%CI:1.57~4.66)。结论ADH2和ALDH2基因多态性与男性结直肠癌的易感性相关。ADH2,ALDH2基因多态之间以及基因多态与饮酒习惯之间,在结直肠癌发生中存在显著的协同作用。     

饮酒与肝癌的病例对照研究

目的探讨饮酒在洛阳市肝癌发生中的作用.方法应用成组病例对照研究和配对病例对照研究设计,通过条件和非条件Logistic回归分析,探讨饮酒习惯与肝癌的关系.结果饮酒年限、每月饮酒次数和总酒精摄入量在病例组和对照组间的差异有统计学意义,将饮酒年限分成0、≤20、20～40和＞40四个等级,OR值分别为1.00、1.07、1.59和2.96;将每月饮酒次数分成0、≤5、5～15和＞15四个等级,OR值分别为1.00、0.83、1.21和3.57;将总酒精摄入量(万克)分成0、≤10、10～25和＞25四个等级,OR值分别为1.00、0.89、1.21和3.13;三个因素与肝癌间均呈现明显的剂量反应关系.是否饮酒、初次饮酒年龄、每日酒精摄入量和是否空腹饮酒这四个变量在病例组和对照组间的差异无统计学意义.结论每月饮酒次数越多,饮酒年限越长,总酒精摄入量越大,肝癌的发病危险越大.     

乙醇脱氢酶2和乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性及饮酒习惯与直肠癌易感性的研究

目的:研究乙醇脱氢酶2(ADH2)、乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因多态性与直肠癌易感性的关系。方法:采用病例-对照研究方法,以PCR-DH-PLC检测研究对象的ADH2/ALDH2基因型,比较不同的基因型及生活习惯与直肠癌的关系。结果:1)与不饮酒者相比较,饮酒者患直肠癌的危险性显著增高(OR=2.20,95%CI:1.47～3.28,P=0.000);2)多因素分析结果未发现ADH2、ALDH2各基因型与直肠癌的危险性有关。3)对ADH2、ALDH2基因多态相互作用的分层分析发现,同时携带ADH2A/A和ALDH2G/G基因型者,发生直肠癌的危险性显著增高(性别、年龄和吸烟调整OR=1.82,95%CI:1.07～3.09)。4)在饮酒者中,ADH2A/A、A/G G/G基因型者患直肠癌的调整OR分别为2.56(95%CI:1.38～4.73)和2.10(95%CI:1.15～3.84);ALDH2G/G基因型者发生直肠癌的调整OR为1.82(95%CI:1.07～3.09)。结论:饮酒是直肠癌的危险因素;ADH2A/A与ALDH2G/G基因型在增加直肠癌易感性上有协同作用;ALDH2G/A A/A基因型可减弱饮酒患直肠癌的危险性。     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因C677T多态性、生活习惯与贲门癌易感性的关系

[目的]研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T多态性及其与烟酒茶嗜好相互作用与贲门癌易感性的关系.[方法]在上消化道癌高发区淮安市进行了病例-对照研究(贲门癌89例,对照人群223例),调查研究对象的生活习惯,采用PCR-RFLP技术检测研究对象的MTHFR基因型.应用SAS软件或EPI Info软件进行统计学分析.[结果]①男性吸烟者和女性饮酒者与男性不吸烟者和女性不饮酒者相比患贲门癌的风险增高;不饮茶者与饮茶者相比发生贲门癌的危险性升高.②贲门癌组中MTHFRC/T T/T基因型携带者占82.0%,显著高于对照组的70.3%.与携带MTHFRC/C基因型相比,C/T T/T基因型携带者发生贲门癌的危险性(OR)为2.12(95%CI 1.14～3.95),调整性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、饮茶及生蔬菜、水果、肉和豆制品摄取习惯后OR为2.05(95%CI 1.05～2.03).③在吸烟、每周饮酒≥2次和不饮茶者中,携带MTHFRC/T T/T基因型者发生贲门癌的危险性显著上升.[结论]MTHFR基因型与贲门癌的易感性有关;MTHFR基因多态性影响吸烟、饮酒和饮茶与贲门癌之间的关系.     

食管癌中ERCC2/XPD和XRCC1基因多态性的表达

目的:探讨DNA损伤修复基因ERCC2/XPD和XRCC1基因多态性与食管癌遗传易感性的关系。方法:采用病例对照研究设计,选取100例食管癌病例和80例正常对照。选取ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln和XRCC1 Arg399Gln基因多态性为研究位点,以聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法进行多态性检测,应用Logistic回归计算OR值及95%CI,比较不同基因型与食管癌发病风险的关系。结果:病例组和对照组中变异型等位基因ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln的频率分别是15.7%和13.0%。与野生基因型Lys/Lys相比,携带XPD Lys/Gln和Gln/Gln基因型者患食管癌的危险度比值比(odds ratio,OR)分别是1.94(95%CI:1.22～3.36)和0.56（95%CI:0.15～2.64)。变异型等位基因XRCC1 399Gln的频率在病例组和对照组中分别是29.8%和30.2%,与野生基因型XRCC1 Arg/Arg相比,带Arg/Gln和Gln/Gln基因型者患食管癌的OR分别是0.94(95%CI:0.69～1.31)和1.83(95%CI:0.84～3.89)。分析结果提示饮酒、酸泡菜与XPD Lys751Gln基因多态存在交互作用,交互效应OR值分别为2.24(95%CI:1.18～2.87)和2.53(95%CI:1.71～3.46),携带XPD Lys751Gln和XRCC Arg1399Gln突变基因者若同时暴露于酸泡菜或酒精,则患食管癌的危险显著增加,相较未暴露于上述因素者,OR值均增大。结论:DNA损伤修复基因ERCC2/XPD和XRCC1单核苷酸多态性可能与当地居民食管癌遗传易感性有关,与饮酒、酸泡菜存在交互作用。     

吸烟与原发性肝癌关系的巢式病例对照研究

目的 分析吸烟与上海市区中老年男性原发性肝癌的关系.方法 应用巢式病例对照研究方法,对一个18 244名男性队列随访11年,以队列中213例新发肝癌患者作为病例组,按照患者年龄、采样日期、同居住区等配对条件,从队列中随机抽取1094名健康人作为对照组.使用配对Logistic回归分析,调整可能的混杂因素,估计吸烟对肝癌发生的危险度和95%可信区间(CI).结果 调整肝炎、肝硬化、胆石症或其他胆囊病史及乙型肝炎病毒感染等可能的混杂因素后,男性吸烟者患肝痛的危险性是不吸烟者的1.91倍(95%CI为1.28～2.86),日随着每天吸烟量、吸烟年限和吸烟包年数的增加而增加.每天吸烟≥20支者、吸烟≥40年者和吸烟37包年者患肝癌的相对危险度分别为2.16(95%CI为1.37～3.40)、2.14(95%CI为1.18～3.87)和2.12(95%CI为1.21～3.74).吸烟开始年龄越小,危险性越大,吸烟开始年龄<20岁者患肝癌的危险性为2.57(95%CI为1.50～4.40).结论 吸烟是上海市区男性原发性肝癌的危险因素.     

胸苷酸合成酶基因多态性和饮酒习惯与结直肠癌易感性的关系

目的:研究胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase,TS)基因5′-非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)、3′-UTR多态性及其与饮酒之间的联合作用和结直肠癌易感性的关系.方法: 采用以医院为基础的结直肠癌病例对照研究(结直肠癌新发病例300例,对照300例)方法,PCR-RFLP方法进行基因分型.结果:辽宁人群携带2R/2R基因型者发生结直肠癌风险程度下降,OR值为0 35(95%CI:0 12～0 98).TS 5′-UTR和3′-UTR与吸烟程度之间存在交互作用,P值分别为0 006和0 001;在吸烟≥16包年者中,TS 3′-UTR del6/del6基因型者患结直肠癌的风险明显下降,OR值为0 17(95%CI:0 05～0 56).TS 5′-UTR与饮酒年限之间存在交互作用,P=0 04.结论: TS 5′-UTR2R/2R基因是结直肠癌的保护因素,TS多态性与吸烟、饮酒之间存在一定的交互作用.     

Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer: a Case-control Study in South-western China

Esophageal cancer is a crucial cancer in China. Yanting in Sichuan Province was a key area with highest esophageal ‍cancer mortality in China, but little evidence on esophageal cancer risk factors has been reported for this area and ‍the etiology remains unclear. To clarify risk factors, a 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Totals of 185 ‍eligible esophageal cancer patients and 185 healthy residents matched for sex and age were recruited. Conditional ‍logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for possible risk/ ‍protective factors. All ORs were adjusted by family history of esophageal cancer and occupation, and then further ‍adjusted by other possible confounding factors. Our results showed that smoking and alcohol drinking were risk ‍factors for esophageal cancer with dose-response. The ORs (95% CI) compared with never smokers and drinkers ‍were 4.06 (1.55-10.6) and 2.49 (1.06-5.85), respectively. The OR was further increased to 8.86 (95%CI, 3.82-20.5) for ‍both smoking and drinking in combination. Eating food rapidly (OR=5.84, 95%CI, 2.05-16.7), drinking shallow ‍ground water (OR=4.18, 95%CI, 1.30-13.4) and frequent intake of picked vegetables (OR=2.12, 95%CI, 1.00-4.49) ‍appeared to increase the risk, while frequent intake of fresh fruit (OR=0.42, 95%CI, 0.19-0.89), fresh vegetables ‍(OR= 0.62, 95%CI, 0.32-1.17) and eggs (OR=0.59, 95%CI, 0.25-1.39) decreased the risk. In conclusion, smoking and ‍alcohol drinking are common in Yanting and main contributors to esophageal cancer. Consumption of fresh fruit ‍and eggs are not common and high consumption of these two foods as well as fresh vegetables may decrease the risk ‍of esophageal cancer in this area. In addition, drinking shallow ground water and eating food rapidly, as well as ‍frequent intake of pickled vegetables, are also factors increasing the risk. ‍ ‍     

Lifestyle-related risk factors for stomach cancer in northeast Thailand.

Background: Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changingto become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary.The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen,Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105,4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear,but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake ofsalt. Objective: To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determiningrisk of stomach cancer in Thai population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailandduring 2002-2006, to study the role of these factors in stomach cancer. 101 stomach cancer cases and 202 matchedcontrols (case : control = 1:2) by sex, age (± 3 years) and region were recruited from Srinagarind Hospital andKhon Kaen Regional Hospital, in Khon Kaen Province. All of cases were histologically confirmed. Controls hada variety of diseases, the main ones being disease of the eye. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking andsmoking were collected by a structured questionnaire, blood samples were collected for further study. Results:The distribution of the general characteristics by case-control status, the distribution of age and sex were similarin cases and controls. In the final analysis, the factors that found to be higher risk but not statistically significantwere long-term filter cigarette smoking (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 0.85-4.50), long-term alcohol consumption (OR=1.2,95%CI: 0.51-2.60) and low intake of vegetables and fruits (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.74-1.96). A high intake of vegetableoil (OR=4.5, 95%CI: 1.00.-20.17) was found to be associated with increased risk, and similar tendencies werenoted for pork oil (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) and jeaw prik (mainly chilly with plara broth) (OR=1.2, 95%CI:0 .76- 2.01). Conclusion: Our study confirmed protective effects of a high intake of fruits and vegetables againststomach cancer development and showed a high intake of sauces to increase risk of stomach cancer as in othercountries in Asia.     

Gastric Cancer: the Roles of Diet,Alcohol Drinking,Smoking and Helicobacter pylori in Northeastern Thailand

The incidence of gastric cancer in the countries of South East Asia is variable, ranging from age-standardized ‍rates of 20.9/105 (men) and 10.4/105 (women) in Hanoi, Vietnam to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen, ‍Thailand. The reasons for these differences are unknown. Possible explanations are differences in dietary habits, ‍alcohol drinking, smoking and/or the prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). A case-control ‍study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand, to study the role of these factors in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. 131 ‍gastric cancer cases and 262 matched controls were recruited for the study. Information on dietary habits, alcohol ‍drinking and smoking were collected by a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were available from 111 cases ‍and 232 controls for H. pylori assay. Using an unconditional logistic regression model controlling for age and sex, we ‍assessed the effects of dietary habits, alcohol drinking, smoking and H. pylori infection on the risk of gastric cancer. ‍A high intake of salt (OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.1-3.0) and fermented foods (OR=1.9; 95%CI 1.1-3.3) was found to be ‍associated with an increased risk. Preference for spicy food was not associated with gastric cancer risk in this ‍population. Although there were negative associations between gastric cancer and vegetable and fruit intake, they ‍were rather weak (OR 0.8 for both) and non significant. There were also weak (non-significant) associations with ‍smoking and alcohol consumption, and no association with H. pylori infection (OR=0.6; 95%CI 0.4-1.0). Infection of ‍H. pylori was associated with various indicators of crowding. ‍     

Tobacco smoking and chewing, alcohol drinking and lung cancer risk among men in southern India

In India, lung cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers, and tobacco smoking remains its most important etiologic factors. The objective of our study is to examine the effects of different tobacco consumption forms, including smoking and chewing, on lung cancer risk of men in southern India, especially to compare the effects of bidi smoking to cigarette smoking on lung carcinogenesis. We also evaluated the possible role of Indian alcohol beverages and non-Indian alcohol beverages on lung carcinogenesis. We conducted a case-control study in Chennai and Trivandrum. In total, 778 lung cancer cases and 3,430 controls, including 1,503 cancer controls and 1,927 healthy controls, were recruited. The effects of cigarette, bidi smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of lung cancer were estimated from unconditional multivariate logistic regression. We also applied the generalized additive model (GAM) with locally-weighted running-line smoothers (loess) to find the most plausible curve for the dose-response relationship. The results from GAM suggest a plateau after 35 years of smoking or 10 cigarette-equivalent pack-years for both cigarette and bidi. The OR is 4.54 (95%CI=2.96-6.95) and 6.45 (95%CI=4.38-9.50) for more than 30 years of cigarette-only and bidi-only smoking, respectively, and 6.87 (95%CI=4.62-10.2) and 10.7 (95%CI=5.82-19.6) for more than 12 weighted cumulative cigarette-only and bidi-only consumption, respectively. The lung cancer risk of former cigarette smokers drops down more quickly after quitting smoking compared to former bidi smokers. There is no evidence for the effect of chewing and lung cancer risk nor clear evidence of an effect of overall alcohol drinking among never-smokers, although Indian alcohol drinking seemed to remain associated with lung cancer risk under limited power (OR=2.67, 95%CI=1.02-7.02). Bidi smoking seems to have a stronger carcinogenic effect than cigarette smoking: this difference holds no matter which aspect of smoking was considered.     

Case-Control Study of Diet in Patients with Cervical Cancer or Precancerosis in Wufeng,a High Incidence Region in China

Purpose: To investigate the diet of patients with cervical cancer and precancerosis in the Wufeng area, a highincidenceregion in China. Methods: In the case group, 104 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer or cervicalintraepithelial neoplasias (CINⅡ/Ⅲ) were recruited from the Wufeng area. Nine hundred thirty-six healthywomen were selected from the same area as the matched controls. A questionnaire, which included questionsabout general lifestyle conditions, smoking and alcohol status, source of drinking water, green tea intake, anddiet in the past year, was presented to all participants. Results: Green tea intake (P=0.022, OR=0.551, 95%CI=0.330-0.919) and vegetable intake (P=0.035, OR=0.896, 95% CI=0.809-0.993) were identified as protectivefactors against cervical cancer or CINⅡ/Ⅲ. There was no indication of any associations of other lifestyle factors(smoking status, alcohol status, source of drinking water) or diet (intake of fruit, meat/egg/milk, soybean food,onion/garlic, staple food and pickled food) with cervical cancer. Conclusions: The results suggest that eatingmore fresh vegetables and drinking more green tea may help to reduce the risk of cervical cancer or CINⅡ/Ⅲin people of the Wufeng area.     

中国女性乳腺癌危险因素的Meta分析

[目的]评价中国女性乳腺癌部分危险因素的作用,探讨乳腺癌的病因。[方法]运用Meta分析方法对我国1996～2006年间公开发表的有关乳腺癌危险因素病例对照研究的12篇文献资料进行定量综合分析。[结果]各因素合并OR值分别为：初潮年龄OR=1．5401（95％CI：1．3437～1．7654）;哺乳OR=0．6837（95％CI：0．4779—0．9782）;口服避孕药OR=1．3278（95％CI：1．0627—1．6589）;良性乳腺疾病史OR=2．6180（95％CI：2．0275—3．3804）;吸烟OR=1．8576（95％CI：1．5394—2．2415）;饮酒OR=0．8137（95％CI：0．6196～1．0686）;饮茶OR=0．8625（95％CI：0．7646～0．9728）。[结论]初潮年龄、口服避孕药、良性乳腺疾病史及吸烟是乳腺癌发生的危险因素,哺乳及饮茶则是乳腺癌的保护因素。     

Case-Control Study of Alcohol Usage and Fruit Intake and Stomach Cancer in the North Viet Nam

Background: The aim was to examine the association between alcohol usage, fruit intake and stomach cancer treated in hospitals in the Hanoi city during 2018-2019. Methods: A case-control study was performed for 379 newly incidence cases of stomach cancer and matched 1096 hospital controls for sex and age (+/-5). We used the validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to collect data on the intake of alcohol and fruits and other food groups. The average amount of total fruits intake (grams per week) was estimated. The adjusted Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR (95%CI) were estimated. Results: Intake of alcohol significantly increased the risk of stomach cancer, the mean frequency of intake per year of 345.1 times vs. non-drinkers, OR (95%CI): 1.51 (1.05, 2.17), p_trend=0.026. In contrast, a higher total of fruits intake was associated with a significantly decreased risk of stomach cancer in both sexes, men, and women, (Q5 vs Q1), OR (95%CI): 0.47 (0.30, 0.72), p_trend=0.000, OR (95%CI): 0.45 (0.26, 0.77), p_trend =0.003, OR (95%CI): 0.52 (0.24, 1.12), p_trend=0.026, respectively. Conclusions: We observed alcohol usage increased the risk of stomach cancers. In contrast, a total of fruits intake was associated with a decreased risk of stomach cancer.     

Cigarette and alcohol consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer in Shanghai, China.

The relation of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking to colorectal cancer risk has been inconsistent in the epidemiological literature. In a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Shanghai, China, where the incidence rates are rising sharply, we examined the association with tobacco and alcohol use. Cases were aged 30-74 years and newly diagnosed with cancers of the colon (N = 931) or rectum (N = 874) between 1990 and 1992. Controls (N = 1552) were randomly selected among Shanghai residents, frequency-matched to cases by gender and age. Information on lifetime consumption of tobacco and alcohol, as well as demographic and other risk factors, was obtained through in-person interviews. Associations with cigarette smoking and alcohol use were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among women, the prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking was low, and no significant association with colon or rectal cancer was observed. Although cigarette smoking among men was not related overall to colon or rectal cancer risk, there was a 50% excess risk of rectal cancer (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.9-2.5) among those who smoked 55 or more pack-years. Among men, former alcohol drinkers had an increased risk of colon cancer (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-3.7) but not rectal cancer, while current drinkers had a 30-50% excess risk of colon cancer only among those with long-term (30+ years) and heavy (>560 g ethanol/week) consumption. The excess risks were mainly associated with hard liquor consumption, with no material difference in risk between proximal and distal colon cancer. Although cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking in general were not risk factors for colorectal cancers in Shanghai, there were small excess risks for rectal cancer among heavy smokers and colon cancer among heavy drinkers.