68例中国新疆多民族地区遗传性乳腺癌患者BRCA1和BRCA2突变研究

  目的  分析中国新疆多民族地区的高风险遗传性乳腺癌BRCA1/2基因突变位点情况。  方法  以2009年1月到2010年12月新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治的来自新疆地区的68例符合高风险遗传性乳腺癌标准的患者为研究对象,其中HBC 12例,HBOC 4例,E-BC 25例,BI-BC 10例,TNB 17例。通过外周静脉血提取基因组DNA,对BRCA1/2基因的全部编码序列进行扩增。用高效液相色谱分析（DHPLC）进行突变分析预筛,结果经DNA测序验证。  结果  BRCA1/2致病性突变在新疆地区高风险遗传性乳腺癌的突变率为8.8%（6/68）。其中BRCA1的突变率为4.4%（3/68）,BRCA2的突变率为4.4%（3/68）。不同民族之间BRCA1/2突变率无统计学差异。  结论  中国新疆多民族地区的高风险遗传性乳腺癌患者部分病例具有与内地汉族人群不同的BRCA基因突变谱。BRCA1 2073delA,BRCA2 6873del CTCC及BRCA2 9481del A可能是新疆遗传性乳腺癌特有的突变位点。      

家族性乳腺癌BRCA1／BRCA2基因突变的研究

目的：研究家族性乳腺癌患者BRCAl／BRCA2基因的突变位点及携带情况。方法：应用聚合酶链反应一单链构象多态性分析（singlestrand confor—marion polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaetion products,PCR—SSCP）和基因测序技术,对12个家族性乳腺癌家系的13例患者进行BRCA基因检测。结果：实验发现1个突变位点（4193insA）和2个核苷酸多态性位点（4165T〉A,5416C〉A）。结论：河北地区家族性乳腺癌的BRCAl基因突变率为7．7％,低于国外和国内其它地区;BRCA基因突变携带者家系中成员具有较高的发病风险。     

双乳腺预防切除对BRCA1和BRCA2突变的意义

BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变的人群其患乳腺癌的可能性增加.美国研究人员采取176名具乳腺癌高风险病人并行双乳腺预防切除的血样,从中发现26名BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变者,其中18名患者突变位点被考虑有害,这些病例经过13.4年的平均随访期均未发生乳腺癌.研究人员通过对比认为:如不行双乳腺预防切除,将有6至9名患者发生乳腺癌,因此手术对于BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变者的保护率为89.5%～100%.并认为双乳腺预防切除对于BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变人群和乳腺癌高发人群同样有效. JNCI2001,93(21):1633-1637以上3篇由钱俊供稿     

《中国肿瘤临床》文章推荐:BRCA1/2突变的中国健康女性乳腺预防性切除及Ⅰ期重建的临床实践

BRCA1/2为具有高度外显率的乳腺癌易感基因,可使携BRCA1/2突变的女性乳腺癌的发病风险显著增高。北京大学国际医院乳腺外科解云涛课题组通过对未经选择的中国乳腺癌患者进行研究发现,约5%乳腺癌患者携带BRCA1/2突变。携带BRCA1和BRCA2突变的中国健康女性,至70岁时乳腺癌累积发病风险分别为37.9%和36.5%。预防性乳腺切除可降低90%以上的乳腺癌发病风险。根据美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南(2019年),若乳腺癌患者终身风险≥20%,可考虑实施预防性乳腺切除手术。     

中国BRCA1和BRCA2基因胚系突变乳腺癌的临床病理特征比较

  目的   比较中国人群中BRCA1和BRCA2基因两种突变状态的乳腺癌患者临床病理特征的差异。   方法   收集2003年10月至2015年5月北京大学肿瘤医院收治的8 627例连续的、未经家族史和年龄选择的原发性乳腺癌患者资料,经过基因测序共有521例患者携带BRCA1/2基因致病性胚系突变,其中BRCA1突变患者203例,BRCA2突变患者318例。对这些突变患者的临床病理参数进行回顾性分析。   结果   乳腺癌患者中BRCA2基因突变频率（3.7%）高于BRCA1（2.4%）。BRCA1突变者乳腺癌发病年龄比BRCA2突变者早（中位发病年龄:43.0岁 vs. 47.0岁,P<0.01）。BRCA1突变乳腺癌患者组织学分级Ⅲ级比例显著高于BRCA2突变患者（36.2% vs. 18.4%,P<0.01）,三阴性乳腺癌（ER-/PR-/HER2-）比例也显著高于BRCA2突变者（59.2% vs. 15.4%,P<0.01）。BRCA2突变患者的腋窝淋巴结阳性比例高于BRCA1突变患者（41.8% vs. 29.6%,P<0.01）。   结论   中国BRCA1和BRCA2胚系突变乳腺癌的临床病理特征存在一定差异,提示BRCA1和BRCA2胚系突变对乳腺癌生物学行为的影响可能不同,为BRCA1和BRCA2胚系突变乳腺癌更加精准的临床管理提供依据。       

华东地区乳腺癌散发病例BRCA1、BRCA2基因突变

目的：探讨华东地区乳腺癌散发病例BRCA1及BRCA2基因突变情况。方法：应用PCR-SSCP-Sequencing方法,对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院79例随机乳腺癌患者的癌组织及癌旁正常乳腺组织的标本进行BRCA1和BRCA2部分基因的突变检测,共6个外显子（BRCA1中的第2、11、22外显子,BRCA2中的第9,14,22外显子）23对引物。结果：发现在BRCA1和cDNA 2430碱基处存在一个T→C的单个碱基的变化,应用RFLP方法在人群中证实为一单核苷酸多态。此SNP的分布在病例及对照中等位基因频率存在差异,但并未达到显著性水平。结论：提示华东地区人群的乳腺癌群体中的BRCA1及BRCA2的突变十分罕见。     

38例散发乳腺癌患者BRCA1基因突变检测

肿瘤易感基因BRCA1(breast and ovarian canoer suscepti-bility gene,BRCA1)与乳腺癌,卵巢癌发生有密切联系,它的失活可导致细胞的恶性转化和肿瘤的发生.BRCA1基因突变者患癌的风险远高于普通群体,对于有家族史的高危人群中筛查BRCA1基因,对于乳腺癌卵巢癌患者风险评估,发病检测,早期诊断及今后的基因治疗等都有很重要的临床意义.     

BRCA1相关A蛋白复合物基因单核苷酸多态性与三阴性乳腺癌易感性研究

背景与目的：BRCA1突变与三阴性乳腺癌发病相关目前已得到学者公认。该研究旨在分析BRCA1相关A蛋白复合物相关基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)与三阴性乳腺癌发病风险的关系,寻找和确定与汉族人群三阴性乳腺癌遗传易感性相关的基因型和单体型。方法：2008年-2011年间414例在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院接受原发性乳腺癌手术的三阴性乳腺癌患者和354例健康妇女进入本病例对照研究。通过对Abraxas、BRE、Rap80、NBA1和BRCC36基因组DNA的37个SNP位点的检测,分析它们与三阴性乳腺癌的相关性。研究者随后检测了652例其他类型乳腺癌和890例健康女性的DNA以证实发现的SNP是否为三阴性特有的遗传相关位点。结果：该研究在第一步研究中发现,NBA1启动子区rs7250266位点突变的G等位基因在三阴性乳腺癌患者中的频率显著低于在正常女性中的频率(0.14 vs 0.19,P<0.01)。对rs7250266位点基因分型显示：与携带CC基因型个体比较,携带GC型个体的三阴性乳腺癌的发病风险显著降低(GC∶OR=0.70,95%CI：0.51~0.97;GG∶OR=0.48,95%CI：0.21~1.07,P=0.03)。单体型分析也证实NBA1基因的不同单体型间三阴性乳腺癌发病风险不同。第二步的研究结果显示,rs7250266位点突变在非三阴性的乳腺癌与正常人群中差异无统计学意义(0.19 vs 0.18,P=0.85)。结论：NBA1基因的rs7250266位点的单核苷酸多态性与汉族女性的三阴性乳腺癌发病风险相关,其突变型等位基因携带者罹患三阴性乳腺癌的风险低于野生型等位基因携带者。     

家族性乳腺癌BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变的研究

目的:研究家族性乳腺癌患者BRCA1/ BRCA2基因的突变位点及携带情况.方法:应用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性分析(single strand confor- mation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products,PCR-SSCP)和基因测序技术,对12个家族性乳腺癌家系的13例患者进行BRCA基因检测.结果:实验发现1个突变位点(4193insA)和2个核苷酸多态性位点(4165T>A,5416C>A).结论:河北地区家族性乳腺癌的BRCA1基因突变率为7.7%,低于国外和国内其它地区;BRCA基因突变携带者家系中成员具有较高的发病风险.     

219例中国汉族遗传性乳腺癌患者BRCA1和BRCA2突变的研究

背景与目的:BRCA1和BRCA2是通过家系连锁分析确定的与乳腺癌、卵巢癌家族高度相关的两个基因,目前国内关于中国汉族遗传性乳腺癌BRCA1和BRCA2突变研究的样本量都不大,而且大部分研究仅检测了BRCA1或部分BRCA2,并不能真正反映汉族遗传性乳腺癌的遗传特征.本研究旨在建立中国汉族人群遗传性乳腺癌患者中BRCA1和BRCA2的突变谱,并确定高危突变的家族特征.方法:来自3个中心的219个独立的家系纳入本研究,每个家系中的先证者进行BRCA1和BRCA2全外显子以及外显子内含子拼接区的突变检测.结果:219例患者检测到23例致病性突变,7例位于BRCA1,16例位于BRCA2.BRCA1和BRCA2的突变率与家系特征有关,家族性乳腺癌/卵巢癌患者BRCA1和BRCA2的突变率分别14.3% (1/7)和28.6% (2/7);早发性遗传性乳腺癌患者BRCA1的突变率为22.2%(2/9);而在非早发性遗传性乳腺癌患者BRCA2的突变率明显高于BRCA1(7.8% ,6/77 vs 0%, 0/77, P=0.028).结论:BRCA1和BRCA2突变率与家族特征有关,在非早发性遗传性乳腺癌家族中BRCA2突变值得关注.     

中国汉族BRCA1/2突变的乳腺癌家系中其他肿瘤发病风险分析

目的 研究携带BRCA1/2突变的中国汉族家族性乳腺癌家系中非乳腺癌和卵巢癌的其他肿瘤发病风险.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)-直接测序法检测465个汉族家族性乳腺癌家系中先证者的BRCA1/2基因胚系突变,比较突变组与非突变组有非乳腺癌和卵巢癌的其他肿瘤家族史的比例.结果 在465例汉族家族性乳腺癌先证者中,BRCA1/2突变者47例(10.1％),非突变者418例(89.9％).在BRCA1/2突变组和非突变组中,两者总的非乳腺癌和卵巢癌的其他肿瘤家族史比例差异无统计学意义(突变组与非突变组,27.7％∶29.9％,x2=0.10,P=0.75);但两组的瘤谱分布有差别,在突变组的家族中最常见肿瘤为胃癌、胰腺癌和前列腺癌;而在非突变组家族中最常见的为肺癌、胃癌和食管癌.进一步分析发现胃癌、胰腺癌和前列腺癌3种肿瘤家族史总的比例在突变组中显著高于非突变组(突变组与非突变组,17％∶7.7％,Fisher精确概率法P=0.048).突变组家族中发生胃癌、胰腺癌和前列腺癌的风险为非突变组家族的2.47倍(95％ CI为1.07 ～ 5.74).结论 在中国汉族家族性乳腺癌患者中,相比较于非BRCA1/2突变家系,BRCA1/2突变患者的家系有相对较高的风险发生胃癌、胰腺癌和前列腺癌.     

Tamoxifen and contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers: an update

Women with a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 face a lifetime risk of breast cancer of approximately 80%, and following the first diagnosis the 10-year risk of contralateral breast cancer is approximately 30%. It has been shown that both tamoxifen and oophorectomy prevent contralateral breast cancer, but it is not clear whether there is a benefit in giving tamoxifen to women who have previously undergone an oophorectomy. Furthermore, the relative degree of protection in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers has not been well evaluated. We studied 285 women with bilateral breast cancer and a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, and 751 control women with unilateral breast cancer and a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in a matched case-control study. Control women were of similar age and had a similar age of diagnosis of breast cancer and had been followed for as long as the case for a second primary breast cancer. The history of tamoxifen use for treating the first breast cancer was compared between bilateral and unilateral cases. The multivariate odds ratio for contralateral breast cancer associated with tamoxifen use was 0.50 for carriers of BRCA1 mutations (95% CI, 0.30-0.85) and was 0.42 for carriers of BRCA2 mutations (95% CI, 0.17-1.02). The protective effect of tamoxifen was not seen among women who had undergone an oophorectomy (OR = 0.83; 95%CI, 0.24-2.89) but this subgroup was small. In contrast, a strong protective effect of tamoxifen was apparent among women who were premenopausal or who had undergone natural menopause (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65).     

Breast cancer risk among male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Men who carry germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of developing breast carcinoma than men in the general population. Men who carry germline mutations in the BRCA1 gene may also be at a higher risk for breast carcinoma, but this association is not as well established. We evaluated the risks of developing breast carcinoma for male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers in the US population based on data from 1939 families with 97 male subjects with breast carcinoma that were collected from eight centers across the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Genetics Network. At all ages, the cumulative risks of male breast cancer were higher in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers than in noncarriers. The relative risks of developing breast cancer were highest for men in their 30s and 40s and decreased with increasing age. Both the relative and cumulative risks were higher for BRCA2 mutation carriers than for BRCA1 mutation carriers. The estimated cumulative risk of breast carcinoma for male BRCA1 mutation carriers at age 70 years was 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.22% to 2.8%) and for BRCA2 mutation carriers, 6.8% (95% CI = 3.2% to 12%).     

Contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers in a large cohort of unselected Chinese breast cancer patients

To estimate the cumulative risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) in BRCA1/2 carriers in a large cohort of unselected Chinese breast cancer patients. Our study comprised 9,401 unselected Chinese breast cancer patients and BRCA1/2 germline mutations were determined in all patients. After a median follow-up of 5.7 years, 181 patients developed CBC in this cohort. Compared to noncarriers, BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers had a 4.52-fold (95% CI, 2.63–7.76) and 5.54-fold (95% CI, 3.51–8.74) increased risk of CBC, respectively. The 10-year cumulative risk of CBC was 15.5% (95% CI, 9.9–24.2) for BRCA1 carriers, 17.5% (95% CI, 10.9–28.0) for BRCA2 carriers and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.5–4.1) for noncarriers. Younger age at first breast cancer diagnosis was significantly associated with an increased 10-year risk of CBC for BRCA1 carriers (≤40 years vs. >40 years: 21.5% vs. 11.9%, unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 2.51, 95% CI, 1.03–6.15, p = 0.044), but not for BRCA2 carriers and noncarriers. The 10-year cumulative CBC risk was significantly higher in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers who had a family history of breast cancer than in those who did not (BRCA1: 27.5% vs. 9.4%, adjusted HR = 2.64, 95% CI, 1.01–6.97, p = 0.049; BRCA2: 27.1% vs. 12.8%, adjusted HR = 2.29, 95% CI, 1.04–5.06, p = 0.040). In conclusion, the risk of CBC was a substantial high in BRCA1/2 carriers in unselected Chinese breast cancer patients, and CBC risk is much more remarkable in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers who had a family history of breast cancer. Younger age at first breast cancer diagnosis also enhanced CBC risk in BRCA1 carriers.     

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast cancer patients from the Philippines

Age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer vary more than 10-fold worldwide, with the highest rates reported in North America and Europe. The highest breast cancer incidence rates in Southeast Asia have been reported for the Manila Cancer Registry in the Philippines, with an age-standardized rate of 47.7 per 100,000 per year. The possible contribution of hereditary factors to these elevated rates has not been investigated. We conducted a case-control study of 294 unselected incident breast cancer cases and 346 female controls from Manila, Philippines. Cases and controls were selected from women below the age of 65 undergoing evaluation at the PGH in Manila because of a suspicious breast mass. Molecular analysis identified 12 BRCA2 mutations and 3 BRCA1 mutations. We estimate the prevalence of BRCA mutations among unselected breast cancer cases in the Philippines to be 5.1% (95% CI: 2.6-7.6%), with a prevalence of 4.1% (95% CI: 1.8-6.4%) for BRCA2 mutations alone. The BRCA2 4265delCT and 4859delA mutations were found in 2 and 4 unrelated cases, respectively; haplotype analysis confirmed that these, and the BRCA1 5454delC mutation, are founder mutations. BRCA2 mutations were also found in 2 of 346 controls (0.6%; 95% CI: 0.2-1.4%). Compared with non-carrier cases, the cumulative risk of breast cancer for first-degree relatives of mutation carriers was 24.3% to age 50, compared with <4% for first-degree relatives of non-carrier cases (RR = 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6-17.2; p= 7.5 x 10(-6)). Our data suggest that penetrance of BRCA mutations is not reduced in the Philippines. Germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene contribute more than mutations BRCA1 to breast cancer in the Philippines, due in large part to the presence of 2 common founder mutations.     

A prior diagnosis of breast cancer is a risk factor for breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers

Background

The risk of breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is influenced by factors other than the genetic mutation itself. Modifying factors include a woman’s reproductive history and family history of cancer. Risk factors are more likely to be present in women with breast cancer than in women without breast cancer, and therefore the risk of cancer in the two breasts should not be independent. It is not clear to what extent modifying factors influence the risk of a first primary or a contralateral breast cancer in BRCA carriers.

Methods

We conducted a matched case–control study of breast cancer among 3920 BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. We asked whether a past history of breast cancer in the contralateral breast was a risk factor for breast cancer.

Results

After adjustment for age, country of residence, and cancer treatment, a previous cancer of the right breast was found to be a significant risk factor for cancer of the left breast among BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers (relative risk: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 3.0; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

In a woman with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who is diagnosed with breast cancer, the risk of cancer in the contralateral breast depends on the first diagnosis. That observation supports the hypothesis that there are important genetic or non-genetic modifiers of cancer risk in BRCA carriers. Discovering risk modifiers might lead to greater personalization of risk assessment and management recommendations for BRCA-positive patients.     

Effect of pregnancy as a risk factor for breast cancer in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers

Early age at first birth and multiparity have been associated with a decrease in the risk of breast cancer in women in the general population. We examined whether this relationship is also present in women at high risk of breast cancer due to the presence of a mutation in either of the 2 breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2. We performed a matched case-control study of 1,260 pairs of women with known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, recruited from North America, Europe and Israel. Women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer were matched with unaffected control subjects for year of birth, country of residence, and mutation (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Study subjects completed a questionnaire detailing their reproductive histories. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived by conditional logistic regression. Among BRCA1 carriers, parity per se was not associated with the risk of breast cancer (OR for parous vs. nulliparous = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.75-1.19; p = 0.62). However, women with a BRCA1 mutation and 4 or more children had a 38% decrease in breast cancer risk compared to nulliparous women (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41-0.94). In contrast, among BRCA2 carriers, increasing parity was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer; women with 2 or more children were at approximately 1.5 times the risk of breast cancer as nulliparous women (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.01-2.32; p = 0.05). Among women with BRCA2 mutations and who were younger than age 50, the (adjusted) risk of breast cancer increased by 17% with each additional birth (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.01-1.36; p = 0.03). There was no significant increase in the risk of breast cancer among BRCA2 carriers older than 50 (OR for each additional birth = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.58-1.53; p = 0.92). In the 2-year period following a birth, the risk of breast cancer in a BRCA2 carrier was increased by 70% compared to nulliparous controls (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 0.97-3.0). There was a much smaller increase in breast cancer risk among BRCA2 carriers whose last birth was 5 or more years in the past (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 0.79-1.95). A modest reduction in risk of breast cancer was observed among BRCA1 carriers with 4 or more births. Among BRCA2 carriers, increasing parity was associated with a significant increase in the risk of breast cancer before age 50 and this increase was greatest in the 2-year period following a pregnancy.     

Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers; and measure the extent to which host, family history, and cancer treatment-related factors modify the risk.

Patients and methods:

Patients were 810 women, with stage I or II breast cancer, for whom a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation had been identified in the family. Patients were followed from the initial diagnosis of cancer until contralateral mastectomy, contralateral breast cancer, death, or last follow-up.

Results:

Overall, 149 subjects (18.4%) developed a contralateral breast cancer. The 15-year actuarial risk of contralateral breast cancer was 36.1% for women with a BRCA1 mutation and was 28.5% for women with a BRCA2 mutation. Women younger than 50 years of age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis were significantly more likely to develop a contralateral breast cancer at 15 years, compared with those older than 50 years (37.6 vs 16.8% P=0.003). Women aged <50 years with two or more first-degree relatives with early-onset breast cancer were at high risk of contralateral breast cancer, compared with women with fewer, or no first-degree relatives with breast cancer (50 vs 36% P=0.005). The risk of contralateral breast cancer was reduced with oophorectomy (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.30–0.76; P=0.002).

Conclusion:

The risk of contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers declines with the age of diagnosis and increases with the number of first-degree relatives affected with breast cancer. Oophorectomy reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in young women with a BRCA mutation.     

Risk reduction of contralateral breast cancer and survival after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers

The clinical outcome of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and a personal history of invasive breast cancer is unknown. We identified a cohort of 148 female BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers (115 and 33, respectively) who previously were treated for unilateral invasive breast cancer stages I-IIIa. In all, 79 women underwent a CPM, while the other women remained under intensive surveillance. The mean follow-up was 3.5 years and started at the time of CPM or at the date of mutation testing, whichever came last, that is, on average 5 years after diagnosis of the first breast cancer. One woman developed an invasive contralateral primary breast cancer after CPM, whereas six were observed in the surveillance group (P<0.001). Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy reduced the risk of contralateral breast cancer by 91%, independent of the effect of bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy (BPO). At 5 years follow-up, overall survival was 94% for the CPM group vs 77% for the surveillance group (P=0.03), but this was unexpectedly mostly due to higher mortality related with first breast cancer and ovarian cancer in the surveillance group. After adjustment for BPO in a multivariate Cox analysis, the CPM effect on overall survival was no longer significant. Our data show that CPM markedly reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with a history of breast cancer. Longer follow-up is needed to study the impact of CPM on contralateral breast cancer-specific survival. The choice for CPM is highly correlated with that for BPO, while only BPO leads to a significant improvement in overall survival so far.     

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in ovarian cancer patients from China: ethnic‐related mutations in BRCA1 associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer

BRCA1/2 are cancer predisposition genes involved in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Mutation carriers display an increased sensitivity to inhibitors of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Despite a number of small‐size hospital‐based studies being previously reported, there is not yet, to our knowledge, precise data of BRCA1/2 mutations among Chinese ovarian cancer patients. We performed a multicenter cohort study including 916 unselected consecutive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients from eastern China to screen for BRCA1/2 mutations using the next‐generation sequencing approach. A total of 153 EOC patients were found to carry pathogenic germline mutations in BRCA1/2, accounting for an overall mutation incidence of 16.7% with the predominance in BRCA1 (13.1%) compared with BRCA2 (3.9%). We identified 53 novel pathogenic mutations, among which the c.283_286delCTTG and the c.4573C > T of BRCA1 were both found in two unrelated patients. More importantly, the most common mutation found in this study, c.5470_5477del8 was most likely to be Chinese population‐related without an apparent founder origin. This hot‐spot mutation was presumably associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Taken together, germline BRCA1/2 mutations were common in Chinese EOC patients with distinct mutational spectrum compared to Western populations. Our study contributes to the current understanding of BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence worldwide. We recommend BRCA1/2 genetic testing to all Chinese women diagnosed with EOC to identify HBOC families, to provide genetic counseling and clinical management for at‐risk relatives. Mutation carriers may also benefit from PARP‐targeted therapies.