原发性气管肿瘤治疗的研究进展

原发性气管肿瘤临床上较少见,早期易误诊,目前暂无统一的临床分期标准及治疗规范,以手术为主的综合治疗目前仍是气管肿瘤的主要治疗模式。随着放疗技术的发展,放疗在气管肿瘤的治疗中扮演着越来越重要的角色。气管内支架等技术的应用使气管肿瘤的治疗有了新的选择。但目前关于手术范围、放疗的剂量和照射范围仍没有定论。本文就上述有关研究进展进行综述。     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的　探讨原发性气管肿瘤外科治疗的术前、术中、术后注意情况。方法　回顾性分析行手术治疗原发性气管肿瘤患者１１ 例。结果　术后无愈合不良、气管瘘等并发症。病理分型恶性８ 例,大多为低度恶性,良性３ 例。术后５ 年生存者８ 例。结论　对于原发性气管肿瘤,术前手术方式选择、术中切除范围的确定、手术操作及术后管理是气管重建术成功的关键。     

晚期局限转移胃癌手术及综合治疗研究进展

摘 要：晚期胃癌预后差,目前仍然缺乏有效的治疗手段。部分局限转移晚期胃癌患者通过放化疗等综合治疗手段,使原发肿瘤及转移灶获得了根治性手术切除,显著延长了生存时间。但由于胃癌转移途径的复杂以及肿瘤生物学行为不同,目前仍缺乏高级别临床证据,诸如晚期胃癌的分类、化疗药物及方案的选择、手术时机及范围的把握等问题仍然存在争议。全文就晚期局限转移胃癌外科及综合治疗的研究进展作一综述。     

胃癌的治疗进展

胃癌是常见的肿瘤,在我国居恶性肿瘤之首。近年来有关胃癌的基础理论和临床科研均取得一定的成果,但临床上晚期胃癌仍屡见不鲜,进展期胃癌的疗效仍不满意。本文就目前的胃癌治疗的一些进展作一述评。１　手术治疗手术治疗仍是胃癌治疗的重要手段,近几年来,早期胃癌的手术范围趋于缩小。１．１　内镜外科技术内镜外科技术如剥脱活检、激光照射和热电极烧灼在日本已用于粘膜内胃癌。内镜下胃粘膜切除术的适应证仅限于粘膜内癌。本疗法属一并切除,切除标本以实体显微镜观察或以组织学评价均已完全切除的粘膜癌,可不致再复发;然而由于…     

微创技术在脊柱肿瘤中的研究进展

脊柱微创技术是目前治疗脊柱疾病的主要手术方式,其技术范围包括小切口手术、非直视下的微创手术以及内镜下手术等,经过较长时间的发展,术者可根据患者不同疾病采用相应的微创技术进行治疗操作。肿瘤是脊柱中较为特殊的一类疾病,随着微创技术的发展,逐渐在脊柱肿瘤中得到尝试应用,并取得了不错的手术效果,但结合肿瘤疾病的特殊性,目前相关研究多为病例报道或是技术说明,缺少统一的手术使用条件及相关的中长期随访证据支持。本文就目前在脊柱肿瘤中使用较多的微创技术进行综述,详细说明各项技术的优缺点以及相应研究者给出的意见,为今后脊柱微创技术在脊柱肿瘤中的开展提供建议。     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

 自1991年6月至1996年11月, 我们对原发性气管肿瘤23例进行手术治疗, 其中良性肿瘤2例, 恶性肿瘤21例, 施行气管节段切除11例, 侧壁切除6例, 气管腔内肿瘤刮除加电灼术6例。 术后无发生气管瘘、无手术死亡。 术后1、3、5年生存率分别是86％、53％和21％。 作者认为应根据气管肿瘤的病理性质, 病变范围和外侵程度, 酌情使用气管节段切除、侧壁切除和肿瘤刮除加电灼术。     

原发性及术后复发气管肿瘤的外科治疗

气管肿瘤在临床上较为少见。我院自 1973年 5月至 2 0 0 2年 5月 ,共手术治疗原发性气管肿瘤 2 8例 ,其中 5例在手术切除原发性气管肿瘤后复发 ,又行第二次手术治疗。共计手术治疗气管肿瘤 33例次 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　按手术治疗 33例次统计 :男性 14例 ,女性 19例 ;年龄 10～ 70岁 ,其中 30岁以下者 8例 ,30～ 5 0岁者 10例 ,5 0岁以上者 15例。临床表现 :咳嗽 30例 ,呼吸不畅 2 1例 ,血痰 18例。1.2　术式　按手术治疗 33例次统计 :气管袖式切除术 2 3例 ,气管肿瘤局部切除术 5例 ,气管隆凸切除重建术 3例…     

如何确定恶性肿瘤手术切除的合理范围

据统计，恶性肿瘤已居各种死因的第二位，成为目前严重威胁人类健康及生存的重要疾病之一。手术治疗是目前众多肿瘤治疗的主要手段，在手术治疗范围上，早期肿瘤通过局部根治性切除可取得良好的预后；晚期有广泛转移的非局限性肿瘤，在综合治疗基础上姑息性肿瘤切除以暂时性缓解症状的手术方式已达成共识。但位于两者之间的局部进展期肿瘤，在手术治疗范围上，一直争议颇大。尤其是随着科技进步，外科治疗安全性的提高，使在原有基础上扩大或缩小化肿瘤手术成为可能。     

肺癌外科治疗的难题——隆凸重建术

 外科手术治疗目前仍是肺癌的重要治疗方法。一旦癌肿累及气管隆凸,手术切除就十分困难。但若在切除肿瘤后能成功地施行隆凸重建,也可望获得较好效果。降凸重建由于术中肺通气和气道吻合的困难,术后易出现并发症,使其成为气管外科中最为困难的手术。至今未见大宗病例报道。现将有关问题综述如下。     

原发性脊柱骨肿瘤的放射治疗

原发性脊柱骨肿瘤的治疗是临床工作中的难点,治疗过程中最大的挑战在于提高肿瘤局部控制率和最大程度保留神经功能之间的权衡取舍.手术是原发性脊柱骨肿瘤的一线治疗方式.然而,由于患者基础情况、肿瘤大小、位置等限制因素,手术治疗仍有其局限性.过去,常规放疗常常作为手术的辅助治疗方式;但常规放疗往往因为靶区邻近脊髓而使靶区放射剂量不足,进而导致远期预后不佳.随着放疗技术的不断发展,放射治疗在原发性脊柱骨肿瘤的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用.在原发性脊柱肿瘤的治疗领域,最新的放疗技术使肿瘤区域受照剂量在增加的同时将正常组织受照剂量控制在可耐受的范围内成为可能,这些放疗技术包括调强放射治疗、立体定向体部放射治疗、质子及重离子治疗以及近距离治疗.     

32例气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结32例气管肿瘤患者外科治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析我科1980～2005年收治的32例气管肿瘤患者外科治疗临床资料。结果：32例气管肿瘤患者中，23例行气管袖状切除端-端吻合术；8例行气管隆凸切除重建术；1例行气管开窗、肿瘤刮除术。术后2例死亡，另有8例发生术后并发症。结论：手术切除是治疗气管肿瘤最有效的方法。气管袖状切除端-端吻合术是治疗气管恶性肿瘤最主要的术式，良性肿瘤可以考虑保守的术式。手术治疗应该兼顾手术的根治性和安全性。     

原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤外科治疗的临床经验.方法 对18例原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤患者进行外科手术治疗,其中12例在非体外循环下进行,6例在体外循环下进行.全组气管袖式切除、端端吻合8例,气管下段和隆突切除、隆突重建4例,单纯行肿瘤刮除术4例,右全肺加隆突切除1例,左全肺加隆突切除1例.结果 腺样囊性癌7例,鳞状细胞癌9例,淋巴上皮样癌1例,滤泡型非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例.术后10 d,1例患者因气管切开后气管内大出血而窒息死亡,其他患者术后呼吸困难均有明显改善,近期疗效较好.结论 原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤首先应考虑手术切除,并根据患者的具体情况选择适当的手术方法;手术治疗要兼顾根治性和安全性.     

原发性气管主支气管恶性肿瘤的外科治疗(英文)

Objective:The aim of our study was to explore the clinical experience of surgical treatment for primary tracheobronchial malignant tumors.Methods:The clinicopathological data of 18 patients with primary tracheobronchial malignant tumors surgically treated from February 1994 to August 2007 were reviewed retrospectively.The surgical management included sleeve tracheal resection in 8 cases,lower trachea and carina resection with carina reconstruction in 4 cases,local enucleation of the tumor in 4 cases,left or...     

Desmoid tumors

Opinion statement Because of the wide variety of anatomic locations and patient factors, there is no one treatment that is appropriate for all desmoid tumors. The type of treatment depends on tumor characteristics and location, as well as patient characteristics and preferences. Desmoid tumors can be persistent and frustrating to manage because no one treatment modality offers a high likelihood of remission. Multiple modalities may be necessary in some patients. Although mortality is rare and is usually due to local complications, significant disability or morbidity can result from desmoid tumors, their treatment, and complications arising from treatment. The entire clinical picture and the patient’s preferences must be taken into account when deciding on an appropriate treatment plan. Patients with desmoid tumors are optimally managed in a multidisciplinary setting with close collaboration between surgeon, pathologist, diagnostic radiologist, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist. When possible, surgical resection with negative margins is the preferred modality. When surgical resection with negative margins may prove disabling, surgery can be followed by postoperative radiation, although the role and efficacy of this are controversial. In locations where surgical extirpation is difficult or unfeasible, primary radiation, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy should be considered. Familiar adenosis polyposis (FAP)-associated mesenteric lesions, sporadic tumors present without change for months or years, or tumors present in areas where progression will not present significant additional morbidity are candidates for observation only.     

Surgical Resection of a Solitary Pancreatic Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: A New Step to a Cure?

Isolated metastases to the pancreas from colorectal cancer (CRC) are very rare. We report a case of a 37-year-old man with a hereditary nonpolyposis CRC with a solitary metastasis to the pancreas who was treated with right hemicolectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, complete surgical resection of the pancreatic metastasis, and adjuvant chemotherapy. After 12 months of follow-up, the patient remains free of disease. Differential diagnosis of isolated metastasis to the pancreas should be performed with pancreatic primary adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Symptoms and signs might be similar in these diseases: pain, weight loss, obstructive jaundice, and duodenal obstruction. Nevertheless, both primary and secondary tumors might be totally asymptomatic. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography can provide relevant information about pancreatic lesions. However, it remains difficult to distinguish primary from metastatic pancreatic tumors. Although there is currently very limited experience with the surgical resection of isolated pancreatic metastases from CRC, it should be considered in selected patients with low surgical risk in order to prolong progression-free survival and overall survival. Additional chemotherapy is recommended.     

63例原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结原发性气管肿瘤的临床诊治经验,提高其诊断治疗水平.方法 63例原发性气管肿瘤患者中,61例行手术治疗,2例行激光治疗.61例手术治疗的患者中,行气管袖状切除端-端吻合22例,气管隆嵴切除重建术6例,半隆嵴切除重建6例,颈段气管肿瘤及垂直半喉切除+胸锁乳突肌瓣喉室气管缺损重建术2例,气管肿瘤局部切除17例,气管切除造口术4例,颈段气管切除+甲状腺部分切除+食管肌层切除术1例,颈段气管切除+全喉切除+单纯气管切除造口术1例,隆突搔刮术2例.结果 63例患者中,恶性肿瘤42例,良性肿瘤21例.61例手术治疗的患者中,术后出现并发症8例,其中发生气管纵隔胸膜瘘2例,因喉返神经损伤出现声音嘶哑1例,气管狭窄1例,胸膜腔感染1例.围手术期死亡3例.结论 原发性气管肿瘤临床表现不典型,易误诊,气管恶性肿瘤预后不佳.解除气道梗阻是治疗气管肿瘤的主要目的 .

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience in diagnosis and treatment of primary tracheal tumors, and to improve the life quality of patients. Methods Sixty-three patients with primary tracheal tumors treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University during the past 40 years were included in this study, among them, there were 42 cases of malignant tumors and 21 cases of benign tumors. The 61 patients underwent surgery including tracheal sleeve resection (22), carinal resection and reconstruction (6), semi-carinal resection and reconstruction (6), tracheal resection for tracheal tumors (17) ;tracheostomy (4), tracheal resection, partial resection of the thyroid (goiter) and esophagomyotomy (1), tracheal tumor resection and vertical hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of laryngeal ventricle and trachea by sternocleidomastoid flap (2), cervical trachea and laryngeal resection (1), and carinal scrape (2). Results Fifty-five patients had an uneventful recovery. Eight patients suffered from postoperative complications, among them 3 patients died postoperatively. Conclusions Primary tracheal tumors often present atypical symptoms, are easily misdiagnosed and with poor prognosis. The main aim of treatment remains to remove the airway obstruction.     

Role of endoscopic clipping for determining the resection line for tumors located in the middle or upper corpus of the stomach: experience with 100 gastrectomies for early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and limitations of preoperative endoscopic clipping for determining the resection line in patients with early gastric cancer remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects comprised 100 patients with early gastric cancer (33 females, 67 males; mean age, 60.5 years; range, 33-84 years) who underwent pre-operative endoscopic clipping for lesions located in the middle or upper corpus of the stomach. The results of endoscopic clipping for a selection of appropriate surgical procedures were investigated. RESULTS: Distal gastrectomy was performed in 94 patients, the mean length between the lesion and proximal surgical margin of the resected stomach being 28.9 +/- 18.0 mm (mean +/- SD). The surgical margin was eventually free of tumor in all patients. In 5 patients, clips were considered to be placed inadequately, and all 5 tumors were macroscopically depressed or flat and > 40 mm in size. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative endoscopic clipping represents a safe and reliable procedure to determine the resection line for tumors located in the middle or upper corpus of the stomach for treatment of early gastric cancer. During surgical resection, frozen section examination of the proximal cut end is recommended for patients with tumors that are macroscopically depressed or flat and > 40 mm in size, or that display a macroscopically unclear proximal margin.     

Retroperitoneal sarcomas

Opinion statement The approach to the management of retroperitoneal tumors begins with a complete history and physical examination. Imaging of the abdomen and pelvis by computed tomography (CT) provides both an imaging modality and a method by which to obtain tissue for diagnosis. Because a histologic diagnosis is essential in treatment planning, adequate tissue can usually be obtained by a CT-guided core biopsy. If the diagnosis is sarcoma, additional tests necessary for staging include plain chest radiography and evaluation of the liver by either CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The treatment options for primary retroperitoneal sarcomas include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these modalities; therefore, a multidisciplinary group best manages treatment planning. Primary radiation therapy for cure is seldom effective for retroperitoneal sarcomas but can provide palliation in select cases. Systemic chemotherapy for chemosensitive lesions, such as poorly differentiated liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), synovial cell sarcoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), can be useful when used in a neoadjuvant manner. Consequently, surgical resection continues to be the mainstay of treatment for retroperitoneal sarcomas and requires en bloc resection of the primary tumor. Frequently this includes adjacent organs such as colon, small bowel, kidney, adrenal, and pancreas. Postoperative adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy or radiation has not been proven to be of any additional benefit. Overall treatment results are predominantly influenced by tumor stage, grade, size, and margins of surgical resection. Follow-up CT scans at 6-month intervals and surgical resection of recurrences can be valuable.     

Stage III-IV sinonasal and nasal cavity carcinoma treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To report the dosimetric data and clinical outcomes of patients with advanced neoplasm of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2005, 31 consecutive patients were treated for locally advanced tumors of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. The primary tumor was located as follows: maxillary sinus 15 (48.4%); ethmoid sinus 10 (32.3%); nasal cavity 6 (19.3%). The patients were separated in two groups according to the modality of treatment: group A included 21 patients treated with postoperative three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy; group B included 10 patients treated with radical three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. The median radiation dose to the planning target volume was 60 Gy (range, 56-63) for patients who underwent complete surgical resection and 68 Gy (range, 64-70) for those who did not have tumor resection or patients with residual disease. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 42 months. Five-year local tumor control and overall survival actuarial rates were 74% and 72%, respectively, in the postoperative setting, 20% and 25%, respectively, with the primary radiotherapy. Local recurrence was the most common site of failure. No patient developed radio-induced blindness; 4 patients underwent enucleation as part of radical surgery. Dosimetric data are reported. CONCLUSIONS: The local control rate for these tumors remains low. The prognosis depends on localization, tumor stage and treatment modality. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy reduces the risk on optical pathways but does not modify outcome.