哈尔滨市南岗区1992～2001年乳腺癌发病死亡趋势

[目的]分析1992年～2001年哈尔滨市南岗区女性乳腺癌发病和死亡水平及变化趋势，预测近期发病率和死亡率水平。[方法]资料来源于南岗区恶性肿瘤发病死亡登记报告系统，采用ICD-9进行死因分类，利用SPSS软件包分析，采用灰色系统GM(1，1)进行预测。[结果]10年间女性乳腺癌发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势，年平均发病率和死亡率分别为31．95／10万和7．91／10万。乳腺癌发病和死亡分别居女性恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的第二位和第三位，分别占恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的21．17％和7．90％。25岁～35岁乳腺癌发病率增加明显。预测2006年女性乳腺癌发病率和死亡率将分别达到54．98／10万和11．36／10万。[结论]女性乳腺癌发病率和死亡率呈逐渐缓慢升高趋势，预测女性乳腺癌发病率和死亡率分别将以每年3．7％和2．2％的速度递增。     

哈尔滨市南岗区肺癌发病、死亡10年动态分析及预测

背景与目的哈尔滨市南岗区居民肺癌发病死亡的长期变化趋势不清,为此本研究分析了1992～2001年哈尔滨市南岗区居民肺癌发病和死亡水平及变化趋势,预测近期发病率和死亡率水平。方法资料来源于南岗区恶性肿瘤发病死亡登记报告系统,采用ICD9进行死因分类,利用SPSS软件包分析发病率、死亡率及其变化趋势,采用灰色系统GM(1,1)进行预测。结果10年间肺癌发病率和死亡率处于缓慢上升趋势,年平均发病率和死亡率分别为44.75/10万和41.37/10万。肺癌发病和死亡均居于恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的第一位,分别占恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的25.91%和33.29%。20～64岁肺癌发病和死亡均占肺癌发病和死亡的1/2。预测2006年男性肺癌发病率和死亡率分别为47.79/10万和44.81/10万,女性将分别达到45.80/10万和42.02/10万。结论肺癌发病率和死亡率呈缓慢升高趋势,是20～64岁人群的主要恶性肿瘤之一。人口逐渐老龄化、环境污染和个人不良生活习惯是肺癌发病率和死亡率增高的重要因素。     

海宁市2005年恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]分析海宁市恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率,为肿瘤预防控制提供科学依据。[方法]分析海宁市2005年肿瘤登记报告资料,对其流行病学特征进行描述。[结果]海宁市2005年恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率分别为196．60／10万和133．35／10万,中国标化率分别是127．16／10万和81．90／10万,世界标化率分别是156．20／10万和106．62／10万,死亡／发病比（M／I）为0．68。男性发病率为236．73／10万,女性发病率为157．16／10万,男性发病率明显高于女性（P〈0．01）：发病前五位恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、结肠癌,占全部恶性肿瘤的59．67％。[结论]肺癌、消化系统恶性肿瘤应作为海宁市肿瘤预防控制工作的重点。     

哈尔滨市南岗区1992～2007年少年儿童恶性肿瘤发病、死亡趋势

[目的]探讨哈尔滨市南岗区少年儿童主要恶性肿瘤发病、死亡流行趋势,为少年儿童恶性肿瘤预防提供科学依据。[方法]对1992～2007年哈尔滨市南岗区少年儿童（0～19岁）肿瘤发病、死亡登记资料进行统计分析,计算粗发病（死亡）率、中国人口发病（死亡）标化率、世界人口发病（死亡）标化率、变化百分比（PC）和年均变化百分比（APC）。[结果]1992～2007年男女少年儿童恶性肿瘤世界标化发病率分别为2.62/10万和0.59/10万。白血病居于少年儿童恶性肿瘤发病的首位,占恶性肿瘤发病的44.64%。男女少年儿童恶性肿瘤世界标化死亡率分别为2.13/10万和0.48/10万,女性少年儿童呈显著增加趋势（APC=6.609,P=0.003）。白血病是少年儿童恶性肿瘤死亡的首因。[结论]白血病居于少年儿童恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的首位。女性少年儿童恶性肿瘤死亡呈上升趋势。     

2005年哈尔滨市南岗区居民恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]探讨哈尔滨市南岗区2005年居民恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡情况。[方法]对2005年南岗区疾病预防控制中心肿瘤登记资料进行分析,计算其发病及死亡率。[结果]2005年南岗区恶性肿瘤的粗发病率为236.37/10万,男性256.75/10万,女性219.72/10万,年龄别发病率和死亡率呈逐年增高的趋势。男性恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率前五位均为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、大肠癌,胰腺癌。女性发病率前五位为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、大肠癌和乳腺癌,死亡率前五位为肺癌、乳腺癌、大肠癌、胃癌、肝癌。[结论]肺癌、乳腺癌和消化系统肿瘤是哈尔滨市南岗区居民主要恶性肿瘤,应作为防治重点。     

广州市2000～2002年肺癌发病率与死亡率分析

[目的]分析广州市肺癌发病率和死亡率，为广州市肺癌的防治研究提供科学依据。[方法]收集广州市肿瘤登记处2000～2002年肺癌的发病资料和死亡资料．统计和分析肺癌发病数和死亡病例数、粗发病率和死亡率、中国标化发病率和死亡率、世界标化发病率和死亡率等指标。[结果]广州市2000—2002年肺癌粗发病率和死亡率分别为51．8／10万（其中男性68．8／10万，女性33．7／10万）和45．4／10万（其中男性60．6／10万，女性29．2／10万）。男性肺癌的发病率居所有恶性肿瘤之首，女性居第二位。男女肺癌的死亡率均居所有恶性肿瘤的第一位。[结论]广州市肺癌的发病率和死亡率较高，应加强防治研究。     

哈尔滨市南岗区1992年-2006年恶性肿瘤发病死亡变化趋势分析

目的分析哈尔滨市南岗区1992年-2006年间恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的变化及趋势,为恶性肿瘤的预防和治疗提供科学依据。方法数据来源于哈尔滨市南岗区疾病预防控制中心1992年-2006年登记的肿瘤发病和死亡病例,计算其粗发病率,粗死亡率,采用Jionpoim模型估计年龄调整死亡率的年度变化百分率,评价该市南岗区恶性肿瘤死亡率和发病率的时间变化趋势。结果1992年-2006年间南岗区恶性肿瘤的粗发病率在152．15／10万-236.37／10万之间,死亡率在111．73／10万-137．92／10万。总粗发病率及粗死亡率APC分别为3．00％、0．96％。15年恶性肿瘤的合计粗发病率显著分为3个阶段,但死亡率无显著结点。男女粗发病率和粗死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,无时间段上的改变,但标化死亡率下降,标化发病率仍呈上升趋势。结论哈尔滨市南岗区恶性肿瘤发病率逐年增高,死亡率相对变化缓慢,提示肿瘤的防治工作应侧重控制发病率。     

重庆市九龙坡区2008—2012年恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率分析

目的：分析重庆市九龙坡区2008—2012年恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡情况,为九龙坡区肿瘤防治工作提供科学依据。方法：收集重庆市九龙坡区2008—2012年恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡资料,计算2008—2012年每年的发病率、死亡率和标化率,以及不同性别和年龄组主要恶性肿瘤的发病率、死亡率和标化率。结果：九龙坡区2008—2012年恶性肿瘤总发病例数为8675例,男女合计、男性和女性的粗发病率分别为213．74／10万、254．00／10万和172．63／10万,中国人口标化发病率分别为134．46／10万、151．43／10万和114．80／10万;发病居前5位的恶性肿瘤分别是肺癌、结直肠肛门癌、肝癌、胃癌以及乳腺癌。2008～2012年总肿瘤死亡病例数为6947例,男女合计、男性和女性粗死亡率分别为171．17／10万、229．57／10万和111．54／10万,中国人口标化死亡率分别为102．68／10万、133．04／10万和69。22／10万;死亡居前5位的恶性肿瘤是肺癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌、胃癌以及食管癌。九龙坡区2008—2012年恶性肿瘤的中国人口的标化发病率从113．91／lO万上升至154．65／10万。九龙坡区恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的高峰均在80～〈85岁年龄组。结论：2008～2012年,重庆市九龙坡区恶性肿瘤的发病率逐渐上升,恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率随着年龄的增长而增高,男性恶性肿瘤的总体发病率和死亡率均高于女性,肺癌、肝癌、结直肠和肛门癌以及胃癌是九龙坡区发病率和死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤,是九龙坡区肿瘤防治工作的重点。乳腺癌对九龙坡区女性健康的危害也应引起重视。     

2006～2015年哈尔滨市南岗区恶性肿瘤发病与死亡趋势分析

目的 分析2006 ～2015年恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率,预测未来5年发病率和死亡率水平.方法 搜集哈尔滨市南岗区2006～ 2015年恶性肿瘤发病死亡登记数据,计算发病率/死亡率、调整发病率/调整死亡率,利用JoinPoint分析10年间恶性肿瘤发病/死亡趋势,年龄-时期-队列的贝叶斯模型预测2016 ～ 2020年发病率/死亡率.结果 2006～2015年男性和女性恶性肿瘤发病率分别为266.71/10万和254.06/10万,中标率分别为191.56/10万和172.47/10万.10年间男性和女性恶性肿瘤死亡率分别为214.21/10万和140.92/10万,中标率分别为150.36/10万和88.95/10万.10年间恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率均呈上升趋势,男性发病率年度变化百分比(annual-percentage-changes,APC)为3.2％(95％ CI:2.5％ ～ 4.0％;),女性为5.4％(95％CI:4.4％～6.4％);男性死亡率APC为2.9％(95％ CI:1.2％ ～4.7％),女性为2.9％ (95％CI:1.0％ ～4.0％).基于年龄-时期-队列的贝叶斯模型预测2020年发病率和死亡率,男性和女性发病率和死亡率将分别达到335.77/10万、364.82/10万和250.84/10万、152.62/10万.结论 南岗区恶性肿留发病率和死亡率呈逐年增长趋势,女性发病率增长趋势快于男性.预测未来5年发病率和死亡率仍呈增长趋势.     

广州市荔湾区1980～2004年恶性肿瘤死亡率趋势分析

[目的]分析广州市荔湾区1980～2004年居民主要恶性肿瘤死亡变化趋势。[方法]利用广州市荔湾区疾病预防控制中心1980～2004年各年度死因登记资料，分别计算不同时期恶性肿瘤粗死亡率和调整死亡率。用随机性游程检验方法进行趋势性检验。[结果]1980。2004年荔湾区全死因死亡率、恶性肿瘤粗死亡率和调整死亡率为733．64／10万，176．74／10万和101．65／10万。鼻咽癌（P=0．04）和宫颈癌（P=0．00）调整死亡率呈下降趋势，而肺癌（P=0．01）和大肠癌（P=0．04）则上升。肺癌死因顺位在各个时期均高居首位。[结论]肺癌和大肠癌是荔湾区今后恶性肿瘤防制工作的重点。     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.