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1.
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the association between tobacco smoking and gastric cancer risk among the Japanese population based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. METHODS: Original data were collected by searches of MEDLINE using PubMed, complemented with manual searches. Evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility, as evaluated previously by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: Ten cohort studies and 16 case-control studies were identified. In men, most studies reported moderate or strong positive associations between smoking and gastric cancer. In women, the positive association was weaker than in men. Of eight studies (three cohort studies and five case-case control studies), two cohort and three case control studies reported a weakly to strongly increased risk of gastric cancer. The summary relative risk for current smokers was estimated to be 1.56 (95% confidence intervals 1.36-1.80), 1.79 (1.51-2.12), 1.22 (1.07-1.38) for the total population, men and women, respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is convincing evidence that tobacco smoking moderately increases the risk of gastric cancer among the Japanese population.  相似文献   

2.
BACKGROUND: Although tobacco smoking is the best established risk factor for lung cancer, the association is not as strong among Japanese as among Western populations. It would be of value, therefore, to quantify that association in Japan based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence for the primary prevention of lung cancer. METHODS: Original data were obtained from MEDLINE searches using PubMed, supplemented with manual searches. The evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of the association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A meta-analysis was also conducted to estimate the summary measure of those associations. RESULTS: A total of 8 cohort studies and 14 case-control studies were identified, almost all of which consistently showed a strong association of current smoking with the risk of lung cancer. The summary relative risk for current smokers versus never smokers was estimated as 4.39 (95% confidence interval 3.92-4.92) for men and 2.79 (95% confidence interval 2.44-3.20) for women. Cohort studies and case-control studies gave reasonably consistent summary measures. The summary relative risks were 11.7 and 2.30 for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, respectively, in men, and were 11.3 and 1.37 correspondingly in women. CONCLUSION: There is convincing evidence that tobacco smoking strongly increases the risk of lung cancer in the Japanese population, with the relative risk for current smokers compared with never smokers measuring around 4.4 for men and 2.8 for women.  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether tobacco smoking is related to colorectal cancer risk in Japan. We evaluated the association among the Japanese population based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. METHODS: Original data were obtained from searches of MEDLINE using PubMed, complemented with manual searches. The evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: A total of six cohort studies and 15 case-control studies were thus identified. A substantial degree of heterogeneity was observed in the association between smoking and colon cancer; most case-control studies published before 1994 reported an inverse association, whereas studies conducted over the last decade did not find any significant association. Recent cohort studies have shown a non-significant 20-40% increase in colon cancer risk associated with current smoking. Several recent case-control studies and some cohort studies have identified a weak to strong positive association between smoking and rectal cancer. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tobacco smoking possibly increases the risk of colorectal cancer among the Japanese population. More specifically, tobacco smoking may possibly increase the risk of rectal cancer; however, epidemiologic evidence is still insufficient to demonstrate any clear association with colon cancer.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Our research group undertook an appraisal of the body of epidemiological studies on cancer in Japan to evaluate the existing evidence concerning the association between health-related lifestyles and cancer. As tobacco smoking may be one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, we focused on the association between tobacco smoking and the risk of breast cancer in this review. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify epidemiological studies on the association between smoking and breast cancer incidence or mortality among the Japanese from 1966 to 2005. Evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: Three cohort studies and eight case-control studies were identified. The relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer for current smokers ranged from 0.71 to 6.26 in these studies. A significantly increased risk among current smokers compared with never smokers (RR = 1.7) was reported in one out of the three cohort studies. Moderate or strong associations between smoking and breast cancer risk (OR > 2.0) were observed in four of the eight case-control studies. Experimental studies have supported the biological plausibility of a positive association between tobacco smoking and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tobacco smoking possibly increases the risk of breast cancer in the Japanese population.  相似文献   

5.
BACKGROUND: We conducted a systematic review of epidemiological evidence to evaluate the association between alcohol drinking and total cancer risk among the Japanese population. METHODS: Original data were obtained from MEDLINE searches using PubMed or from searches of the Ichushi database, complemented with manual searches. Evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. RESULTS: Of eight cohort studies identified, six studies, three of which included women, were subjected to evaluation. In men, all six studies showed a weak to moderate positive association between alcohol drinking and total cancer risk. While light drinking had little effect on total cancer risk, heavy drinking of more than 46-69 g of alcohol per day contributed to total cancer risk for most of these Japanese populations. However, no association was reported in women in any of the three studies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is convincing evidence that alcohol drinking increases the risk of total cancer in the Japanese population, specifically among heavy drinking men.  相似文献   

6.
Background: We reviewed epidemiologic studies on the association betweenalcohol drinking and gastric cancer among the Japanese population.This report is one of a series of articles by our research group,which is evaluating the existing evidence concerning the associationbetween health-related lifestyles and cancer. Methods: Original data were collected by searches of MEDLINE using PubMed,or searches of the Ichushi database, complemented with manualsearches. Evaluation of associations was based on the strengthof evidence and the magnitude of association, together withbiological plausibility as evaluated previously by the InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Results: Of the 11 cohort studies evaluated, nine showed no associationbetween alcohol drinking and gastric cancer, and one study showeda strong positive association among men. All of 11 case–controlstudies found no association between alcohol drinking and gastriccancer. By anatomical subsites of gastric cancer, only threestudies have evaluated the association between alcohol drinkingand gastric cancer, and one cohort study found a positive associationfor cardia and upper-third gastric cancer in men. Few studiesconducted among the Japanese population have made a detailedassessment of alcohol drinking, possible important confoundingfactors such as smoking and diet and anatomical subsites ofgastric cancer. Conclusion: We conclude that epidemiologic evidence for an association betweenalcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk remains insufficientdue to the methodological quality of studies that have beenconducted among the Japanese population.  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Emerging epidemiologic data suggest that cigarette smoking may increase the risk of primary liver cancer. We evaluated this association based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among Japanese populations. METHODS: Original data were obtained from MEDLINE searches using PubMed, complemented with manual searches. The evaluation was performed in terms of the magnitude of association ('strong', 'moderate', 'weak' or 'no association') in each study and the strength of evidence ('convincing', 'probable', 'possible' or 'insufficient'), together with biological plausibility as previously done by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: A total of 12 cohort studies and 11 case-control studies were identified. Nine cohort studies (two with adjustment for hepatitis B and C virus infections and seven without it) reported weak to strong positive associations between smoking and liver cancer, with dose-response relationships shown in three studies. Five case-controls studies (three with the virus adjustment and two without it) demonstrated such positive associations, with a dose-response relationship shown in only one study, while in six case-control studies, the observed associations were judged to be of the lowest magnitude or inverse due to the lack of any dose-response relationship. CONCLUSION: We conclude that cigarette smoking 'probably' increases the risk of primary liver cancer among the Japanese. Potential confounding by hepatitis virus infection and virus-smoking interactions need to be addressed in future studies.  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: The relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of lung cancer is controversial. Based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence, we evaluated this association among the Japanese population, who may be more susceptible to alcohol-related diseases than Western populations. METHODS: Original data were obtained from MEDLINE searches using PubMed or from searches of the Ichushi database, complemented with manual searches. The evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: We identified seven cohort studies and two case-control studies. One cohort study demonstrated a strong positive association between alcohol drinking and the risk of female lung cancer, but the association almost disappeared after adjustment for smoking. The other eight studies showed a weak positive or no association. Although smoking is the best-established risk factor for lung cancer, only five cohort studies presented smoking-adjusted risks out of all nine identified. Furthermore, only two studies explicitly reported the risk estimate for ex-drinkers who may have quit alcohol drinking after the development or diagnosis of the disease and have an apparently higher risk. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the epidemiologic evidence on the association between alcohol drinking and lung cancer risk remains insufficient in terms of both the number and methodological quality of studies among the Japanese population.  相似文献   

9.
BACKGROUND: We reviewed epidemiological studies on alcohol drinking and breast cancer among the Japanese population. This report is one among a series of articles by our research group evaluating the existing evidence concerning the association between health-related lifestyles and cancer. METHODS: Original data were obtained from MEDLINE searches using PubMed or from searches of the Ichushi database, complemented with manual searches. Evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: Three cohort studies and eight case-control studies were identified. There were inconsistent results regarding alcohol drinking and breast cancer risk among cohort studies. A significant positive association was observed in one, but another showed nonsignificant inverse association. Out of the eight case-control studies, two studies showed a significantly increased risk among women who drink daily and who had higher intake of alcohol, respectively. Experimental studies have supported the biological plausibility of a positive association between alcohol drinking and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: We conclude that epidemiologic evidence on the association between alcohol drinking and breast cancer risk remains insufficient in terms of both the number and methodological quality of studies among the Japanese population.  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether alcohol drinking is causally associated with colorectal cancer. On the basis of a systematic review of epidemiological evidence, we evaluated this association among the Japanese population, who may be more susceptible to alcohol-related diseases than Western populations. METHODS: Original data were obtained from searches of MEDLINE using PubMed, complemented with manual searches. The evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: We identified 5 cohort studies and 13 case-control studies. A moderate or strong positive association was observed between alcohol drinking and colon cancer risk in all large-scale cohort studies, with some showing a dose-response relation, and among several case-control studies. The risk of colon or colorectal cancer was increased even among moderate drinkers consuming <46 g of alcohol per day, levels at which no material increase in the risk was observed in a pooled analysis of Western studies. A positive association with rectal cancer was also reported, but it was less consistent, and the magnitude of the association was generally weaker compared with colon cancer. CONCLUSION: We conclude that alcohol drinking probably increases the risk of colorectal cancer among the Japanese population. More specifically, the association for the colon is probable, whereas that for the rectum is possible.  相似文献   

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