小儿胰腺假性囊肿36例诊疗体会

目的探讨小儿胰腺假性囊肿的临床特点及诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析本院近5年来收治的36例胰腺假性囊肿患儿的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、临床症状、治疗方式、治疗效果及有无并发症及复发等。结果男24例,女12例,年龄2岁5个月至12岁9个月,平均8岁2个月。保守治疗15例,其中1例术中发现为胆总管囊肿合并胰腺假性囊肿,行胆总管囊肿切除+空肠肝总管Roux-en-Y吻合术,胰腺假性囊肿保守治疗治愈,6例保守治疗效果不明显择期行囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;直接行囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术14例;囊肿外引流术6例;多发性囊肿1例行部分囊肿摘除+囊肿外引流术1例,所有病例均治愈,术后随访半年至两年未见复发。结论该病的治疗方法较多,应根据病程长短、囊肿大小、部位、与临近器官的关系及有无并发症采取个体化治疗。     

胰腺假性囊肿内引流术式的研究

目的：探讨胰腺假性囊肿内引流术的术式选择。
方法：回顾性分析13余年收治且行囊肿内引流治疗的胰腺假性囊肿62例的临床资料,着重探讨手术方法以及效果。
结果：全组均经B超或/和CT以及术后病理学检查明确胰腺假性囊肿的诊断。行囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术的31例,术后囊肿感染发生率为9.7%（3/31）,消化道出血发生率为3.2%（1/31）,无死亡病例。行囊肿胃吻合术的16例,术后囊肿感染发生率为12.5%（2/16）,消化道出血发生率为37.5%（6/16）,病死率为6.25%（1/16）。行序贯式囊肿外、内引流术的15例,术后囊肿感染发生率为6.7%（1/15）,消化道出血发生率为13.3%（2/15）,无死亡者。
结论：囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术是安全有效的术式;对适宜行囊肿胃吻合术的囊肿,建议行序贯式囊肿外、内引流术。     

胰腺假性囊肿41例诊治体会

目的探讨胰腺假性囊肿的诊断及外科手术治疗方式。方法回顾性分析行手术治疗的41例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,其中行单纯囊肿外引流术7例（17．1％）,单纯囊肿切除10例（24．4％）,囊肿及胰尾部切除＋脾切除术3例（7．3％）,囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合18例（43．9％）,囊肿胃吻合3例（7．3％）。结果术后发生并发症8例（19．5％）,1例囊肿胃吻合术患者术后2d出现消化道出血,经非手术治疗而痊愈出院;2例患者（单纯囊肿外引流术1例,囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例）早期出现不全性肠梗阻,经过保守治疗出院;2例单纯囊肿外引流术患者术后出现胰瘘,1例胰瘘经保守治疗治愈,另外1例因长期胰瘘而再行瘘管空肠吻合术而治愈;1例囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后出现逆行感染,经抗炎保守治疗后病情缓解;全组切口感染2例,1例保守换药,另1例换药后行二期缝合均获痊愈。无手术死亡病例。随访37例,时间6个月～5年,平均（3．3±1．9）年,2例单纯囊肿切除术患者于术后1年复发,经保守治疗症状缓解。结论胰腺假性囊肿在经保守治疗渡过急性期后,应根据需要采取个体化的外科治疗方案。     

胰腺巨大假性囊肿27例的外科治疗

目的 探讨巨大胰腺假性囊肿的临床特点,并对各种外科治疗方法进行评价.方法 对1991年2月至2008年2月收治的27例巨大胰腺假性囊肿(长径>10cm)的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 27例巨大胰腺假性囊肿约占同期全部胰腺假性囊肿的20.9%;病因分类:急性胰腺炎所致占51.9%,胰腺外伤和手术所致占33.3%,慢性胰腺炎所致占11.1%;病程小于6周者占绝大多数(21/27);30%患者出现上消化道梗阻(8/27);影像学上虽然囊肿巨大,但均为单房囊肿;ERCP检查发现多数囊肿与胰管相通(9/11).手术方式包括囊肿外引流术9例,均失败,改行其他内引流术.囊肿胃吻合术10例,1例失败,改行囊肿空肠引流术,ERCP胰腺导管囊肿内支架引流术2例,1例失败,改行囊肿空肠引流术,囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术17例(其中11例为采用其他手术方式治疗失败者).所有患者均临床治愈.结论 胰腺巨大假性囊肿多数出现胰管解剖学改变,外科治疗时机和适应证有别于一般性胰腺假性囊肿.     

巨大胰腺假性囊肿外科内引流术式的选择

目的探讨巨大胰腺假性囊肿内引流术治疗的术式选择。方法回顾性分析收治且行囊肿内引流的13例巨大胰腺假性囊肿(长径15 cm)的临床资料。结果均经B超或/和CT以及术后病理学检查明确胰腺假性囊肿的诊断。行囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术的6例,其中术后囊肿感染2例。囊肿胃吻合术3例,术后囊肿感染2例,消化道出血1例,其中2例需二次干预。囊肿胃肠道一期内、外引流术4例,其中囊肿胃一期内、外引流术2例,术后1例囊肿感染,非手术治疗后痊愈;囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y一期内、外引流术2例,无术后并发症。全组无死亡病例。结论对部分巨大胰腺假性囊肿,囊肿胃肠道一期内、外引流术可能更为合适。对适宜行囊肿胃吻合术的巨大胰腺假性囊肿,建议行囊肿胃一期内、外引流术。     

外伤性假性胰腺囊肿的外科治疗

对外伤性假性胰腺囊肿12例进行手术治疗,11例采用内引流术,其中空肠Roux-en-y吻合术7例,空肠袢式吻合2例,囊肿十二指肠吻合1例,囊肿胃吻合1例,外引流1例,均治愈。文中就外伤性假性胰腺囊肿的诊断、手术方式、手术时机的选择以及治疗效果进行探讨。     

严重胰腺外伤的早期处理

目的:探讨严重胰腺外伤的早期处理方法。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月—2015年4月收治的24例胰腺外伤的患者的临床资料。结果:全组24例患者中,I级损伤5例及II级损伤6例均行胰腺坏死组织清除加局部引流术;III级损伤6例均行胰腺体尾部切除术;IV级损伤7例,2例行胰十二指肠切除术,4例行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行局部的清创引流术。全组治愈23例(95.8%),死亡1例(感染性休克),有并发症者15例(62.5%,24例次),其中胰瘘9例,创伤性胰腺炎3例,胰腺假性囊肿2例,感染2例,胆瘘1例,失血性休克1例。结论:应根据损伤程度不断调整治疗方案,选择合理的手术方式和手术时机,胰周的通畅引流和灌洗是严重胰腺外伤治疗成功保证。     

胰腺假性囊肿43例诊治体会

目的探讨胰腺假性囊肿的外科手术治疗方式。方法回顾性分析43例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,其中行单纯囊肿外引流术8例（18.6%）,单纯囊肿切除10例（23.3%）,囊肿切除、胰尾部＋脾切除术3例（7.0%）,囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合19例（44.2%）,囊肿胃吻合3例（7.0%）。结果术后发生并发症6例：1例囊肿胃吻合患者术后出现消化道出血,2例单纯囊肿外引流患者发生胰漏,1例囊肿空肠吻合者术后发生逆行感染,切口感染2例。随访37例,复发急性胰腺炎1例。结论胰腺假性囊肿在经保守治疗度过急性期后,应根据病情选择合适的术式治疗。     

胰腺假性囊肿25例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿的价值。方法 2012年7月~2015年7月我院手术治疗25例胰腺假性囊肿,21例胰腺假性囊肿未与主胰管相通者,行腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术,4例囊肿与主胰管相通且5 cm者,行囊肿胃引流术或囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术21例,平均手术时间65.8 min(55~88 min),平均出血量50 ml(20~78 ml),无中转开腹,平均住院时间8.5 d(7~13 d)。囊肿胃引流术2例,手术时间分别为72、75 min,术中出血量分别为70、82 ml,住院时间分别为7、7.5 d。囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术2例,手术时间分别为112、122 min,术中出血量分别为120、105 ml,住院时间分别为9、9.5 d。23例随访6~24个月,平均15个月,无囊肿复发。结论胰腺假性囊肿未与主胰管相通采用腹腔镜下胰腺假性囊肿外引流术可取得较好的效果。     

腹腔镜技术在胰腺假性囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合技术在治疗胰腺假性囊肿手术中的可行性、安全性及其临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析近年收治的胰腺假性囊肿患者4例,实施完全腹腔镜下囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.观察患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后下床时间、排气排便时间、术后并发症、住院时间及随访结果.结果 所有手术均顺利无中转开腹.平均手术时间约90 min,出血量约40 ml,术后约1.5 d下床,2.3 d排气或排便.患者均顺利恢复,无胰漏等并发症发生.平均住院时间为7d.术后随访2年,无发热腹痛、无胰腺炎和肠粘连等并发症发生,无复发.结论 完全腹腔镜胰腺假性囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是安全可行的,具有创伤小、恢复快及并发症少等优点,值得推广.其中掌握精湛的腹腔镜技术和娴熟的打结技巧至关重要.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.