大鼠门静脉动脉化肝门部胆管微血管的三维重建观察

目的探讨门静脉完全动脉化(PVA)后大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的改变。方法用墨汁灌注透明法，观察大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的改变，并用MoticBuaa3DVol软件针对胆管周围血管丛(PBP)进行三维重建。结果本方法能清楚地显示出大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的分布情况，PVA组PBP外层血管显著增粗，内层血管密度增加。利用本软件能较好地重建出两组大鼠肝门部胆管PBP的三维结构。结论PVA后肝门部胆管微血管数量未出现明显减少，动脉化的门静脉血可通过侧枝途径满足PBP需求，并能维持胆管正常的生理功能，这也是PVA能够施行的理论依据。MoticBuaa3DVol软件在肝门部胆管微血管研究中有一定的应用价值。     

大鼠门静脉动脉化肝门部胆管微血管的三维重建观察

目的　探讨门静脉完全动脉化 (PVA)后大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的改变。方法　用墨汁灌注透明法 ,观察大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的改变 ,并用MoticBuaa3DVol软件针对胆管周围血管丛(PBP)进行三维重建。结果　本方法能清楚地显示出大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的分布情况 ,PVA组PBP外层血管显著增粗 ,内层血管密度增加。利用本软件能较好地重建出两组大鼠肝门部胆管PBP的三维结构。结论　PVA后肝门部胆管微血管数量未出现明显减少 ,动脉化的门静脉血可通过侧枝途径满足PBP需求 ,并能维持胆管正常的生理功能 ,这也是PVA能够施行的理论依据。MoticBuaa3DVol软件在肝门部胆管微血管研究中有一定的应用价值     

门静脉动脉化重建肝血流的实验研究

目的：本研究旨在了解用门静脉动脉化重建肝血流对肝脏血流动力学的影响。方法：建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的大鼠实验模型，通过该模型对大鼠的一般情况及对肝脏血流量和门静脉压的影响进行了为期1个月的观察。结果：大鼠在门静脉动脉化后黄疸很快消退、7－10d体重即可恢复术前水平，肝脏血流量和门静脉压在术后1个月时各组之间差异无显性意义（P＞0．05）。结论：门静脉动脉化后1个月以内对肝脏的血流动力学不会造成明显的不良影响。     

门静脉部分动脉化对大鼠肝部分切除后肝脏的影响

目的探讨门静脉部分动脉化对部分肝切除大鼠肝脏的影响。方法将48只SD大鼠分为肝部分切除术后非门静脉动脉化组及门静脉动脉化组。动态观察术后2，6，12h血清ALT，AST，以及肝组织中ATP，ADP，AMP含量的变化，并计算EC值；同时取肝组织行病理组织学检查。结果（1）与非动脉化组比较，动脉化组血清AST和ALT在术后2h无差异（P〉0．05），术后l2h动脉化组血清AST和ALT动脉化组明显降低（分别为P〈0.01及P〈0.05）。（2）动脉化组较非动脉化组术后各时点肝组织ATP和Ec均有明显增加（分别为P〈0.01及P〈0．05）。（3）非动脉化组肝组织病理变化随着缺血时间延长而加重；动脉化组病理变化较轻。结论门静脉部分动脉化在一定程度上可以减轻大鼠部分肝切除并肝动脉离断后的肝损害，改善肝细胞的能量代谢。     

门静脉动脉化重建肝血流的实验研究

目的　本研究旨在了解用门静脉动脉化重建肝血流对肝脏血流动力学的影响。方法　建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的大鼠实验模型 ,通过该模型对大鼠的一般情况及对肝脏血流量和门静脉压的影响进行了为期 1个月的观察。结果　大鼠在行门静脉动脉化后黄疸很快消退、7- 10d体重即可恢复术前水平。肝脏血流量和门静脉压在术后 1个月时各组之间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　门静脉动脉化后 1个月以内对肝脏的血流动力学不会造成明显的不良影响。     

大鼠肝门部胆管周围血管丛的研究

目的探讨大鼠肝门部胆管周围血管丛(PVP)的解剖结构及其研究方法。方法用碳素墨汁灌注大鼠肝动脉，经透明化处理后，观察大鼠肝门部PVP的形态结构，并用MoticBuaa3Dvol软件针对PVP空间构象进行三维重建。结果本研究所应用的墨汁灌注透明法能清楚地显示出大鼠肝门部胆管微血管的分布形式及PVP的平面结构，MoticBuaa3Dvol软件有效地重建出PVP的三维立体构象，效果逼真。结论在大鼠肝门部胆管周围血管丛形态学的研究中，墨汁灌注透明法是一简单易行的方法。MoticBuaa3Dvol软件在肝门部胆管微血管研究中具有一定的应用价值。     

部分门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝内胆管的影响

目的：探讨部分门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝内胆管和胆管周围血管丛的影响。
方法：60只大鼠随机分为对照组、肝固有动脉结扎（HAL）组和HAL+部分门静脉动脉化（APS）组，动态观察术后3,7，30 d血清生化指标及肝内汇管区病理组织学变化，并行PCNA和TUNEL染色统计汇管区胆管细胞增殖和凋亡情况。
结果：（1）3组血清生化值比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。（2） HAL组术后3d出现汇管区炎症反应，表现为汇管区炎细胞浸润、小叶间门静脉管壁增厚和胆管细胞退行性变，术后1个月后汇管区炎症反应基本恢复正常，无胆小管反应。APS组汇管区炎症反应较HAL组明显减轻，未见明显胆管细胞的退行性改变。（3）3组汇管区微血管计数均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)；3组大鼠肝组织TUNEL原位凋亡检测均未见阳性胆管细胞；3组汇管区胆管细胞核增殖指数无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。
结论：部分门静脉动脉化可以改善肝固有动脉结扎后早期汇管区的缺血性炎症反应，并可促进肝损害的早期恢复。

     

贲门周围血管离断术前后肝硬化病人肝脏血流灌注的改变

目的：利用肝脏阻抗血流图探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症病人的肝脏血流灌注改变和贲门周围血管离断术对肝脏血流灌注的影响。方法：选取22例肝硬化门静脉高压症病人，分别在术前1周、术后2周检测肝血流阻抗改变，同时用Doppler检测门静脉血流动力学变化。结果：阻抗血流图表明，和对照XEG相比，门静脉高压症病人的肝动脉、门静脉向肝血流灌注明显下降，总肝灌注量降低；门静脉高压症病人术后门静脉向肝灌注增加，肝动态的向肝灌注无显著改变。Doppler测定表明门静脉高压症病人的门静脉直径增加，血流量增加，但血流速度无显著差别；术后门静脉血流动力学与术前无差别。结论：肝硬化病人肝动脉、门静脉向肝有效血流灌注都降低，肝脏总血流量下降；贲门周围血管离断术增加大部分病人的门静脉向肝血流灌注，但对肝动脉的向肝灌注无显著影响；肝脏阻抗血流图作为反映肝脏动态血流灌注的无创性检查，对于评价肝硬化病人的肝脏血流及评价手术对肝脏血流动力学的影响有一定的价值。     

门静脉动脉化对实验性梗阻性黄疸大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的　根据肝门部胆管癌的病理学特点 ,在行根治性手术时可能需采用肝十二指肠韧带的整块切除。本研究就是要了解用门静脉动脉化重建肝血流的可行性。方法　建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的梗阻性黄疸大鼠实验模型 ,通过该模型对大鼠的一般情况及对肝细胞凋亡的影响进行观察。结果　行门静脉动脉化手术后 1周黄疸完全消退 ,术后 7～ 10d体重即可恢复术前水平 (5 / 5 )。流式细胞仪和DNA电泳检测显示无 1例出现肝细胞凋亡 (0 / 5 )。结论　该方法在临床上具有一定的可行性和有应用的前景。     

20%小体积的大鼠肝脏移植模型

目的 应用显微外科技术建立20%小体积移植物的大鼠原位肝脏移植模型.方法 原位移植建立20%小体积大鼠肝脏移植模型.雄性Lewis大鼠40只,供体20只,受体20只.供肝经门静脉用4℃ UW液灌注.肝上下腔静脉用端端吻合连续缝合的方法.肝下下腔静脉和门静脉分别用套管方法固定.套叠缝合法重建肝动脉.胆管重建采用内支架管端端连接的方法.观察移植物的存活率.免疫组化检测肝细胞摄取溴脱氧尿核苷的情况.结果 共施行肝脏移植手术20例,移植手术成功率为100%.20%小体积肝脏移植物的存活率为93.8%(＞14 d).组织学检查移植后的肝脏组织结构良好.移植术后72 h溴脱氧尿核苷染色阳性的肝细胞计数明显增多.结论 20%小体积大鼠肝脏移植物可启动完成移植后的肝脏再生.显微外科技术是移植模型成功的关键.该模型稳定性强,适合于部分肝脏移植领域的基础研究.     

Beneficial effects of arterialization of the portal vein on extended hepatectomy

BACKGROUND: Extended hepatectomy may result in postoperative liver failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of arterialization of the portal vein on oxygen supply, hepatic energy metabolism and liver regeneration after extended hepatectomy. METHODS: Portal haemodynamics were evaluated 0 or 10 days after arterialization of the portal vein in three experimental groups: 85 per cent partial hepatectomy, 85 per cent partial hepatectomy 10 days after arterialization of the portal vein and 85 per cent partial hepatectomy 10 days after ligation of the hepatic artery. Survival rates, weight of the regenerating liver, levels of adenine nucleotides and hepatic energy charge were assessed. RESULTS: Arterialization of the portal vein caused a significant increase in partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation. Portal blood flow 10 days after arterialization was significantly increased. Survival rate and weight of the regenerating liver in the group with arterialization of the portal vein were significantly higher than those in the other two groups. The group with arterialization of the portal vein showed the highest levels of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. CONCLUSION: The increase in portal blood flow and oxygen supply produced by arterialization of the portal vein has beneficial effects on hepatic energy metabolism and liver regeneration, and leads to improved survival after experimental extended hepatectomy.     

门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏再生的影响

目的探讨门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏再生的影响。方法建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流加半肝切除(43%)的大鼠实验模型,分别在术后3 d和10 d取出肝脏烘干称重、光镜下计数进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞和分离肝细胞进行流式细胞仪分析,以观察肝脏再生的情况。结果实验组术后3 d和10 d测定的肝脏干重分别为(67.56±3.70)%(、78.76±5.68)%,与对照组(71.66±3.24)%(、82.38±4.86)%相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞计数(708.4±68.21、239.6±24.50)与对照组(724.8±69.99、216.2±23.81)相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);流式细胞仪测得的进入G2和M期的肝细胞的DNA含量[(25.72±4.78)%、(15.60±2.52)%]与对照组[(28.78±3.37)%、(13.34±2.88)%]相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论行门静脉动脉化重建肝血流不影响肝脏的再生。     

Experimental study of partial arterialization of the portal vein on the dearterialized liver

The influence of hepatic arterial obstruction on the hepatic circulation and tissue metabolism was studied between animals with and without partial arterialization of the portal vein. Mongrel dogs were divided into these groups: a group in which the collaterals to the liver were obstructed and the hepatic artery was dissected (hepatic artery ligated group); two groups in which an extracorporeal femoral artery-portal vein shunt was produced, and blood was sent by a Biopump at a rate of 100 or 200 ml/min (100 ml/min and 200 ml/min portal arterialized groups). The hepatic artery ligated group showed CO2 accumulation and acidosis in hepatic venous blood, reduction of oxygen supply, increase of oxygen consumption and marked increase of GOT and GPT. In the portal arterialized groups, sufficient oxygenation of portal blood was noted, and the oxygen demand and supply and tissue metabolism were kept approximately normal. The optimum flow rate for partial arterialization of the portal vein seemed to be 100 ml/min. At the flow rate of 200 ml/min, the original portal blood was reduced, leading to portal hypertension and increase of GOT and GPT. These results indicate that partial arterialization of the portal vein effectively preserves the liver function during the operation and in the early period after dissection of the hepatic artery.     

一种新的大鼠部分门静脉动脉化模型

目的建立操作简便、稳定可靠、重复性好的大鼠部分门静脉动脉化模型(PPVA)。方法采用""型同种异体血管材料(上、下端套袖套,侧端旷置),以套入式缝合及袖套法建立大鼠模型。切除左肾,将左肾动脉与门静脉残端、肠系膜上静脉借同种异体血管材料连接。结果 PPVA组30只大鼠中3只术后死亡,模型成功率90.0%(27/30)。术后30d,PPAV组病理检查未见异常,门静脉通畅率为96.3%(26/27),与对照组谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、血清白蛋白、胆碱酯酶、体重水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用同种异体血管借助套入式缝合及袖套法建立大鼠部分门静脉动脉化模型操作简单、重复性好、成功率高。     

肝切除时门静脉血部分动脉化的研究

目的 研究犬门静脉血部分动脉化的肝保护作用。方法 建立大保留肝（占全肝６０％）暂时性血流阻断、肝固有动脉切断并切除未阻断肝的急性肝衰模型（对照组）,并行肝总动脉与胃十二指肠静脉吻合（Ａ－Ｐ组）,观察生存率并定时测定丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）及肝动脉脉、门静脉血气分析。结果 对照组７天生存率为３７．５％,Ａ－Ｐ组均较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,门静脉和肝静脉血氧分压均较术     

Outcome and Hepatic Hemodynamics in Liver Transplant Patients with Portal Vein Arterialization

Few cases of successful portal vein arterialization in orthotopic and auxiliary liver transplantation have been reported. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal vein arterialization on hepatic hemodynamics and long-term clinical outcome in three patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Two patients with extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis received an orthotopic liver transplant and one with fulminant hepatic failure received an auxiliary heterotopic graft. Portal vein arterialization was performed in all cases. RESULTS: One patient died 4 months after transplant and two are still alive. Auxiliary liver graft was removed 3 months post-transplant when complete native liver regeneration was achieved. Immediate post-transplant liver function was excellent in all cases. Only one patient developed encephalopathy and variceal bleeding owing to prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to arterioportal fistula 14 months after transplant. He was successfully treated by embolization of the hepatic artery. Hepatic hemodynamic measurements demonstrated a normal pressure gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures in all cases. Liver biopsy showed acceptable graft architecture in two cases and microsteatosis in one. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is an acceptable salvage alternative when insufficient portal venous flow to the graft is present. The double arterial supply does not imply changes in hepatic hemodynamics, at least in the early months post-transplant.     

Partial portal arterialization for the prevention of massive liver necrosis following extended pancreatobiliary surgery: Experience of two cases

Massive liver necrosis, which is a severe and highly fatal complication after extended pancreatobiliary surgery, may occur due to an interruption of the hepatic arterial flow caused by such events as an excision of the hepatic artery invaded by cancer, a ligation of the postoperatively ruptured hepatic artery, or a thrombotic obstruction of the reconstructed hepatic artery. In order to improve this ischemic state of the liver, we have performed a partial arterialization of the portal vein by making an arteriovenous shunt at the mesenteric vascular branches in two cases. Although a sufficient pathophysiological investigation could not be fully conducted, partial portal arterialization was considered to be effective in one patient, while no clinically noticeable adverse effects were revealed in the other patient.     

Flow- and pressure-adapted portal arterialization in dogs

The effects of portal arterialization after portacaval shunt were studied in dogs. Flow- and pressure-adapted portal arterialization was performed by mounting a Teflon cuff on an autogenous vein bypass graft between the hepatic stump of the portal vein and the right renal artery. Immediately following operation, the total hepatic blood flow and intrahepatic portal venous pressure were within normal range. Eight weeks after operation, the intrahepatic portal venous pressure remained within the preoperative range, while total hepatic blood flow had increased double or triple. However, structual change due to increased flow was absent in the liver, even sixteen months after operation. Body weight, liver enzyme chemistry, ICG clearance rate, and amino acid metabolism were well maintained for the entire period of investigation. These findings suggest that sequelae such as hepatic encephalopathy and impaired hepatic metabolism after portacaval shunt can be avoided by portal arterialization, in the presence of an appropriate flow and pressure.     

限制流量的门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏功能和结构的远期影响

目的 探讨限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉血液动力学改变，以及对肝脏功能和结构的远期影响。方法 建立大鼠门静脉完全动脉化（portal vein arterialization，PVA）以及限制流量的大鼠门静脉动脉化模型，观察术后1及6个月门静脉血流量、横截面积以及术后6个月门静脉压力及肝脏结构和功能的变化。结果 末采取限制流量措施的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积和血流量随时间延长呈增加的趋势，术后6个月血清ALT水平显著升高（F=7，72，P〈0，01）。肝内门静脉及其分支显著增宽、壁增厚、内膜胶原纤维增多。而限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积与血流量增加趋势不显著，血清GPT水平接近正常水平，术后6个月，3组大鼠动脉化门静脉压力、血浆内毒素、动脉血酮体比值以及血清白蛋白、总胆红素和碱性磷酸酶水平差异无统计学意义。结论 门静脉完全动脉化后，限制流量是必要的，保持一定流量的动脉化门静脉血，对于维持肝脏正常生理功能，防止过高血流量对肝脏功能和结构的损害，有重要意义。