手术方式与胆囊癌预后的关系分析

目的 研究影响胆囊癌预后的因素，探讨手术方式与胆囊癌预后的关系。方法 回顾性分析我科自1995年6月—2001年6月手术治疗的56例胆囊癌的临床资料，进行统计学分析。结果 56例患中男性20例，女性36例，男：女为1：1．56。34例合并胆囊结石。腹痛(83．9％)和黄疽(41．1％)是主要的症状。30例患(包括NevinⅡ期5例，Ⅲ期3例，Ⅳ期4例，Ⅴ期18例)获得根治性切除或扩大的根治性切除，11例Nevin Ⅴ期施行姑息性切除，行剖腹探查活检及改善症状的姑息手术15例。统计学分析显示术后存活时间与以下3个因素显相关：手术方式、Nevin分期、是否合并胆囊结石；但与以下6个因素关系不显：年龄、性别、病理类型、肿瘤细胞分级、术前血清胆红素、肿瘤涉及胆囊部位个数。将根治性手术以Nevin分期归类，Ⅱ期根治术后患全部存活，Ⅲ-Ⅴ期根治术、Ⅴ期姑息性切除、Ⅴ期活检及减轻症状手术的术后生存时间之间存在统计学差别。结论 随着胆囊癌病理分期的增加，相应各期根治性手术的术后生存时间逐渐缩短。对于Nevin期的患，施行根治性切除的术后生存时间长于姑息性切除，而后术后存活比活检及减轻症状手术长。根治性手术仍然是胆囊癌患术后获得较长生存的唯一手段。     

手术方式与胆囊癌预后的关系分析

目的　研究影响胆囊癌预后的因素 ,探讨手术方式与胆囊癌预后的关系。方法　回顾性分析我科自 1995年 6月 - 2 0 0 1年 6月手术治疗的 5 6例胆囊癌的临床资料 ,进行统计学分析。结果5 6例患者中男性 2 0例 ,女性 36例 ,男∶女为 1∶1.5 6。 34例合并胆囊结石。腹痛 (83.9% )和黄疸(41.1% )是主要的症状。 30例患者 (包括NevinⅡ期 5例 ,Ⅲ期 3例 ,Ⅳ期 4例 ,Ⅴ期 18例 )获得根治性切除或扩大的根治性切除 ,11例NevinⅤ期施行姑息性切除 ,行剖腹探查活检及改善症状的姑息手术者 15例。统计学分析显示术后存活时间与以下 3个因素显著相关 :手术方式、Nevin分期、是否合并胆囊结石 ;但与以下 6个因素关系不显著 :年龄、性别、病理类型、肿瘤细胞分级、术前血清胆红素、肿瘤涉及胆囊部位个数。将根治性手术以Nevin分期归类 ,Ⅱ期根治术后患者全部存活 ,Ⅲ -Ⅴ期根治术、Ⅴ期姑息性切除、Ⅴ期活检及减轻症状手术的术后生存时间之间存在统计学差别。结论　随着胆囊癌病理分期的增加 ,相应各期根治性手术的术后生存时间逐渐缩短。对于NevinⅤ期的患者 ,施行根治性切除者的术后生存时间长于姑息性切除者 ,而后者术后存活比活检及减轻症状手术者长。根治性手术仍然是胆囊癌患者术后获得较长生存的唯一手段     

意外胆囊癌7例诊治体会

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析1999年10月～2009年8月我院诊治的7例意外胆囊癌的病例资料。结果意外胆囊癌占我院同期行胆囊切除术的0.32%(7/2209),其中LC发现4例,OC发现3例。3例癌细胞未侵犯浆膜(NevinⅠ～Ⅱ期);1例侵犯浆膜无淋巴结转移(NevinⅢ期);1例侵犯浆膜并区域性淋巴结转移(NevinⅣ期);2例侵犯肝脏及远处转移(NevinⅤ期)。5例行根治性切除。7例全部获得随访,2例(NevinⅠ～Ⅱ期根治性切除)生存超过60个月,1例(NevinⅢ期根治性切除)生存26个月,1例(NevinⅤ期根治性切除)生存5个月,1例(NevinⅤ期姑息性手术)生存3个月,1例(NevinⅤ期根治性切除)术后3个月目前健在,1例(NevinⅠ期)放弃根治性手术,术后13个月目前健在。结论意外胆囊癌由于没有明显的症状,多在行LC、OC术中或术后偶然发现。养成术中解剖胆囊的习惯,对疑似癌变的胆囊术中结合快速切片可提高胆囊癌的早期诊断,采取积极的治疗方法,可以获得良好的结果。     

原发性胆囊癌

目的探讨胆囊癌的早期诊断及各种手术对其预后的影响。方法对５６例胆囊癌患者的致病因素进行分析。结果按照Ｎｅｖｉｎ分期Ⅰ期５例,Ⅱ期７例,Ⅲ期１０例,Ⅳ期１３例,Ⅴ期１０例。行各类切除性手术３２例（５７１％）,剖腹探查取活检１３例（２３２％）,非手术行放疗或化疗１１例（１９７％）。各类切除性手术的１,３,５年生存率分别为５６３％（１８／３２）,２８１％（９／３２）,１２５％（４／３２）,探查活检的１３例及非手术治疗的１１例均在明确诊断后５个月内死亡。结论早期诊断和及时行根治性手术是改善胆囊癌预后的关键     

NevinⅤ期胆囊癌的诊断和治疗

目的　总结NevinⅤ期胆囊癌的诊断和治疗经验。方法　对手术和病理确诊的NevinⅤ期胆囊癌 74例资料进行回顾性分析。结果　电脑彩超正确率达 75 0 % (2 1/2 8) ,CT结合增强扫描正确率达 82 1% (32 /39)。NevinⅤ期行根治性或扩大根治性胆囊癌切除术 2 3例 ,平均生存期为 1年 3个月 ;11例NevinⅤ期行姑息性胆囊切除 ,平均生存 5个月 ;NevinⅤ期仅能行剖腹探查和活检术、对症治疗 38例、腹腔镜探查和活检 2例 ,平均生存期仅 2个月。结论　对无手术禁忌证的病人应积极行手术探查、腹腔镜探查和活检。病变范围较广泛者可行肿瘤化疗药敏试验、区域动脉灌注化疗、记忆合金胆道内支架应用等综合措施 ,可延长病人的生存期。     

胆囊癌诊治的若干体会

目的　总结胆囊癌的诊断和治疗经验。方法　对手术和病理确诊的胆囊癌 134例资料进行回顾性分析。随访 6个月至 16年。结果　B超检查正确率为 5 4 3% (88/16 2 ) ,电脑彩超正确率达 6 9% (2 9/4 2 ) ,CT结合增强扫描正确率达 85 % (46 /5 8)。NevinⅠ期 6例行单纯胆囊切除术 ,其中4例已生存 5年。NevinⅡ～Ⅳ期行胆囊癌根治性切除术 6 6例 ,平均生存 1年 8个月。NevinⅤ期行根治性或扩大根治性胆囊癌切除术 17例 ,平均生存期为 1年 3个月 ;10例NevinⅤ期行姑息性胆囊切除 ,平均生存 6个月 ;NevinⅤ期仅行剖腹探查术 35例 ,平均生存期仅 2个月。结论　电脑彩超可用做诊断早期胆囊癌的首选检查 ,晚期胆囊癌应与黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎相鉴别。NevinⅤ期病人 ,只要没有腹水、凝血障碍和心肺肝肾的严重器质性病变 ,不应轻易放弃手术探查。     

Nevin Ⅳ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌62例的外科治疗

目的　总结NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌的外科治疗经验 ,探讨提高晚期胆囊癌生存率的方法。方法　回顾性分析 1993年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月间经手术治疗并有病理诊断的 6 2例NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌的临床资料 ,分析不同手术方式与预后之间的关系。结果　 6 2例中NevinⅣ期 17例 ,Ⅴ期4 5例。 30例行剖腹探查术 ,32例切除胆囊 ,切除率 5 2 % (32 /6 2 ) ,其中行根治性切除术 7例 ,扩大根治术 10例 ,姑息性切除术 15例 ,根治率 2 7% (17/6 2 )。根治性切除并发症发生率为 35 % (6 /17)。 1、3、5年生存率根治性切除分别为 6 1%、31%和 11% ,姑息性切除分别为 2 7%、13%、0 (P <0 0 1) ;剖腹探查术后 1年生存率仅为 3% ,3年以上生存率为 0。结论　对NevinⅣ、Ⅴ期胆囊癌应进行积极的手术治疗 ,根治术或扩大根治术是提高患者长期生存率的有效手段 ,姑息性切除术也能改善患者生活质量 ,延长生存期。     

胆囊癌89例临床分析

目的 探讨提高胆囊癌疗效的途径。方法 对１９８５－１９９６年间收治的８９例胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 ８９例患者中男３１例,女５８例。男：女之比为１：１.８７。胆囊癌合并胆囊结石者占４０％,术前Ｂ超论断符合率为７９％（６２／７８）。ＣＴ诊断符合率为９２％（４３／４７）,术中及术后病理确诊占１８％（１６／７７）。本组７例漏诊,７７例行探查手术,５０例切除胆囊。切除率６５％,其中根治 切除２８例,根治率３6％。本组行根治性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为７７％、５４％和２７５;行姑息性切除者１、３、５年生存率分别为４１％、１２％和６％（与根治切除相比Ｐ均＜０.０５）。仅行探查术者中位生存期３个月,且均在１年内死亡。结论 早期发现和根治性手术是提高胆囊癌患者生存率的有效方法,避免术中漏诊对预后有重要意义,对晚期胆囊癌应行扩大根治术。     

原发性胆囊癌63例诊治分析

目的 总结原发性胆囊癌的诊治经验,探讨其诊断与治疗的有效途径.方法 回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2005年6月外科治疗的63例原发性胆囊癌患者的临床病理资料.结果 本组中有69.8%(44/63)患者合并胆囊结石.最常见的症状为腹痛、黄疸及消瘦.全部63例病人术前均行B超检查,诊断符合率为68.3%(43/63),有18例病人术前同时行cT或MRCP检查,诊断符合率为83.3%(15/18).早期癌(Nevin Ⅰ,Ⅱ期)10例(15.9%),中晚期癌(NevinⅢ～Ⅴ期)53例(84.1%).10例行单纯胆囊切除术,26例行胆囊癌根治术,4例行扩大胆囊癌根治术,23例行姑息性手术,晚期(Ⅳ～Ⅴ期)病例中有13例行根治术和4例行扩大根治术,根治切除率为42.5%(17/40).术后39例患者获得随访,其中早期胆囊癌的1年生存率(83.3%)明显高于中晚期胆囊癌(27.3%)(83.3% vs 27.3%,P＜0.05),晚期胆囊癌中行根治性切除患者的1年生存率(55.6%)明显高于只行姑息性手术者(55.6% vs 11.8%,P＜0.05)(11.8%).结论 提高胆囊癌疗效的关键在于早期诊断,B超和CT等结合可提高胆囊癌的诊断率.对有恶变倾向的胆囊结石患者,应行预防性胆囊切除,积极的根治性或扩大根治性手术有助于改善中晚期病例的预后.     

胆囊癌外科治疗回顾性分析（附96例报道）

目的：探讨胆囊癌的外科治疗方法.方法：回顾性分析1999年1月-2008年10月96例原发性胆囊癌患者的手术方式及其疗效.96例患者Nevin分期：Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳ期17例,Ⅴ期63例.所有患者均行手术治疗,手术方式包括：单纯胆囊切除术（Ⅰ～Ⅲ期患者）、根治性胆囊癌切除术（Ⅱ～Ⅴ期患者）、胆囊癌扩大根治术、肝切除术、胰十二指肠切除术、姑息性手术（Ⅳ、Ⅴ期患者）.结果：96例平均住院时间为18.5d,随访时间6个月～6年,Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期7例患者仍健在,Ⅲ期4例生存期超过5年,Ⅳ、Ⅴ期术后平均存活16.4个月.51例姑息性手术患者术后平均存活6.8个月.结论：对于胆囊癌手术方式选择,与胆囊癌的分期分级密切相关,采取积极的治疗措施,如根治性或扩大根治性手术,可望延长患者的生存时间,提高患者生存质量.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.