粘连性肠梗阻的多层螺旋CT诊断及其临床应用价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT对粘连性肠梗阻的诊断作用。方法:对35例手术证实为粘连性肠梗阻患者的术前全腹多层螺旋CT征象进行回顾性分析，并以手术、病理结果为标准，评价CT诊断的准确性。结果:35例患者CT均确定了梗阻的存在。31例单发梗阻CT均准确确定了梗阻部位，4例多发梗阻者CT确定了11处梗阻中的9处。26例非癌性粘连中23例在CT上均有相应的CT征象支持粘连性肠梗阻的诊断;9例癌性粘连中5例CT发现癌性粘连的直接征象，2例提示癌灶复发或淋巴结转移。根据CT征象判断绞窄性肠梗阻的敏感性93.3％，特异性87.5％，准确性为91.4％。结论:多层螺旋CT可较为全面地评价粘连性肠梗阻，对于指导临床诊疗有较大帮助。     

急性肠缺血及其原发病的影像学特征

急性肠缺血病情凶险,病死率高,易误诊.应用多排螺旋CT及CT血管造影检查快速准确诊断急性肠缺血及其病因,具有重要临床意义.回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年6月西安市西电集团医院收治的31例急性肠缺血患者的临床资料.肠系膜动静脉狭窄闭塞,病变肠壁强化减弱或消失是急性肠缺血的直接CT征象,肠壁增厚是急性肠缺血最典型的间接CT征象,肠管扩张或萎陷也是急性肠缺血常见的间接CT征象,肠系膜脂肪水肿浑浊也较多见,肠壁积气、静脉积气是肠梗死的可靠CT征象.动脉栓塞或血栓形成、静脉血栓形成、动脉粥样硬化、血管炎、大动脉炎、绞窄性肠梗阻、肠系膜上动脉夹层均是急性肠缺血的可能病因.     

肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻的CT诊断

【摘要】 目的 探讨CT对肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻诊断的价值。 资料与方法 回顾性分析8例经手术证实的肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻的CT表现。 结果 8例患者均有程度不等的肠梗阻，术前均能正确诊断肠梗阻。其中，小肠食入性异物小肠梗阻3例，粪石性小肠梗阻 3例，胆石性小肠梗阻 2例，均无肠缺血坏死、穿孔等并发症。 结论 通过典型的征象分析，CT能术前诊断肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻。     

16层螺旋CT多平面重建技术对肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT多平面重建技术（MPR）对于肠梗阻的诊断价值。方法 收集30例经手术（27例）或临床（3例）证实的肠梗阻病例CT资料，其中10例为单纯CT平扫，20例在平扫基础上加作门静脉期增强扫描。采用MPR技术对CT原始数据进行冠、矢状位的图像重建，并分析其表现。结果 30例肠梗阻病例中粘连性8例，单纯肠肿瘤7例，肠套叠（包括肠肿瘤并发肠套叠）5例，腹部疝4例，肠扭转2例，回盲部脓肿1例，肠系膜动脉狭窄1例，腹膜后巨大囊肿1例，胰尾癌1例；其中6例合并肠壁缺血或肠绞窄。CT轴位图像、MPR冠状和矢状图像均显示了肠梗阻的存在；单独根据轴位图像能确定26例（86．7％）的梗阻部位和22例（73．3％）的梗阻原因，而结合MPR图像可以确定29例（96．7％）的梗阻部位和27例（90．0％）的梗阻原因；有5例（83．3％）肠壁缺血或绞窄病例均为两种方法所显示。结论 螺旋CT多平面重建技术在显示肠梗阻的存在、确定梗阻部位和梗阻原因以及肠道血运状态方面优于单纯的轴位图像。     

螺旋CT检查在诊断狼疮性缺血性肠病中的价值

目的探讨螺旋CT检查在诊断表现为急性腹痛的狼疮性缺血性肠病(lupus ischemic bowel disease)中的价值。方法回顾性分析23例因急性腹痛而行腹部螺旋CT扫描的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者的临床资料及CT图像。23例中16例行增强CT扫描，7例行CT平扫。着重观察肠道、肠系膜和肠系膜血管的异常CT表现，同时也记录其他腹部异常征象，如浆膜腔积液、实质性脏器异常、淋巴结肿大等。结果23例中19例(82．6％)出现肠壁肿胀、增厚，12例(75．0％)出现“靶征”，16例(69．6％)存在肠管扩张，21例(91．3％)出现肠系膜肿胀和脂肪密度增高，18例(78．3％)出现肠系膜血管充血、增粗，4例(25．0％)肠系膜血管呈“梳状”排列。其它CT异常征象包括腹水、胸水、心包积液、肝、脾肿大、肾脏异常、腹膜后淋巴结肿大等。结论出现急性腹痛的SLE患者行CT检查时最常见为缺血性肠病的表现。螺旋CT增强扫描是诊断与鉴别诊断SLE所致缺血性肠病的最佳影像学方法。     

64层螺旋CT对消化道梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT对消化道梗阻的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了12例临床怀疑为消化道梗阻病例的螺旋CT检查结果并将其中螺旋CT确诊为消化道梗阻病例与临床结果对照,图像重建方法主要为多平面重建法（MPR）和最大密度投影法（MIP）。结果44例患者,无肠梗阻2例,有肠梗阻42例,其中33例经手术病理证实,4例经临床确诊。33例手术病例CT诊断梗阻部位与手术对照符合率为100％（33／33）,病因诊断符合率为100％（33／33）。结论螺旋CT扫描及重建对消化道梗阻具有重要诊断价值。     

多层螺旋CT及重建技术在急性结直肠癌性梗阻诊断中的应用

目的：评价多层螺旋CT及重建技术在诊断急性结直肠癌性梗阻中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的21例结直肠癌性肠梗阻的多层螺旋CT多期扫描及重建的影像表现,并与手术及病理结果对照分析。结果：21例结直肠癌性肠梗阻中,多层螺旋CT能很好地反映梗阻性质、部位、范围、管腔狭窄程度、肠管周围淋巴结及远处转移情况,对肿瘤定位、定性全部准确,CT血管成像能显示肿瘤的供血动脉及分支来源。结论：多层螺旋CT及重建技术对引起急性肠梗阻的结直肠癌的定位、定性准确性高,可为临床的诊治特别是对肿瘤可切除性的评估提供重要依据。     

螺旋CT与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的早期诊断效能比较

探讨多层螺旋CT与腹部X线平片诊断急性肠梗阻的临床价值。选取2015年1—12月接受诊治的65例疑似急性肠梗阻患者的腹部X线平片、多层螺旋CT检查结果进行分析,以病理学结果作为金标准,分别计算多层螺旋CT、腹部X线平片鉴别诊断急性肠梗阻的临床价值。65例疑似肠梗阻患者,经手术和临床最终确诊急性肠梗阻50例(76.92%)、假性肠梗阻15例(23.08%);多层螺旋CT诊断小肠梗阻、结肠梗阻、机械性肠梗阻、绞榨性肠梗阻的准确度均高于腹部X线平片,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多层螺旋CT诊断急性肠梗阻的敏感度为86.00%、特异度为80.00%、与病理学结果的一致性Kappa值为0.604、R值为0.611;腹部X线平片诊断急性肠梗阻的敏感度为68.00%、特异度为66.67%、与病理学结果的一致性Kappa值为0.276、R值为0.298。多层螺旋CT诊断急性肠梗阻的临床价值优于腹部X线平片。     

CT在粘连性小肠梗阻诊断中的应用

粘连性小肠梗阻（ASBO）诊治中，对肠绞窄、肠扭转等并发症很难做出早期、及时、准确的诊断，依靠临床症状、体征、腹平片或其他检查做出诊断，往往为时已晚，因此许多作者主张早期手术，以降低病死率。近年，随着CT诊断技术不断提高，对小肠梗阻的部位、原因能做出诊断并能发现早期肠绞窄和肠粘连所致肠扭转。本文通过对我院粘连性小肠梗阻病例的分析，探讨CT在粘连性小肠梗阻诊断中的作用。     

CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用

肠梗阻是外科常见的急腹症。肠梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,有无闭袢性肠梗阻及肠缺血、肠绞窄对肠梗阻的治疗有指导意义。肠梗阻通过腹部平片只有 5 0 %～ 6 0 % [1] 可以确诊 ,且常不能确定肠梗阻的部位和程度。近年来 ,文献报道CT对肠梗阻诊断的敏感性和特异性很高 ,而且能显示梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,并能对闭袢性和绞窄性肠梗阻作出诊断 ,本文将对CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用综述如下。1　检查方法CT检查时机最好选择在胃肠减压之前进行 ,这有利于正确判断梗阻的部位和程度。疑有肠梗阻的病人在CT扫描前 30～ 12 0min口服 2 %的含碘造影…     

CT对肝外胆管梗阻性质的鉴别诊断

目的：探讨良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变的CT表现及其诊断意义。方法：回顾经手术病理证实的肝外胆管梗阻病变76例(良性34例，恶性42例)。结果：肝内胆管呈枯枝状轻中度扩张，肝内外胆管不一致扩张(内轻外重)，肝外胆管远段梗阻，梗阻部胆管呈削尖状狭窄，肝外胆管壁呈弥漫环形增厚，对良性梗阻的诊断有重要意义。肝内胆管呈软藤状重度扩张，肝外胆管中段梗阻，梗阻部胆管呈伴或不伴肿块的截断型或突然狭窄型，肝外胆管壁局限不规则增厚，高度揭示恶性梗阻。结论：良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有特征性CT表现，通过分析胆管形态和临床资料基本能判断梗阻的性质。     

Torsion of Meckel's diverticulum as a cause of small bowel obstruction: A case report

Axial torsion and necrosis of Meckel's diverticulum causing simultaneous mechanical small bowel obstruc-tion are the rarest complications of this congenital anomaly. This kind of pathology has been reported only eleven times. Our case report presents this very unusual case of Meckel's diverticulum. A 41-year-old man presented at the emergency department with complaints of crampy abdominal pain, nausea and re-tention of stool and gases. Clinical diagnosis was small bowel obstruction. Because the origin of obstruction was unknown, computer tomography was indicated. Computed tomography(CT)-scan revealed dilated small bowel loops with multiple air-fluid levels; the oral con-trast medium had reached the jejunum and proximal parts of the ileum but not the distal small bowel loops or the large bowel; in the right mid-abdomen there was a 11 cm × 6.4 cm × 7.8 cm fluid containing cavity with thickened wall, which was considered a dilated bowel-loop or cyst or diverticulum. Initially the patient was treated conservatively. Because of persistent abdominal pain emergency laparotomy was indicated. Abdominal exploration revealed distended small bowel loops proxi-mal to the obstruction, and a large(12 cm × 14 cm) Meckel's diverticulum at the site of obstruction. Meckel's diverticulum was axially rotated by 720°, which caused small bowel obstruction and diverticular necrosis. About 20 cm of the small bowel with Meckel's diverticulum was resected. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the fifth postopera-tive day. We recommend CT-scan as the most useful diagnostic tool in bowel obstruction of unknown origin. In cases of Meckel's diverticulum causing small bowel obstruction, prompt surgical treatment is indicated; de-lay in diagnosis and in adequate treatment may lead to bowel necrosis and peritonitis.     

Early intervention in intersigmoid hernia may prevent bowel resection-A case report

INTRODUCTION

Intersigmoid hernia is a rare internal hernia presenting with symptoms of bowel obstruction. Preoperative diagnosis is uncommon but computerised tomography (CT) may show signs to suggest internal hernia.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 63-year-old female presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and absolute constipation. Examination revealed a tense distended abdomen. A plain abdominal radiograph showed features of small bowel obstruction. Conservative management was initiated without success and a CT scan was performed which showed a dilated distal oesophagus, stomach and small bowel with a non-dilated length of distal ileum and large bowel. Internal hernia was suggested as a possible cause and the patient underwent a laparotomy where a loop of small bowel was found to be strangulated and gangrenous within the intersigmoid fossa. The gangrenous bowel was resected, an end-to-end anastamosis was performed and the fossa was closed. The patient made an uneventful recovery.

DISCUSSION

Hernias of the sigmoid mesocolon account for 6% of internal hernias with internal hernias themselves causing between 0.2 and 4.1% of intestinal obstruction. This report presents a case of intersigmoid hernia, a rare internal hernia which should be suspected in patients presenting with acute obstruction, no past surgical history and no external hernia. Patients with these symptoms should receive an urgent CT scan to facilitate early surgery and minimise strangulation and prevent bowel resection.

conclusion

Intersigmoid hernia presents with acute obstruction, no past surgical history and no external hernia. Urgent CT scanning and early surgery may minimise strangulation, conserve bowel and reduce patient morbidity and mortality.     

Laparoscopic repair of an internal supravesical hernia: a rare hernia causing small bowel obstruction

The application of diagnostic laparoscopy in emergency surgery has facilitated a wide range of endoscopic operative procedures. We report an extremely rare case of a patient who had a bowel obstruction caused by an internal supravesical hernia that was repaired via a minimally invasive technique. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed signs of small bowel obstruction: the cause was thought to be an invagination due to a small bowel tumor. Laparoscopic exploration of the dilated small bowel segments allowed the diagnosis of supravesical hernia. Reduction was performed with slight traction, and the hernial orifice was closed with intracorporeal sutures. To our knowledge, this is the first repair of an internal supravesical hernia ever to receive herniorraphy based on laparoscopic techniques. The mean starting time for bowel-function and mean hospital stay following the laparoscopic release of the intestinal obstruction were significantly shorter than is typically seen with standard techniques.     

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease as a rare cause of acute small bowel obstruction

Introduction: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common presentation to emergency abdominal surgery. The most frequent causes of SBO are congenital, postoperative adhesions, abdominal wall hernia, internal hernia and malignancy.

Patients: A 27-year-old woman was hospitalized because of acute abdominal pain, blockage of gases and stools associated with vomiting. Abdominal computed tomography showed an acute small bowel obstruction without any obvious etiology. In view of important abdominal pain and the lack of clear diagnosis, an explorative laparoscopy was performed. Diagnostic of pelvic inflammatory disease was established and was comforted by positive PCR for Chlamydia Trachomatis.

Results: Acute small bowel obstruction resulting from acute pelvic inflammatory disease, emerging early after infection, without any clinical or X-ray obvious signs was not described in the literature yet. This infrequent acute SBO etiology but must be searched especially when there is no other evident cause of obstruction in female patients. Early laparoscopy is mostly advised when there are some worrying clinical or CT scan signs.     

A rare cause of small bowel obstruction due to bezoar in a virgin abdomen

IntroductionBezoar is an unusual cause of small bowel obstruction accounting for 0.4–4% of all mechanical bowel obstruction. The common site of obstruction is terminal ileum.Case reportA 28-year-old male with no past surgical history, known to have severe mental retardation presented with anorexia. CT scan demonstrated dilated small bowel loops and intraluminal ileal mass with mottled appearance. At exploratory laparotomy, a bezoar was found impacted in the terminal ileum 5–6 inches away from the ileocecal valve and was removed through an enterotomy.DiscussionBezoars are concretions of fibers or foreign bodies in the alimentary tract. Small bowel obstruction is one of common clinical symptoms. The typical finding of well-defined intraluminal mass with mottled gas pattern in CT scan is suggestive of an intestinal bezoar. The treatment option of bezoar is surgery including manual fragmentation of bezoar and pushing it toward cecum, enterotomy or segmental bowel resection. Thorough exploration of abdominal cavity should be done to exclude the presence of concomitant bezoars. Recurrence is common unless underlying predisposing condition is corrected.ConclusionsBezoar-induced small bowel obstruction remains an uncommon diagnosis. It should be suspected in patients with an increased risk of bezoar formation, such as in the presence of previous gastric surgery, a history suggestive of increased fiber intake, or patient with psychiatric disorders. CT scan is helpful for preoperative diagnosis.     

Spontaneous duodenal intramural haematoma imitating pancreatic pseudocyst

Spontaneous intramural duodenal haematoma develops mostly as a complication of anticoagulation therapy. Other causes were reported only as case reports. CT diagnostics has some typical features in an intramural haematoma of the small bowel. This is especially hyperdensity of the bowel wall during the first 10 days from the onset of symptoms (30-80 HU), which could contribute to the differentiation from other infiltrative processes. These features are fully expressed only in a certain part of patients. We reported a 54 year-old female treated for epigastric pain. The patient's history, laboratory data, ultrasonography and CT findings resulted in a mistaken diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, necrosis of the pancreatic body with a subsequent development of pancreatic pseudocyst. The CT guided drainage was performed. The correct diagnosis was made one year later--surgical treatment was indicated for clinical signs of GI obstruction and CT findings of pseudocyst recurrence. During the operation, there was a finding of intramural haematoma in the duodenojejunal border. We performed an evacuation of the haematoma and gastroenteroanastomosis.     

Computed tomography in the assessment of suspected large bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) scanning in the diagnosis of acute large bowel obstruction. METHODS: Forty-four patients (22 men; 22 women, ages 39-94 years, mean 71 years) with clinical features and abdominal radiographic findings suggesting acute large bowel obstruction (LBO) or pseudo-obstruction were examined with CT. Supine scans were obtained with i.v. contrast medium (unless contraindicated), but (in the majority) without oral contrast. Additional prone and/or decubitus scans were obtained in 33 patients when clarification of a possible transition point on the supine scan was required. CT diagnosis of LBO was made by finding a transition point +/- mass. Final diagnosis was confirmed by surgery, further imaging and/or clinical course. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients had proven mechanical acute LBO of whom 18 had an obstructing carcinoma; 22 patients had no mechanical obstruction. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value of CT for diagnosis of mechanical LBO were each 91%. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 10.1 and 0.1, respectively. There were two false-negative CT scans, although one of these was reported as showing segmental mural thickening. A mass was identified on 14 of 17 patients with true-positive CT, subsequently found to have carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography with additional selective prone and/or decubitus scanning is highly effective in the diagnosis of mechanical LBO. It is suggested that it replace contrast enema as the initial imaging method.     

Laparoscopic management of a primary small bowel volvulus: a case report

Primary small bowel volvulus in adults is a very rare condition, and it is defined as torsion of all or a large segment of the small intestine and its mesentery in the absence of any preexisting etiologic factors. Proper management of the patients suffering from a strangulated obstruction depends on making an early and accurate diagnosis. Timely treatment is crucial to prevent gangrene. A 49-year-old man who had a history of previous abdominal surgery was admitted to our hospital with complaints of acute abdominal pain. Simple abdominal x-ray showed multiple dilated loops of small intestine in the mid-abdomen. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography showed the distended small bowel loops and longitudinal tapering of the collapsed bowel loops. We carried out diagnostic laparoscopy to confirm the cause of suspected mechanical ileus. It revealed strangulation of the small bowel at the terminal ileum due to clockwise torsion of the bowel loop. There were no adhesions or congenital anomalies in the peritoneal cavity. The torsional segment was spontaneously reduced with minimal handling, and the strangulated portion was resected. The patient was discharged from hospital on postoperative day 6. Primary small bowel volvulus in adults is a very rare malady; if the diagnosis is uncertain, then diagnostic laparoscopy is a valuable tool for making the definitive diagnosis and administering prompt treatment.