HD02型血透监测仪对血液透析患者内瘘的监测

目的评价应用超声稀释法的HD02型血透监测仪对血液透析患者内瘘监测的效能。方法使用HD02型血透监测仪对90例长期维持性血液透析（MHD）患者在透析期间进行内瘘再循环、流量及心输出量等监测。分析影响内瘘流量的相关因素。结果4例患者出现再循环。占4．44％。且均大于5％（非尿素稀释法异常标准）。21例患者内瘘血流量〈500mL／min，占23．33％：3例〉2000ml／min，占3．33％。影响内瘘流量的Logistic回归分析显示，年龄、性别、透析时间、内瘘使用时间、平均动脉压均与内瘘流量下降无相关；低心输出量和糖尿病与内瘘流量下降相关。33例患者心输出量〈4L／min，占36．67％，提示部分患者在透析期间处于低心输出量状态。其中低心输出量的8例患者接受心脏彩色多普勒超声检查。均发现有不同程度的室间隔肥厚、瓣膜区钙化和反流、左室舒张功能不全等心血管功能和形态学改变。结论超声稀释法是一项操作简便、非侵入及实用的内瘘监测方法。自体动静脉内瘘在有足够血流情况下．再循环率低。低心输出量和糖尿病与内瘘流量下降相关。     

1例血液透析时内瘘急性闭塞患者的溶栓护理

报告1例透析时内瘘发生急性闭塞患者溶栓护理体会.慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症期患者,在维持性血液透析过程中,出现内瘘急性闭塞,遵医嘱早期应用尿激酶10万u对动静脉内瘘行局部溶栓并辅以热敷,4小时后闭塞内痿恢复再通,患者继续接受血液透析治疗,无出血、栓塞等并发症发生.护理中严密观察生命体征,重视用药检测,做好心理护理,是确保透析时内瘘急性闭塞成功溶栓的关键.现将溶栓护理体会报告如下.     

超声稀释法在血液透析血管通路功能评价中的初步应用

目的：探讨超声稀释法在血液透析血管通路功能评估中的临床应用价值,并观察血管通路血流量与患者心输出量的相关性。方法：选择在我院血液净化中心透析龄为3～6月的维持性血液透析患者82例,病情稳定,已排除急性活动性疾病,均采用自体动静脉内瘘作为血管通路。使用Transonic HD02型血液透析监护仪对患者的血管通路进行检测,随访期为6个月,分别监测内瘘再循环率、内瘘通路血流量及心输出量等,并观察血管通路血流量与患者心输出量的相关性。结果：（1）观察0个月,内瘘血流量平均为（994.41±434.98）ml/min,心输出量平均为（6.38±3.14）L/min;随访6个月后复测相关指标,血液透析患者的血管通路血流量和心输出量均有所下降,内瘘血流量平均为（961.19±420.92）ml/min,心输出量平均为（6.12±4.17）L/min,但观察6个月与0个月比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;4例（4.88%）患者出现再循环,均大于5%。（2）观察0个月,血管通路狭窄的发生率为9.76%;观察6个月后,血管通路狭窄的发生率为26.83%,二者比较,血管通路狭窄的发生率有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。（3）血管通路血流量与心输出量呈正相关（P〈0.05）,提示患者低心输出量可能导致血管通路血流量的下降。结论：超声稀释法操作简便、非创伤侵入性、安全实用,适用于血液透析患者血管通路的功能评估,可以前瞻性监测血管通路血流动力学意义上的狭窄,具有临床应用价值。     

超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘术后并发症预防中的应用价值

目的探究多普勒超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘术后并发症预防中的应用价值,为终末期肾病患者血液透析动静脉内瘘术后并发症的预防提供临床指导。方法选择2016年1月到2018年12月在本院进行治疗的终末期肾病患者68例为研究对象。依据血流量上、下四分位数后取整,分为高流量组(大于1500ml/min)15例,中流量组(介于800～1000ml/min)36例,低流量组(小于800ml/min)17例。选择多普勒超声对患者进行动静脉内瘘同管腔内外、吻合口内和血流情况等观察,对血液透析动静脉内瘘术后患者的并发症发生状况进行评估。结果68例终末期肾病患者中,31例(45.59%)有通畅的动静脉内瘘,能够满足血液透析要求的正常血流量;37例(54.41%)发生并发症,其中血栓形成有16例,假性动脉瘤有3例,内瘘血管旁软组织内血肿3例,静脉瘤样扩张8例,管腔狭窄有5例,内瘘发育不成熟2例;高流量组与低流量组并发症发生率为53.33%与76.47%,均明显高于中流量组25.00%,低流量组和高流量组的并发症发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.015,P=0.182)。结论采用多普勒超声对血液透析动静脉内瘘术后患者进行检查,能及时发现并发症,尽早进行治疗,进而对内瘘的使用时间进行延长,值得推广应用。     

单中心血液透析患者血管通路使用情况分析

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者血管通路的使用情况,为进一步规范化选择建立和使用维护血液透析血管通路提供依据.方法 采用单中心横断面调查及回顾性分析的研究方法,统计分析2012年1月至2012年12月兰州军区兰州总医院血液净化中心新入血液透析患者156例与维持性血液透析患者120例人口统计学资料、血管通路类型,并对自体动静脉内瘘与长期血液透析导管患者原发病种类进行对比分析.结果①首次血液透析血管通路为临时血液透析导管的占84％,成熟的自体动静脉内瘘占16％,无长期血液透析导管;②长期维持性血液透析患者血管通路为自体动静脉内瘘251例（占90.9％）,长期血液透析导管14例（占5.1％）,动静脉直接穿刺及其他11例（占4.0％）,无动静脉移植血管内瘘.自体动静脉内瘘吻合血管依次为桡动脉-头静脉占96％,桡动脉-贵要静脉占2％,尺动脉-贵要静脉占2％;自体动静脉内瘘瘘管吻合方式端侧吻合占54％,端端吻合占46％,无侧侧吻合.自体动静脉内瘘发生并发症17例,血栓12例（占并发症总例数70.6％）,其余依次为缺血（占10.2％）,狭窄（占10.2％）,肿胀手（占0.9％）.长期导管年平均感染率为0.1次/1 000导管日.结论①新入血液透析患者中,选择临时血液透析导管比例较大,预先行动静脉内瘘血管通路准备的血液透析患者比率仍较低,但较前明显提高,需要积极专科宣教提高终末期肾脏疾病患者认识和依存性;②维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘使用率与文献报道接近,但尚无移植物和人造血管内瘘病例,尚有一定比例的患者直接选择穿刺;③自体动静脉内瘘术失败与年龄无关,基础疾病心血管疾病糖尿病等及反复血管穿刺是自体动静脉内瘘术失败的主要原因.     

建立血管通路用于血液透析的体会

报告408例慢性透析患者施行452例次动静脉内瘘术。其中自体静脉前臂内瘘276例次,鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘103例次,外瘘改内痿37例次,自体静脉搭桥3例次,人尸动脉搭桥31例次,聚四氟乙烯人工血管搭桥2例次。术后均成功地进行血液透析,血流量达200～400ml/min,使用最氏者达6年。文中还对制作内瘘的方法、内瘘并发症及人工血管和人尸动脉搭桥的优缺点作了讨论。     

血液透析患者动静脉内瘘栓塞的预防护理

目的总结血液透析患者动静脉内瘘栓塞的预防护理经验。方法对29例患者以动静脉内瘘穿刺行血液透析治疗,血液透析期间加强内瘘术后早期预防护理,规范内瘘穿刺技术,正确设置脱水量,正确处理回血和止血,观察动静脉内瘘狭窄情况并早期处理,指导患者加强内瘘日常维护。结果血液透析期间4例发生动静脉内瘘闭塞,其中3例经改用其他部位重新造瘘后应用良好,1例经溶栓处理后恢复正常;余25例内瘘正常。29例均按疗程透析,效果满意。结论预防护理可减少血液透析并发症的发生,是内瘘正常使用的保障。     

维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血流量的影响因素研究

目的 研究分析维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血流量的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月至2022年12月在本院行维持性血液透析患者共152例，按照透析时自体动静脉内瘘的血流量不同，将152例患者分为两组，其中观察组41例，为自体动静脉内瘘流量不足者，对照组111例，为自体动静脉内瘘流量充足者。结果 观察组患者的桡动脉、肱动脉血流量均明显小于对照组患者，而阻力指数、搏动指数均大于对照组患者（P<0.05）；无论吻合方式或吻合口位置的不同，观察组的吻合口内径均明显小于对照组（P<0.05）；通过多因素Logistic回归分析，结果显示，吻合口内径以及肱动脉血流量均是自体动静脉内瘘血流量不足的重要危险因素。结论 血流量是评估自体动静脉内瘘功能是否良好的重要指标，分析并了解影响血流量的相关影响因素，可以在早期进行及时有效的干预，进而维持充足血流量，本研究认为吻合口内径和肱动脉血流量均是影响自体动静脉内瘘血流量大小的独立危险因素。     

血液透析患者生命线的护理体会

目的总结维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的护理方法和效果。方法对35例行动静脉内瘘术的血液透析患者做好术前、术后护理、内瘘穿刺护理、透析过程中的观察、透析后的护理、并发症的防护及患者的自我监测护理。结果 2例内瘘闭塞行2次内瘘成形术,其余内瘘均通畅,使用良好。结论动静脉内瘘是维持性血液透析患者的生命线,合理实施动静脉内瘘的各项精心护理措施,才能减少内瘘并发症的发生,减轻患者痛苦,延长内瘘使用寿命,保证透析效果和提高患者生活质量。     

自体动静脉内瘘并发症的物理检查应用

正血管通路是维持性血液透析患者的"生命线"。自体动静脉内瘘是公认最佳的血管通路~[1,2],但其建立-维护-修复始终是医护人员面临的巨大挑战。定期对自体动静脉内瘘进行功能监测有助于早期发现内瘘狭窄、流量不足等相关问题,及时处理上述问题可减少血栓形成及内瘘闭塞等严重并发症的发生,避免内瘘失功。物理检查是K-DOQI指南推荐的内瘘功能监测手段之一,其简单易行,准确性高,在明确内瘘并发症方面具有明显的优势~[3-8]。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.