医护全程诊疗模式在心血管内科的应用

目的 探讨促进医护合作、提升工作质量、提高患者满意度的创新工作模式,实现优质护理服务.方法 在心血管内科实行医护全程诊疗模式,即一组医生和一组护士进行固定搭配,组成医护一体化的治疗护理小组,在相对固定的一段时间内,负责一组患者从入院到出院的全部诊疗护理工作.另有一组护士负责夜班工作.对实施该模式前后科室护理质量进行测评和比较,采用问卷对医护合作满意度进行评价.结果 实施医护全程诊疗模式后护理质量显著优于实施前（均P＜0.01）;患者满意率明显提高,医护双方对合作感到满意.结论 实施医护全程诊疗模式,提升了护理工作质量,提高了医护双方的合作满意度.     

医护一体化晨交班模式的构建与实践

目的探讨医护一体化责任制晨交班的应用效果。方法构建医护一体化责任制晨交班模式,以SBAR沟通模式制定护士病情汇报模板,与传统晨交班比较交班时间、责任护士对分管患者有效信息的知晓度及医生和患者对护士工作的满意度。结果实施医护一体化责任制晨交班模式后,交班时间缩短,责任护士对患者有效信息知晓度提高,医生和患者对护士工作的满意率提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论医护一体化责任制晨交班联合SBAR沟通模式可提高晨交班的效率与质量,提升护理质量和患者满意度。     

合作式医护工作模式在骨科的实施与效果评价

目的 探讨合作式医护工作模式在骨科的实施与效果.方法 构建合作式医护工作模式,包括设立总责护士岗位,医护联合查房,医护人员固定和专科化,营造“患儿第一”的病区文化,建立建设性解决冲突的机制,科主任和护士长的支持性管理,提升医护人员能力等.结果 实施1年后,患儿平均住院日较实施前缩短1.7d,床位周转率、使用率、出院人数和手术人数均增加1倍,护士工作满意度提升5.6％.结论 在不增加医护人员人力的情况下,合作式医护工作模式能提高工作效率,提升护士工作满意度和护理工作质量.     

麻醉科护理绩效分配方案的构建及实施

目的评价麻醉科护士绩效分配方案的实施效果。方法以工作量、工作质量、发展和学习4个方面构建护理绩效分配方案,并用于麻醉科护士进行绩效分配,对绩效分配开展前后不同年份的护理质量、护士满意度、医生对麻醉护理满意度等进行比较。结果麻醉科医生、护士对麻醉护理工作满意度逐年提高,护士对绩效分配方案的满意度逐年提高,护理质量检查达标率显著上升(P0.05,P0.01)。结论建立合理的麻醉科护士绩效管理对于提升护士工作积极性、护理质量和工作效率,促进医护合作有重要意义。     

人文关怀护理在合作医院的推进及成效

目的 探讨合作医院人文关怀护理推进策略及效果.方法 选派护理专家至合作医院进行驻点指导,建立人文关怀护理组织架构,制定人文关怀护理标准和制度,强化护理管理和服务理念,实施人文关怀培训、试点病房人文关怀护理,督导推进人文关怀护理规范化,全面推进合作医院人文关怀护理.结果 合作医院建立首批人文关怀试点病房12个,实施后护士关怀能力显著高于实施前(P＜0.01),患者对关怀护理满意度及护士工作满意度逐步提升.结论 人文关怀护理推进策略在合作医院的推进,促进了护士对患者的关怀、护理管理者对护士的关怀,可有效提高患者满意度、护士的关怀能力和工作满意度.     

探讨医护一体化模式在妇科开腹手术切口护理中的应用与效果

目的探讨医护一体化模式在妇科开腹手术切口护理中的应用与效果。方法随机将200名患者分为2组,对照组实施普通护理服务模式,实验组实行医护一体化服务管理模式,6个月后,比较2组患者术后切口疼痛的程度、愈合情况及患者满意度。结果 6个月后,实验组患者切口疼痛程度及切口愈合情况较对照组明显改善,患者满意度明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论医护一体化模式不仅能有效降低妇科患者术后切口疼痛,促进切口愈合,还进一步促进了医护合作,提高患者满意度,值得临床推广应用。     

创新病房设置顾问护士提供全程服务的实践

目的探讨顾问护士在同质医疗服务模式创新病房提供全程服务的实践及效果。方法通过自愿及竞聘原则从外科病房中选出3个病房作为试点创新病房,并各设置顾问护士1名,与医生组建医护团队,为患者提供同质医疗护理服务。调查患者住院期间满意度和医护合作满意度,比较设置顾问护士前后患者住院满意度及医护合作满意度。结果两组患者住院满意度、医护合作满意度比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论综合医院外科病房设置顾问护士,开展同质医疗服务模式,可加强医护合作,提高住院患者满意度和医护合作满意度。     

组织化护理模式应用于重型颅脑损伤患者的研究

目的 探讨组织化护理模式对重型颅脑损伤患者的护理效果.方法 将神经内、外科整合成立脑系科,护理人员由神经内、外科,重症监护室及康复科护士共22人组成,对观察组50例重型颅脑损伤患者采用组织化护理模式实施护理,即医护共同查房,由护士长、神经监护室护士、康复护士及健康教育护士每天早上共同进行护理评估,制定护理措施,对患者实施神经监护和早期康复介入、健康教育等.将未成立脑系科前分散在神经内科、外科住院的53例重型颅脑损患者作为对照组,按照传统神经内、外科护理方法进行护理.分别于入院时、第1周末、第2周末、第3周末、第4周末、出院时评定GCS及日常生活活动能力(ADL),观察患者住院期间护理并发症,调查患者对服务的满意度.结果 观察组GCS、ADL评分及患者满意度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),护理并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 组织化护理模式采用多学科一体化护理管理,有利于重型颅脑损伤患者的康复,有利于护理质量的提高和护患关系的改善.     

聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士的临床实践

目的利用高年资护士良好的交流沟通能力、娴熟的操作技能,提高护理服务满意度和护理质量。方法在18个病区聘高年资护士为总责任护士,护理部定期评价考核其胜任能力,比较实施前后患者满意度、护士工作满意度及病区护理缺陷、差错事故发生情况。结果聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士后病区患者满意度从92.00%提高到98.50%(P0.01),年护理差错事故从21起降至9起,临床护士工作满意度在护士之间关系、医护之间关系等5个方面显著提高(均P0.01)。结论聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士能充分利用资深护士的资源优势,是创建良好的医患关系,造就和谐医疗环境,提高患者满意度和护理质量的有效途径。     

聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士的临床实践

目的利用高年资护士良好的交流沟通能力、娴熟的操作技能,提高护理服务满意度和护理质量。方法在18个病区聘高年资护士为总责任护士,护理部定期评价考核其胜任能力,比较实施前后患者满意度、护士工作满意度及病区护理缺陷、差错事故发生情况。结果聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士后病区患者满意度从92．00％提高到98．50％（P〈0．01）,年护理差错事故从21起降至9起,临床护士工作满意度在护士之间关系、医护之间关系等5个方面显著提高（均P〈0．01）。结论聘高年资护士为病区总责任护士能充分利用资深护士的资源优势,是创建良好的医患关系,造就和谐医疗环境．提高患者满意度和护理质量的有效途径。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

---

Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

动静脉穿刺网络课件的开发及其应用

目的:确保护理教学效果，提高教学水平。方法:应用多项信息技术将动静脉穿刺技术制作成教学网络课件，并用于临床教学。结果:该课件在本校园网上运行半年余，2000余人次对其进行访问，受到师生好评。结论:该课件能及时反映动静脉穿刺的最新研究进展及具体操作步骤和使用方法，实现护理教学的直观性和交互性，对护理教学和临床带教指导有一定的借鉴作用。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or postoperative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the central nervous system or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D₂, 5-HT₃, histamine H₁ and neurokinin NK₁ receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).     

足踝损伤的分类与治疗的要点和难点

足踝部损伤主要有踝关节骨折脱位、距骨骨折脱位、跟骨骨折以及跖骨骨折、趾骨骨折、跖趾关节脱位、踝关节周围软组织损伤等。足踝损伤防治的重点是踝关节骨折脱位、距骨骨折脱位、跟骨骨折以及踝关节周围软组织损伤。本文针对足踝损伤的要点和难点分类进行阐述。1踝关节骨折目前踝关节骨折的分类主要有:Ashhurst分类法[1]、Lauge-Hanson分类法[2]、Danis-Weber分类法[3]。Ashhurst分类法按照外力的性质分类,然后按单踝、双踝、三踝骨折分级,优点是简单易记,对认识外力的性质很有帮助,缺点是没有考虑到外伤时的体位、姿势等复合因素;Laug…     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.